Book contents
- Frontmatter
- PART I NARRATIVE
- PART II GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL ADMINISTRATION
- PART III THE EMPIRE
- PART IV ROME, ITALY AND THE PROVINCES
- PART Va ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
- 23 The land
- 24 Trade
- 25 Industry and technology
- 26 Commerce and finance
- 27 Demography
- 28 Status and patronage
- 29 Family and household
- PART Vb ART AND CULTURE
- Chronological Table
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Index
- 1 The Roman world in the time of Marcus Aurelius
- 7 The Danube provinces
- References
28 - Status and patronage
from PART Va - ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- PART I NARRATIVE
- PART II GOVERNMENT AND CIVIL ADMINISTRATION
- PART III THE EMPIRE
- PART IV ROME, ITALY AND THE PROVINCES
- PART Va ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
- 23 The land
- 24 Trade
- 25 Industry and technology
- 26 Commerce and finance
- 27 Demography
- 28 Status and patronage
- 29 Family and household
- PART Vb ART AND CULTURE
- Chronological Table
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Index
- 1 The Roman world in the time of Marcus Aurelius
- 7 The Danube provinces
- References
Summary
‘ORDINES’: THE ROMANS' CONCEPTION OF THEIR SOCIAL ORDER
The literate élite of the Roman empire in the second century conceptualized the social order as a stable and equitable hierarchy worthy of high praise. Aelius Aristides (ad Romam 39) distinguished in a simple fashion between the great and the humble, the rich and the poor, the notable and the commoner. Rome's achievement, in his view, was to extend a system of government that treated all subjects fairly and offered citizenship to all who deserved it (59). Aristides' vision of society, then, was based on a broad binary division and justified by his sense of fairness.
Other imperial authors present a more precise categorization in the form of a hierarchy of ordines. The good emperor was one who protected the social order by granting rank in accordance with the traditional aristocratic criteria of birth, wealth and excellence. In a speech put into the mouth of Maecenas, Dio recommended choosing as senators ‘tous te gennaiotatous kai tous aristous tous te plousiotatous’, and the equestrian ordo was to be filled with ‘such men as hold second place in their regions as regards birth, excellence and wealth’ (LII.19.1–4). The same criteria, but on a more modest scale, were judged appropriate for the ordo decurionum. Wealth was guaranteed by a census requirement for each ordo: 1 million sesterces for senators, 400,000 for equites, and something less for decurions (Pliny, Ep.1.19, gives 100,000 for Comum). The rules concerning birth took the form of exclusion of those tainted by servile origins: two generations of free birth were required of equites, and the curial ordo was generally closed to freedmen.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Ancient History , pp. 817 - 854Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2000
References
and (1970) History of Human Life Span and Mortality. Budapest
(1994) Roman Building: Materials and Techniques. London
-P. (1982) ‘Groma et chorobate: exercices de topographie antique’, Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, Antiquité 94
, and (1994) ‘Intensive survey, agricultural practice and the classical landscape of Greece’, in (ed.), Classical Greece: Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies (Cambridge)Google Scholar
(1994) ‘Breaking up the Hellenistic world: survey and society’, in (ed.), Classical Greece: Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies (Cambridge)Google Scholar
, Graecia Capta. (1993) Graecia Capta: The Landscapes of Roman Greece. Cambridge
(1981) ‘Die Stellung der Ritter in der Führungsschicht des Imperium Romanum’, Chiron 11Google Scholar
(1985) The Social History of Rome, trans. and . London
(1953) Crete: A Case Study of an Underdeveloped Area. Princeton
(1992) ‘Theories of fertility decline: a non-specialist's guide to the current debate’, in , and (eds.), The European Experience of Declining Fertility, 1850–1970 (Cambridge, Mass.)
(1986) Le pain et l'huile dans la Grèce antique. Paris
et al. (1984) ‘A propos du pressoir à huile: de l'archéologie industrielle à l'histoire’, Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, Antiquité 96Google Scholar
Amphores romaines et histoire économique. Dix ans de recherche. Rome, 1989
(1992) Roman Military Supply in North-East England (British Archaeological Reports, British Series 224). Oxford
(1974) Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism. London
(1961) L'alimentation et la cuisine à Rome. Paris
(1974) Les affaires de Monsieur Jucundus (Collection de l'Ecole française de Rome 19. Rome
(1976) ‘Pompéi. enchères, foires et marchés’, Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de FranceGoogle Scholar
(1985a) ‘L'Etat romain face au monde de la banque et du crédit (fin de la République et Haut Empire)’, in and (eds.), Etats, fiscalités, économies. Actes du cinquième Congrès de l'Association Française des Historiens Economistes (16–18 juin 1983) (Paris)Google Scholar
(1985b) ‘Modernité économique et statut des manieurs d'argent’, Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, Antiquité 97Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Declino e morte dei mestieri bancari nel Mediterraneo occidentale (I–IV secc. d.C.)’, in (ed.), Società romana e impero tardoantico (Rome and Bari) IGoogle Scholar
(1999) Banking and Business in the Roman World, 310 b.c. to a.d. 284. Cambridge
and (1986) The Dolaucothi Gold Mines: Geology and Mining History. Lampeter
(1972) Crop Production in Dry Regions. 2 vols. London
et al. (1991) ‘Political geography and productive geography between the valleys of the Albegna and the Fiora in northern Etruria’, in and , LandscapesGoogle Scholar
(1994) Business Managers in Ancient Rome: A Social and Economic Study of Institores (200 b.c.–a.d. 250). Leiden
and (1975) ‘Orders for payment from a banker's archive: papyri in the collection of the Florida State University’, AncSoc 6Google Scholar
and (1994) The Demography of Roman Egypt. Cambridge
(1975) ‘Greek papyri and ostraka in the Florida State University Library’, in Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Papyrologists (London) 10Google Scholar
(1977) Merchants and Merchandise: The Expansion of Trade in Europe 1500–1630. London
et al. (1985) ‘Trois trésors d'argenterie’, in (ed.), Recherches galloromaines I (Paris)Google Scholar
, , and (1976) ‘A reassessment of the demography of traditional rural China’, Population Index 42Google Scholar
and (1991) ‘Ancient and modern pastoralism in central Italy: an interdisciplinary study in the Cicolano mountains’, Papers of the British School at Rome 59Google Scholar
, and (1978) ‘A classical landscape in Molise’, Papers of the British School at Rome 46Google Scholar
(1988–9) ‘Forme e sistemi dell'insediamento nella valle del Biferno nel II millennio a.C.’, in Origine preistoria e protostoria delle civiltà antiche 14Google Scholar
and (1976) Atmosphere, Weather and Climate. 3rd edn. London
(1988) The Evolution of Technology. Cambridge
(1980) ‘On the reliability of ancient writers in matters maritime’, Mariner's Mirror 66Google Scholar
(1974) L'élevage ovin dans les pays européens de la Méditerranée occidentale. Paris
and (1991) ‘Recherches récentes sur les établissements agricoles antiques en Picardie’, Bulletin de l'association des études du monde rural galloromain IGoogle Scholar
(1990) ‘The production of brass in antiquity with particular reference to Roman Britain’, in (ed.), 2000 Years of Zinc and Brass (B.M. Occas. Pap. 50) (London)Google Scholar
and (eds.) (1991) Rome and India: The Ancient Sea Trade. Madison, Wis.
(1988) ‘Terra incognita: the subjective geography of the Roman Empire’, in Studies in Ancient History and Numismatics Presented to Rudi Thomsen (Aarhus)Google Scholar
(1886) Die Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt. Leipzig
and (eds.) (1986) La terre sigillée gallo-romaine: lieux de production du haut-empire: implantations, produits, relations. Paris
(1987) ‘Pratique matrimoniale et représentation philosophique: le crépuscule des stratégies’, Annales ESC 42Google Scholar
(1953) Recherches sur l'aspect idéologique du Principat. Basle
(1988) ‘Influences de la conquête romaine sur le travail de la pierre en Gaule méditerranéenne’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 1Google Scholar
(1991) Anthropology and Roman Culture: Kinship, Time, Images of the Soul. Baltimore
and (1976) ‘Bioenergetic considerations in cereal breeding for protein improvement’, Science 194Google Scholar
and (1989) Hadrian's Wall Bridges. London
(1898) Geschichte des Zinsfusses im griechisch-römischen Altertum bis auf Justinian. Leipzig
(1984) ‘Pliny and the gold mines of the north-west of the Iberian peninsula’, in et al. (eds.), Papers in Iberian Archaeology (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 193) (Oxford)Google Scholar
and (1964) La Méditerranée et le Moyen-Orient. Vol. I. Paris
(1974) Actio pecuniae traiecticiae. 2nd edn. Turin
(1985a) ‘The military fabrica and the production of arms in the early Principate’, in (1985b)Google Scholar
(ed.) (1985b) The Production and Distribution of Roman Military Equipment (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 275). Oxford
(1989) ‘Vocabulaire technique et vocabulaire Vitruvien dans les inscriptions de Lyon et de Vienne’, in La langue des inscriptions latines de la Gaule (Lyons)Google Scholar
(1969) ‘The advent and triumph of the water mill’, in (ed.), Land and Work in Medieval Europe: Selected Papers by Marc Bloch (New York)Google Scholar
(1875–87) Technologie und Terminologie der Gewerbe und Künste bei Griechen und Römern. 4 vols. Leipzig
and (eds.) (1960) The Archive of Aurelius Isidorus in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, and the University of Michigan – P. Cair. Isidor. Ann Arbor
(1965) ‘Banquiers, courtiers et prêts maritimes à Athènes et à Alexandrie’, Chronique d'Egypte 40Google Scholar
(1966) Les origines antiques de la banque de dépôt. Leiden
(1968) Banques et banquiers dans les cités grecques. Leiden
(1976b) Epigraphica III: Texts on Bankers, Banking and Credit in the Greek World. Leiden
(1977) L'origine du chèque et son évolution ultérieure', Revue Belge de Numismatique 123Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Les reçus d'impôts thébains en argent des IIe et IIIe siècles’, Chronique d'Egypte 55Google Scholar
(1983a) ‘Les banques affermées de l'Egypte romaine’, in Studi in onore di Cesare San Filippo III (Milan)Google Scholar
(1984) ‘Banques et banquiers à Thèbes à l'époque romaine’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 57Google Scholar
(1985) ‘Le rôle économique et financier des banques dans le monde grec’, Cahiers de Clio 84Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Recherches sur la banque en Egypte gréco-romaine’, in and (eds.), Histoire économique de l'Antiquité (Louvain-la-Neuve)Google Scholar
(1991) ‘La banque des Memnonia, une mise au point’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 86Google Scholar
(1994) Trapezitika Aegyptiaca. Florence
(1988) ‘Animal breeding on the Danube’, in (1988)
(1984) Documenti di operazioni finanziarie dall'archivio dei Sulpicii. Naples
(1984) Slaves and Masters in the Roman Empire: A Study in Social Control. Brussels and Oxford
(1985a) ‘Child care at Rome: the role of men’, Historical Reflections–Reflexions historiques 12Google Scholar
(1985b) ‘Child labour in the Roman world’, Historical Reflections–Reflexions historiques 12Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Wet-nursing at Rome: a study in social relations’, in (1986)
(1987) ‘On the Roman slave supply and slavebreeding’, in (ed.), Classical Slavery (London)Google Scholar
(1991) Discovering the Roman Family: Studies in Roman Social History. New York and Oxford
(1972–3) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, trans. . 2 vols. London
and (1963) A Study of Agroclimatology in Semi-Arid and Arid Zones of the Near East. Geneva
(1968) Arbeitsorganisation und ökonomisches Denken in der Gutswirtschaft des römischen Reiches. Bochum
(1974) ‘Some notes on trade and traders in Roman Spain’, in Polis and Imperium: Studies in Honour of E. T. Salmon (Toronto)Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Late antiquity’, in (ed.), A History of Private Life Vol. I., From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, trans. (Cambridge, Mass.)Google Scholar
(1986) L'oléiculture antique en Provence, Les huileries du département du Var (RAN Suppl. 15). Paris
(1975) ‘The administrators of Roman Egypt’, Journal of Roman Studies 65 (= with revisions, Brunt, Imperial Themes, ch. 10)Google Scholar
(1987) Italian Manpower 225 b.c.–a.d. 14. 2nd edn. Oxford
(1988) The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays. Oxford
(1934) Gli scavi di Aquileia. Udine
(1985) ‘Sul commercio dei laterizi tra Aquileia e la Dalmazia’, in Aquileia, la Dalmazia e l'Illirico 1 (Udine) (= Antichità Altoadriatiche 16)Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Fiktion und Wirklichkeit: Soziale und rechtliche Strukturen des römischen Bankwesens’, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte 104Google Scholar
(1984) Huileries antiques de Syrie du Nord. Paris
(1983–4) ‘Per una riedizione dell'archivio puteolano dei Sulpicii, III: Emptiones con stipulatio duplae; IV: I documenti vadimoniali (TPSulp. 1–21)’, Puteoli 7–8Google Scholar
(1985–6) ‘Per una riedizione dell'archivio puteolano dei Sulpicii, V: TP. 61; TP. 30; TP. 65; TP. inv. 14 370; TP. 22, 4; TP. 21, 4’, Puteoli 9–10Google Scholar
(1988–9) ‘Per una riedizione dell'archivio puteolano dei Sulpicii, VI: II dossier di Euplia da Milo e i nomina arcaria; VII: La TP. 66’, Puteoli 12–13Google Scholar
(1999) Tabulae Pompeianae Sulpiciorum, Edizione critica dell'archivio puteolano dei Sulpicii. 2 vols. Rome
(1986) ‘Grandi proprietari, contadini e coloni nell'Italia romana (I-III d.C.)’, in (1986)
(1969) ‘Produzione agricola e produzione ceramica nell'Africa di età imperiale’, Studi Miscellanei [del] Seminario di Archeologia e Storia dell'Arte Greca e Romana dell'Università di Roma 15Google Scholar
(1980a) Introduction to Kolendo (1980)
(1980b) ‘Roma imperialistica: un caso di sviluppo precapitalistico’, in and , Seaborne CommerceGoogle Scholar
(1981) ‘Sviluppo e crisi delle manifatture rurali e urbane’, in and , Società e produzione IIGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘Orti e frutteti intorno a Roma’, in Misurare la terra: centuriazione e coloni nel mondo romano. Città, agricoltura, commercio: materiale da Roma e suburbio (Modena)Google Scholar
(1988) Schiavi in Italia. Gli strumenti pensanti dei Romani fra tarda Repubblica e medio Impero. Rome
, and (eds.) (1994) Landuse in the Roman Empire (ARID Suppl. 22). Rome
and (1984) ‘Pompes à chapelet sur les navires de l'antiquité et du début du moyen age’, Archaeonautica 4Google Scholar
(1985) ‘Dating the foot-powered loom: the Coptic evidence’, American Journal of Archaeology 89Google Scholar
(1949) The Geographic Background of Greek and Roman History. Oxford
(1971) Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton
(1984a) Ancient Trade and Society. Detroit
(1984b) ‘Egypt, Africa, Arabia, and India: patterns of seaborne trade in the first century a.d.’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 21Google Scholar
(1986a) ‘New light on maritime loans: P. Vindob. G 19792 (=SB VI 9571)’, in Studies in Roman Law in Memory of A. Arthur Schiller (Leiden)Google Scholar
(1986b) ‘P. Vindob. G 40822 and the shipping of goods from India’, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 23Google Scholar
(1989) The ‘Periplus Maris Erythraei’: Text with Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Princeton
(1990) ‘New light on maritime loans: P. Vindob. G 40822’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 84Google Scholar
(1978) ‘Un problème controversé: l'origine d'un flamine de Narbonne, Sextus Fadius Secundus Musa’, Eos 66Google Scholar
(1991) Final Judgements: Duty and Emotion in Roman Wills, 200 b.c.–a.d. 250. Berkeley and Los Angeles
(1988) ‘Vinum Creticum excellens: Zum Weinhandel Kretas’, Münsterische Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 7, 1Google Scholar
(1982) ‘Roman vehicle construction in the north west provinces’, in (ed.), Woodworking Techniques Before a.d. 1500 (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 129) (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1959) La civilisation de l'Afrique romaine. Paris
(1926) Trade Routes and Commerce of the Roman Empire. Chicago
(1976) Roman Roads. London
(1987) Structures agraires en Italie centro-méridionale. Cadastres et paysages ruraux. Rome
(1959) The Evolution of the Rural Land Use Pattern in Cyprus (World Land Use Survey. Regional Monograph 2) Bude, Cornwall
(1960/1) ‘The organisation of the English leather industry in the late 16th and 17th centuries’, EconHistRev 13Google Scholar
and (1986) The Iron Industry of the Weald. Leicester
(1983) ‘The organization of the iron industry in the western provinces in the early empire with special reference to Britain’, Offa 40Google Scholar
(1989) ‘The client-patron relationship: emblem and reality in Juvenal's first book’, in , PatronageGoogle Scholar
and (1983) Regional Model Life Tables and Stable Populations. 2nd edn. Princeton
(1986) ‘The decline of fertility in Europe since the eighteenth century as a chapter in demographic history’, in and (eds.), The Decline of Fertility in Europe (Princeton)Google Scholar
(1977) ‘Public building in Rome between the second Punic war and Sulla’, Papers of the British School at Rome 45Google Scholar
(1985) ‘“Hogging” or “breaking” of frame-built wooden ships: a field for investigation?’, Mariner's Mirror 71Google Scholar
(1981) ‘Pottery manufacture in Roman Egypt: a new papyrus’, Journal of Roman Studies 71Google Scholar
and (1994) ‘Foucault on sexuality in Greco-Roman antiquity’, in (ed.), Foucault and the Writing of History (Oxford)Google Scholar
, et al. (1977) L'Epave Port-Vendres II et le commerce de la Bétique à l'époque de Claude (Archaeonautica I). Paris
(1980) Le Laurium antique et la technique grecque de la production de l'argent. Athens
(1930) The Roman Law of Marriage. Oxford
(1981) ‘Proprietà e gestione della terra: grande proprietà fondiaria ed economia contadina’, in and , Società e produzioneGoogle Scholar
(1983) ‘Patrimonium and Fiscus: the Saepinum inscription and transhumance in the Abruzzi’, Journal of Roman Studies 73Google Scholar
(1985) ‘Idéologie et pratique de l'héritage (Ier s. av. J.-C.-IIe s. ap. J.-C.)’, Index 13Google Scholar
(1991) ‘Divorce and adoption as Roman familial strategies’, in (1991)
(1981) Documentary Letters of Recommendation in Latin from the Roman Empire. Königstein
and (eds.) (1986) Archéologie de la France rurale: de la préhistoire aux temps modernes. Paris
(1987) ‘Roman aqueducts in Asia Minor’, in and (eds.), Roman Architecture in the Greek World (Soc. Antiq. Occas. Pap. 10) (London)Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Greek building techniques’, in and (1988) 1
(1980) A Commentary on the Satires of Juvenal. London
(1980) ‘Nuclei immigrati e forze indigene in tre grandi centri commerciali dell'impero’, in and , Seaborne CommerceGoogle Scholar
(1974) Roman Republican Coinage. 2 vols. Cambridge
(1980) ‘Economia imperiale e commercio estero’, in Tecnologia, economia e società nel mondo romano (Como)Google Scholar
(1982) La moneta in Grecia e a Roma. Rome and Bari
(1991) La tabula alimentaria di Veleia. Parma
(1967a) Law and Life of Rome. London
(1986a) ‘Feminine inadequacy and the Senatusconsultum Velleianum’, in (1986)
(1986b) ‘Women in Roman succession’, in (ed.) (1986)
(1990) ‘His and hers: what degree of financial responsibility did husband and wife have for the matrimonial home and their life in common, in a Roman marriage?’, in and (eds.), Parenté et stratégies familiales dans l'antiquité romaine (Paris and Rome)Google Scholar
(1986) Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900. Cambridge
(ed.) (1981) Medieval Industry. London
(1976) The Augustan Laws on Family Relations. Budapest
(1971) Fishbourne: A Roman Palace and its Garden. 2 vols. London
(1969) Die Trierer Römerbrücken. Mainz
(1911) A Roman Frontier Post and its People: The Fort of Newstead in the Parish of Melrose. Glasgow
(1978) ‘The production and commerce of fish sauce in the western Roman Empire: a social and economic study’, Diss, Maryland
and (1972) ‘Les épées romaines découvertes en Europe centrale et septentrionale’, Archaeologia Polona 13Google Scholar
and (1976) Having Herds: Pastoral Herd Growth and Household Economy. Stockholm
(1974) ‘Puteoli in the second century of the Roman Empire: a social and economic study’, Journal of Roman Studies 64Google Scholar
(1984) ‘Control, companionship, and clientela; some social functions of the Roman communal meal’, Echos du monde classique [=CV] 28Google Scholar
(1990) ‘The Roman convivium and the idea of equality’, in (ed.), Sympotica: A Symposium on the Symposion (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1947) ‘Did Macedo murder his father?’, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte 65Google Scholar
(1935) Roman Mines in Europe. Oxford
(1979) Storia economica di Roma antica. Florence
(1948) Money, Banking and Credit in Mediaeval Bruges. Cambridge, Mass.
(1992) Economia privata e pubblici servizi nell'impero romano. I corpora naviculariorum. Messina
(1990) ‘Structural experimentation: the lintel, corbel and tie in western Roman architecture’, World Arch 21.3Google Scholar
(1988) ‘The population of Roman Alexandria’, Transactions of the American Philological Association 118Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Eques: un surnom bien latin’, Annali dell'Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli: Archaeologia e Storia Antica 2Google Scholar
(1988) L'ordre équestre sous les Julio-claudiens. Rome
(1985) ‘Traditions of the water wheel in Italy’, in Medieval Iron in Society (Norberg Symposium 1985) (Stockholm) IGoogle Scholar
(1984) Impresa collettiva e schiavo ‘manager’ in Roma antica (II sec. a. C.-II sec. d.C.). Milan
(1959) Histoire de la vigne et du vin en France des origines au XIXe siècle. Paris
(1986) ‘Family finances: Terentia and Tullia’, in (1986)
(1988) The Roman Mother. London
(1991) ‘The sentimental ideal of the Roman family’, in (1991)
(1992) The Roman Family. Baltimore
(1974) ‘The centurionate and social mobility during the Principate’, in (ed.), Rercherches sur les structures sociales dans l'antiquité classique (Paris)Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Brick construction in Roman Greece and Asia Minor’, in and (eds.), Roman Architecture in the Greek World (Soc. Antiq. Occas. Pap. 10) (London)Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Decorative stones for architecture in the Roman empire’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7, 1Google Scholar
and (1978) Mines d'or romaines d'Espagne. Toulouse
(1966) ‘Les lingots de plomb romains du musée archéologique de Carthagène et du musée naval de Madrid’, Archivo Espanõl de Arqueología 39Google Scholar
(1974) ‘A propos de Pline, Naturalis Historia 33, 70–78, et pour illustrer sa description des mines d'or romaines d'Éspagne’, Archivo Espanõl de Arqueología 45–47Google Scholar
(1983) ‘La mine antique d'Aljustrel (Portugal) et les tables de bronze de Vipasca’, Conimbriga 22Google Scholar
(1987) Catalogue des mines et des fonderies antiques de la péninsule Ibérique. 2 vols. Madrid
(1994a) ‘Production et commerce des métaux dans le monde romain: l'exemple des métaux hispaniques d'après l'épigraphie des lingots’, in Epigrafia della produzione e della distribuzione. Actes de la VIIe Rencontre franco-italienne 1992 (Rome)Google Scholar
(1994b) ‘L'État romain et le commerce des métaux à la fin de la République et sous le Haut-Empire’, in , etc. (eds.), Les échanges dans l'antiquité: le rôle de l'état (Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges)Google Scholar
(1957) ‘Prusa’, et al., Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, 83 vols. Stuttgart, 1894–1980 23Google Scholar
(1932) Ancient Oil-Mills and Presses. Copenhagen
(1963) The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity: A Study of the Literary Sources. Copenhagen
(1973) ‘The crank in Graeco-Roman antiquity’, in and (eds.), Changing Perspectives in the History of Science (London)Google Scholar
(1982) ‘Beitrag zum Binnenhandel im römischen Aegypten aufgrund der Torzollquittungen und Zollhausabrechnungen des Faijum’, Münsterische Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 1, 1Google Scholar
(1991a) Preise, Mieten/Pachten, Kosten und Löhne im römischen Ägypten bis zum Regierungsantritt Diokletians. (St Katharinen)
(1991b) ‘Einige Bemerkungen zu den ἔμποροι und κάπηλοι im römischen Ägypten (1.-3.Jh.n.)’, Münsterische Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 10.2Google Scholar
(1977–8) ‘Die Secundinier von Igel und die Woll- und Textilindustrie in Gallia Belgica: Fragen und Hypothesen’, Trierer Zeitschrift 40–1Google Scholar
(1983) Roman Gaul: The Three Provinces, 58 B.C.–A.D. 260. London
(1973) Guerriers et paysans, VII-XIIe siècle. Premier essor de l'économie européene. Paris
(1928) Freedmen in the Early Roman Empire. Oxford
(1976) ‘Some configurations of landholding in the Roman Empire’, in , Property ; revised in , Structure ch. 8Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Demographic change and economic progress under the Roman Empire’, in (1980)
(1989) ‘Mobility and immobility of coin in the Roman Empire’, Annali dell'Istituto Italiano di Numismatica 36 (= , Money ch. 12)Google Scholar
(1974) Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation. Philadelphia
(1977) ‘Aspects of Roman mining in Noricum, Pannonia, Dalmatia and Moesia Superior’, , (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. Berlin and New York, 1972– II 6Google Scholar
(1978) ‘Les Augustales’, , (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. Berlin and New York, 1972– II 16.2Google Scholar
(1987) Two Industries in Roman Lusitania: Mining and Garum Production (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 362). Oxford
(1951) Der römische Import im freien Germanien. Hamburg
and (1989) Das Zollgesetz der Provinz Asia, Epigraphica Anatolica
(1951) ‘“Quadragesima” ou “quinquagesima Hispaniarum”?’, Revue des études anciennes 53Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Plebs rustica: the peasantry of classical Italy. II The peasant economy’, American Journal of Ancient History 5Google Scholar
(1991) ‘Fathers and sons’, in (1991)
(1989) Cavum Antrum Phrygiae: The Organisation and Operations of the Roman Imperial Marble Quarries in Phrygia (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 482). Oxford
(1993) ‘Ideology, gift and trade: a distribution model for the Roman imperial marbles’, in , The Inscribed EconomyGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1988) Ancient Marble Quarrying and Trade (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 453). Oxford
(1988) Les campagnes en Gaule romaine. 2 vols. Paris
(1965) ‘Technical innovation and economic progress in the ancient world’, EconHistRev 18Google Scholar
(1976) ‘Private farm tenancy in Italy before Diocletian’, in , Property
(ed.) (1974) Studies in Ancient Society. London
(1972) Les Syriens à Intercisa. Brussels
(1990) Römische Agrargeschichte (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft III.9). Munich
(1984) ‘New views on bilge pumps from Roman wrecks’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 13Google Scholar
(1976) ‘“We have a little of everything”: the ecological basis of some agricultural practices in Methana, Trizinia’, AnnNYAcSc 268Google Scholar
(1992) ‘The ethnoarchaeological approach to ancient Greek agriculture: olive cultivation as a case study’, in (ed.), Agriculture in Ancient Greece (Stockholm)Google Scholar
(1990) ‘Women's public image in Italian honorary inscriptions’, American Journal of Philology 111Google Scholar
and (1982) ‘Sitometreia: the role of grain as a staple food in classical antiquity’, Chiron 12Google Scholar
(1990b) ‘The dependent tenant: land leasing and labour in Italy and Greece’, Journal of Roman Studies 80Google Scholar
(1951) ‘La transumanza nell'Apennino centro-meridionale’, Memorie di Geographia Economica 3Google Scholar
(ed.) (1933–40) An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome. 5 vols. Baltimore
(1979) Subsistence Farming in Roman Italy. London
(1984) Sheep-rearing and the Wool Trade in Italy during the Roman Period. Liverpool
and (eds.) (1986) Science in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Elder, his Sources and Influence. London
(1988) Kapitalverkehr und Handel im römischen Kaiserreich (27 v.Chr.-235 n.Chr.). Freiburg im Breisgau
(1979) ‘Law, technology and social change: the equipping of Italian farm tenancies’, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte 96Google Scholar
(1982) ‘Roman life expectancy: Ulpian's evidence’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 86Google Scholar
(1983a) ‘Roman law and the wine trade: the problem of “vinegar sold as wine”’, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte 100Google Scholar
(1989) ‘The economy of Roman Britain’, in (ed.), Research on Roman Britain 1960–89 (Britannia Monograph 11) (London)Google Scholar
(1962) ‘Progetti di riforme economiche e fiscali in uno storico dell'età dei Severi’, Studi in onore di Amintore Fanfani I (Milan)Google Scholar
(1975) ‘Mercati e fiere nell'Italia romana’, Studi Classici e Orientali 24. Reprinted in Del buon uso della richezza (Milan 1988)Google Scholar
(ed.) (1980) Tecnologia, economia e società nel mondo romano. Como
(1964) Les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain. Paris
(1980) Eiserne römische Werkzeuge (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 78). Oxford
(1985) ‘Werkzeuge und Geräte in der römischen Kaiserzeit: eine Übersicht’, , (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. Berlin and New York, 1972– II 12.3Google Scholar
(1985) A Fisherman's Tale: An Analysis of the Potential Productivity of Fishing in the Ancient World. Ghent
(1991) Risk and Survival in Ancient Greece: Reconstructing the Rural Domestic Economy. Oxford
(1986) ‘Roman law in the provinces: some problems of transmission’, in (ed.), L'impero romano e le strutture economiche e sociali delle province (Como)Google Scholar
(1942) Das Leder und seine Verarbeitung im römischen Legionslager Vindonissa. Zurich
(1986) Women in Roman Law and Society. London and Bloomington, Ind.
(1970) Social Status and Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire. Oxford
(1974a) ‘Aspects of the decline of the urban aristocracy in the empire’, , (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. Berlin and New York, 1972– II 1Google Scholar
(1974b) ‘Legal privilege in the Roman empire’, in (1974)
(1975) ‘Descendants of freedmen in local politics: some criteria’, in (ed.), The Ancient Historian and his Materials: Essays in Honour of C. E. Stevens on his 70th Birthday (Farnborough)Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Non-slave labour in the Roman world’, in (ed.), Non-Slave Labour in the Greco-Roman World (PCPhS Suppl. vol. no. 6) (= 1998a)Google Scholar
(1981) ‘Independent freedmen and the economy of Roman Italy under the Principate’, Klio 63 (= 1998a)Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Mountain economies in southern Europe’, in (1988) (= 1998a)
(1991) ‘Child rearing in ancient Italy’, in and (1991) (= 1998a)
(1998a) Cities, Peasants and Food in Classical Antiquity, ed. . Cambridge
(1998b) ‘The bean: subsistence and symbol’, in (1998a)
(1999) Food and Society in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge
(1953) ‘Testamenta ingrata et pietas Augusti’, in Studi Arangio-Ruiz. Vol. III (Naples) ff.Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Le commerce de Palmyre sur terre et sur eau’, in (ed.), L'Arabie et ses mers bordières I (Lyons and Paris)Google Scholar
(1981) ‘Allevamento ed economia della selva in Italia meridionale: transformazioni e continuità’, in and , Società e produzione IGoogle Scholar
(1993) ‘The merchant’, in (ed.), The Romans (transl. , Chicago and London) (originally publ. as L'Uomo romano [Rome and Bari, 1989])Google Scholar
(ed.) (1986) Società romano e impero tardoantico, I. Rome and Bari
and (1986) ‘The Roman wreck of c. a.d. 200 at Plemmirio, near Siracusa (Sicily): interim report’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 15Google Scholar
and (1984) ‘An archaeological reconnaissance of water-harvesting structures and wadi walls in the Jordanian Desert, north of Azraq Oasis’, Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Amman 28Google Scholar
(1985) ‘Der römische Handel in die Germania libera aufgrund der archäologischen Quellen’, in Untersuchungen zu Handel und Verkehr der vor-und frühgeschichtlichen Zeit in Mittel- und Nordeuropa I (Göttingen)Google Scholar
(1984) ‘An estimate of the size and structure of the national product of the early Roman Empire’, Review of Income and Wealth 30Google Scholar
(1987) Premodern Financial Systems: A Historical Comparative Study. Cambridge
(1986) ‘The Lex Irnitana: a new copy of the Flavian municipal law’, Journal of Roman Studies 76Google Scholar
(1976) Production and Reproduction. Cambridge
(1983) The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe. Cambridge
(1979) Les villas hispano-romaines: inventaire et problématique archéologique. Paris
and (1986) ‘La période gallo-romaine: intégration du monde rural dans de vastes réseaux d'échanges’, in and (eds.) (1986)
(1984) Le mal d'être femme: La femme et la médicine à Rome. Paris
(1955) ‘Ancient Greek wine jar fragments’, Year Book of the American Philosophical SocietyGoogle Scholar
(1988) Metallverarbeitende Produktionsstätten in Pompeji (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 433). Oxford
(1989) ‘Animals in Roman Britain’, in (ed.), Research on Roman Britain, 1960–89 (London)Google Scholar
and (eds.) (1988) Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece and Rome. 2 vols.
(1977) ‘Legionary pottery, and the significance of Holt’, in and (eds.), Roman Pottery Studies in Britain and Beyond (British Archaeological Reports, British Series 30) (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1979) ‘Invasion and response: pottery and the Roman army’, in and (eds.), Invasion and Response: The Case of Roman Britain (British Archaeological Reports, British Series 73) (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1992) ‘How was technology transferred in the western provinces?’, in and (eds.), Current Research on the Romanization of the Western Provinces (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 575) (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1994) ‘Technology and innovation in context: the Roman background to mediaeval and later developments’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 7Google Scholar
(1995) Archaeology: An Introduction. London
(2000) ‘Technological innovation and economic progress in the ancient world’, EconHistRev 53Google Scholar
(1976) The Archeology of the Boat: A New Introductory Study. London
(1983) Les maladies à l'aube de la civilisation occidentale. Paris
(1989) ‘Food for soldiers, food for thought’, in et al. (eds.), Barbarians and Romans in North-Western Europe from the Later Republic to Late Antiquity (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 471) (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1981) Frankincense and Myrrh: A Study of the Arabian Incense Trade. London
(1986) Settlement, Religion and Industry on the Roman Fen-edge: Three Romano-British Sites in Norfolk. Dereham
(1992) ‘Zur Wirtschaftsmentalität nichtsenatorischer provinzialer Oberschichten: Aemilia Pudentilla und seine Verwandten’, Klio 74Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Roman élite involvment in commerce: the case of the Spanish TT.MAMILII’, Archivo Espanõl de Arqueología 61Google Scholar
and (1989b) ‘Introduction: cultural responses to risk and uncertainty’, in and (1989)
(1981) ‘Counting sheep in Neolithic and Bronze Age Greece’, in , and (eds.), Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke (Cambridge)Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Traditional and ancient rural economy in Mediterranean Europe: plus ça change?’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 107Google Scholar
(1989) ‘The economy has a normal surplus: economic stability and social change among early farming communities of Thessaly, Greece’, in and (1989)
(1990a) ‘Waste not, want not: traditional responses to crop failure in Greece’, Rural History 1, 2Google Scholar
(1990b) ‘Quantifying Sumerian agriculture – some seeds of doubt and hope’, BullSumAgr 5Google Scholar
(1990c) ‘Present to past in the Pindhos: diversification and specialization in mountain economies’, RivStudi Lig 56Google Scholar
and (eds.) (1989a) Bad Year Economics: Cultural Responses to Risk and Uncertainty. Cambridge
(1985) ‘Zur Interpretation von Inschriften mit Berufsbezeichnungen von Handwerkern und Händlern im Rom der Prinzipatszeit’, Klio 67Google Scholar
and (1985) ‘Ein neues Dokument zu Roms Indienhandel, P. Vindob. G 40822’, Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. Kl. 122Google Scholar
(1980a) ‘Roman terracotta lamps: the organization of an industry’, Journal of Roman Studies 70Google Scholar
(1980b) ‘Towards a study of the Roman slave trade’, in D'Arms and Kopff, Seaborne Commerce 117–40Google Scholar
(1986) ‘The father's power of life and death’, in Studies in Roman Law in Memory of A. Arthur Schiller (Leiden)Google Scholar
(1988) ‘On the applicability of the concept of class in Roman history’, in and (eds.), Forms of Control and Subordination in Antiquity (Tokyo)Google Scholar
(1989) ‘Trade and the River Po: a problem in the economic history of the Roman Empire’, in (ed.), Montagnes, fleuves, forêts dans l'histoire (St Katharinen)Google Scholar
(1993b) ‘Production, distribution and instrumentum domesticum’, in (1993a)
(1999) ‘Demography, geography and the sources of Roman slaves’, Journal of Roman Studies 89Google Scholar
(ed.) (1993a) The Inscribed Economy. Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in the Light of ‘instrumentum domesticum’ (JRA Suppl. 6). Ann Arbor
(1977) ‘Some wandering potters’, in and (eds.), Roman Pottery Studies in Britain and Beyond (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 30) (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1978) ‘Britain and the Rhine provinces: epigraphic evidence for Roman trade’, in and (eds.), Roman Shipping and Trade: Britain and the Rhine Provinces (London)Google Scholar
(1972) Late Roman Pottery. London (with supplement, 1980)
and (eds.) (1994) Archaeological Survey in the Lower Liri Valley, Central Italy. Oxford
(1978) Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World. London
(1986) ‘Pliny on mineralogy and metals’, in and (1986)
(1988) ‘Mines and quarries’, in and (1988) II
(1989) ‘Greek and Roman gold sources: the literary and scientific evidence’, in Mineria y metalurgia en las antiguas civilizaciones mediterráneas y europeas (Madrid)Google Scholar
(ed.) (1983) The Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.). London
(1961) Gênes au XV siècle. Activité économique et problèmes sociaux. Paris
(1975) Organization of Roman Brick Production in the First and Second Centuries A.D. Helsinki
(1961) Greek and Roman Jewellery. London
(1984) A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. London
(1989) ‘The organization of rural settlement in the Cillium-Thelepte region (Kasserine, Central Tunisia)’, Africa romana 6Google Scholar
(1994) ‘Image and reality: the changing face of pastoralism in the Tunisian High Steppe’, in , Ørsted and Skydsgaard (1994)
(1983) Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History. Chicago
(1978) ‘Economic growth and towns in Classical Antiquity’, in and (eds.), Towns in Societies: Essays in Economic History and Historical Sociology (Cambridge)Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Taxes and trade in the Roman Empire (200 B.C.–400 A.D.)’, Journal of Roman Studies 70Google Scholar
(1982) ‘The transport of staples in the Roman Empire’, in Trade in Staples in Antiquity (Greece and Rome): Eighth International Economic History Congress, Budapest 1982, B12 (Budapest)Google Scholar
(1983b) ‘Models, ships and staples’, in and 1 (eds.), Trade and Famine in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge)Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Roman trade, industry, and labor’, in and (1988) II
(1968) ‘The Laurion mines: a reconsideration’, Annual of the British School at Athens 63Google Scholar
(1991) ‘Statistics or states of mind?’, in (ed.) (1991)
(1988) ‘Ports in perspective: some comparative materials on Roman merchant ships and ports’, American Journal of Archaeology 92Google Scholar
(1964) The Western Mediterranean World. London
(1994) ‘Coin circulation and the integration of the Roman economy’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 7Google Scholar
(1977) ‘The analysis of Roman tin and pewter ingots’, in (ed.), Aspects of Early Metallurgy (London)Google Scholar
(1972) Le remariage à Rome: Etude d'histoire juridique et sociale. Milan
and (1992) Ancient Greek Agriculture: An Introduction. London and New York
(1988) Doctors and Diseases in the Roman Empire. London
and (1986) ‘Pour une étude socio-professionnelle des ateliers de potiers gallo-romains’, in and (1986)
(1991) ‘L'huile de Bètique dans le Nord de la France d'après les marques d'amphore Dressel 20’, Revue du Nord-Archéologie 63Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Sacrifice and animal husbandry in Classical Greece’, in (ed.) (1988)
(1936) Roman Egypt, et al., An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome. 5 vols. Baltimore, 1933–40 IIGoogle Scholar
(1988) The Roman Law of Trust. Oxford
(1954) ‘The cities of the Roman Empire’, in RecSocBodin 6 (= Jones, The Roman Economy (Oxford, 1974))Google Scholar
(1955) ‘The economic life of the towns of the Roman Empire’, in RecSocBodin 7 (= Jones, The Roman Economy (Oxford, 1974))Google Scholar
(1960) ‘The cloth industry under the Roman empire’, EconHistRev 13 (= Jones, The Roman Economy (Oxford, 1974) ch. 18)Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Stigma: tattooing and branding in Greco-Roman antiquity’, Journal of Roman Studies 77Google Scholar
(1981) The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia. Cambridge
(1991) ‘Agricultural productivity in the pre-documentary past’, in and (eds.), Land, Labour and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity (Manchester)Google Scholar
(1981) ‘The development of crop husbandry’, in and (eds.), The Environment of Man (British Archaeological Reports, British Series 87) (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1982) ‘Crop production in Roman Britain’, in (ed.), The Romano-British Countryside: Studies in Rural Settlement and Economy, Pt I (British Archaeological Reports, British Series 103) (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1989) ‘Agriculture in Roman Britain: the dynamics of change’, in (ed.), Research on Roman Britain, 1960–89 (Britannia Monographs II) (London)Google Scholar
(1982) Untersuchungen zum attischen Silberbergbau: Gebietsstruktur, Geschichte und Technik. Frankfurt am Main
(1988a) ‘Allocation of risk and investment on the states of Pliny the Younger’, Chiron 18Google Scholar
(1988b) The Economics of Agriculture on Roman Imperial Estates in North Africa. Göttingen
(1992) Management and Investment on Estates in Roman Egypt during the Early Empire. Bonn
(1994) ‘Approaches to profit and management in Roman agriculture: the evidence of the Digest’, in , Ørsted and Skydsgaard (1994)
(1959) ‘Erlass des Prokonsuls Antonius Albus über die Freihaltung des ephesischen Hafens’, Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts in Wien. Vienna 1898– 44Google Scholar
and (eds.) (1991) The Family in Italy from Antiquity to the Present. New Haven
(1981) ‘The decline of Samian ware manufacture in the north west provinces: problems of chronology and interpretation’, in and (eds.), The Roman West in the Third Century: Contributions from Archaeology and History (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 109) (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1920) The Mesta. Cambridge, Mass.
(1983) ‘Mercator-negotiator. Römische Geschäftsleute und die Terminologie ihrer Berufe’, MBAH 2, 1Google Scholar
and (1988) ‘Ein “collegium negotiatorum Cisalpinorum et Transalpinorum” in Augusta Rauricorum?’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 73Google Scholar
(1980) L'agricoltura nell'Italia romana. Tecniche agrarie e progresso economico dalla tarda repubblica al principato. Rome
(1981) ‘La répartition des places aux spectacles et la stratification sociale dans l'Empire Romain’, Ktèma 6Google Scholar
(1994) ‘Praedia suburbana e loro redditività’, in , Ørsted and Skydsgaard (1994)
(1994–95) Witwen und Waisen im römischen Reich. 4 vols. Stuttgart
(1980) Negotiator et vectura: Händler und Transport im freien Germanien. Marburg
(1983) Der römische Import in der Germania libera bis zu den Markomannenkriegen. Studien zu Bronze- und Glasgefässen. Neumünster
(1985) ‘Die capuanischen Bronzegefässhersteller Lucius Ansius Epaphroditus und Publius Cipius Polybius’, Bonner Jahrbücher 185Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Bemerkungen zum Export römischer Waffen in das Barbarikum’, in Limeskongress XIIIGoogle Scholar
(1983) ‘Le flotteur de radeau de Flavigny-sur-Moselle (Meurthe et Moselle)’, Gallia 41Google Scholar
(1906) ‘Les changeurs et la monnaie en Palestine du Ier au IIIe siècles de l'ère vulgaire d'après les textes talmudiques’, Revue de Etudes Juives 51; 52Google Scholar
(1921) ‘La transumanza nelle Alpi Liguri’, Atti del VIII Congresso Geografico Italiano. Pt. 2Google Scholar
(1978) Engineering in the Ancient World. Berkeley
(1988) ‘Engineering’, in and (1988) II
(1984) ‘Horse hauling: a revolution in vehicle transport in 12th and 13th century England?’, Past and Present 103Google Scholar
(1986) Horses, Oxen and Technological Innovation: The Use of Draught Animals in English Farming 1066–1500. Cambridge
and (1976) ‘Les estampilles sur sigillée lisse de l'atelier augustéen de la Muette à Lyon’, Figlina 1Google Scholar
(1977) Ubique populus: Peuplement et mouvement de populations dans l'Afrique romaine. Paris
(1989) ‘Les amphores gauloises sous l'Empire, recherches nouvelles sur leur production et leur chronologie’, Actes du Colloque de Sienne (Rome)Google Scholar
(1973) Recherches sur les lingots de cuivre et de plomb d'époque romaine dans les régions de Languedoc-Roussillon et de Provence-Corse. Paris
(1979) Die Bergwerkssklaven von Laureion. 2 vols. Munich
(1983) ‘La diffusion de l'huile espagnole dans la Gaule du Nord’, in Producción y comercio del aceite en la antigüedad. Secundo congreso internacional (Madrid)Google Scholar
(1977) ‘Plant sociology and ecology applied to grazing lands research, survey and management in the Mediterranean basin’, in (ed.), Handbook of Vegetation Science, 13: Application of Vegetation Science to Grassland Husbandry (The Hague)Google Scholar
(1980) La campagne à l'époque romaine dans le Centre de la Gaule: villas, vici et sanctuaires dans la Cité de Bituriges Cubi (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 73). Oxford
(1973a) ‘Science, philosophy and technology in the Greco-Roman world 1’, Greece and Rome 20. 1Google Scholar
(1973b) ‘Science, philosophy and technology in the Greco-Roman world 2’, Greece and Rome 20.2Google Scholar
and (eds.) (1989) What's New? A Closer Look at the Process of Innovation (One World Archaeology 14). London
(1931) L'attelage, le cheval de selle à travers les âges. Paris
(1978) ‘The mystery of the Graeco-Roman steering oar’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 7Google Scholar
(1957) ‘Rome et les nomades du Sahara central’, Etudes d'épigraphie d'archéologie et d'histoire africaine (Paris)Google Scholar
, and (1993) Campagnes de la Méditerranée romaine. Paris
(1988) ‘Le pastoralisme dans l'Afrique antique’, in (1988)
(1989–91) ‘L'organisation de l'espace rural en Maurétanie césarienne’, in et al. (eds.), Hommes et richesses dans l'Empire byzantin, I(Paris)Google Scholar
(1993) ‘Mentalité économique et grands travaux: le drainage du Lac Fucin: Aux origines d'un modèle’, Annales ESC 48Google Scholar
(1994) ‘Dal paesaggio naturale al paesaggio coltivato. Dati archeologici relativi ai grani lavori agricoli in età romana: il drenaggio delle paludi nella Bassa Provenza’, in , Ørsted and Skydsgaard (1994)
(1974) Papyrus in Classical Antiquity. Oxford
(1981) ‘Plains tails from the hills: transhumance in Mediterranean archaeology’, in and (eds.), Economic Archaeology (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 96) (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1990) ‘Demand, supply, distribution: the Roman peasantry between town and countryside, I’, Münsterische Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 9Google Scholar
(1991) ‘Demand, supply, distribution: the Roman peasantry between town and countryside, II’, Münsterische Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 10Google Scholar
(1993) ‘The Nundinae of L. Bellicius Sollers’, in et al. (1993)
and (1990) ‘Le commerce de la Bétique au premier siècle de notre ère: l'épave Sud-Lavezzi 2 (Bonifacio, Corse du Sud)’, Archaeonautica 10Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Les amphores à huile de l'épave Saint-Gervais 3 à Fos-sur-mer: premières observations sur les inscriptions peintes’, in Producción y comercio del aceite en la antigüedad. Primer congreso internacional (Madrid)Google Scholar
L'Italie (1994) L'Italie d'Auguste à Dioclétien: Actes du colloque internationale (Rome, 25–28 mars 1992). Rome
(1986) ‘Social-group forerunners of fertility control in Europe’, in and (eds.), The Decline of Fertility in Europe (Princeton)Google Scholar
(1991) Population and Nutrition, trans. . Cambridge
(1988) ‘Theories of progress and evolution’, in and (1988) I
and (1981) ‘Rural settlement in Roman Molise: problems of archaeological survey’, in and (eds.), Archaeology and Italian Society (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1978a) ‘Gli alimenta, l'agricoltura italica e l'approvigionamento di Roma’, RendLinc 33Google Scholar
(1978b) ‘Moneta e politica monetaria nel principato: a proposito di due lavori recenti’, Annali dell'Istituto Italiano di Numismatica 25Google Scholar
(1978c) ‘Oro e moneta in età traianea’, Annali dell'Istituto Italiano di Numismatica 25Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Gli alimenta e la “politica economica” di Pertinace’, Rivista di Filologie e di Istruzione Classica 108Google Scholar
(1981) ‘State and coinage in the Republic and Early Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies 71Google Scholar
(1994) ‘The size of the Roman population: Beloch and the meaning of the Augustan census figures’, Journal of Roman Studies 84Google Scholar
(1938) Industry and Commerce of the City of Rome (50 B.C.–200 A.D.). Baltimore
(1987) ‘The trade of medieval Europe: the South’, in Cambridge Economic History of Europe II. 2nd edn.Google Scholar
and (1978) L'olivier: techniques agricoles et productions méditerranéennes. Paris
(1968) ‘Los sistemos de desague en minas romanas del suroeste peninsular’, Archivo Espanõl de Arqueología 41Google Scholar
(1960) ‘Inscriptions on armour and the supply of arms in the Roman Empire’, American Journal of Archaeology 64Google Scholar
(1990) Changes in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary. Princeton
(1971–2) 'Essor scientifique et technique et obstacles sociaux à la fin de l'antiquité, Helikon 11–12Google Scholar
(1977) ‘Anfore spagnole a Pompei’, in L'instrumentum domesticum di Ercolano e Pompei nella prima età imperiale (Quaderni di cultura materiale i) (Rome)Google Scholar
(1986) Catalogue of the Romano-British Iron Tools, Fittings and Weapons in the British Museum. London
(1988) Il colonato tardoantico nella storiografia moderna (da Fustel de Coulanges ai nostri giorni). Como
(1988) Les graffites de La Graufesenque (Gallia Suppl. 47). Paris
(1988) Pastoral Economies in the Kingdom of Naples. Baltimore
, et al. (1985) ‘Keramikanalysen an römischen Ölamphoren aus Augst, Kaiseraugst, Avenches und Lausanne. Naturwissenschaftliche und archäologische Aspekte’, Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 68Google Scholar
(1983) ‘Cronografia dei bolli laterizi della figlina Pansiana nelle regioni adriatiche’, Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, Antiquité 95Google Scholar
(1971) ‘La puissance paternelle et le mariage des fils et filles de famille en droit romain’, in Studi in Onore di Eduardo Volterra V (Milan)Google Scholar
(1984) ‘Untersuchungen zu Geräte- und Werkzeugformen aus der Umgebung von Pompei: zur ostmediterran-hellenistischen Tradition’, Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 65Google Scholar
(1986) ‘New perspectives on the agricultural development of Gebel and pre-desert in Roman Tripolitania’, Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Mediterranée 41–2Google Scholar
(1988a) ‘The olive boom: oil surpluses, wealth and power in Roman Tripolitania’, Libyan Studies 19Google Scholar
(1988b) ‘Oil for export? A comparison of Libyan, Spanish and Tunisian olive oil production in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 1Google Scholar
(1990) ‘Paintings, presses and perfume production at Pompeii’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9Google Scholar
(1993) ‘Maximum figures and maximizing strategies of oil production? Further thoughts on the processing capacity of Roman olive presses’, in et al. (eds.), La production du vin et de l'huile en Méditerranée de l'âge du Bronze à la fin du xvième siècle (Athens)Google Scholar
(1994) ‘Regional variation in Roman oleoculture: some problems of comparability’, in , and (1994)
(1966) The End of the Ancient World. English trans. London
et al. (1987) The Roman Port and Fishery of Cosa: A Center of Ancient Trade. Princeton
and (1978) Atlas of World Population History. Harmondsworth
(ed.) (1990) An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology. London
(1970) Plagues and Peoples. Garden City, N.J.
(1982) Trees and Timber in the Ancient World. Oxford
(1980) ‘Un cas médical dans une inscription funéraire’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 38Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Carbonized food plants of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and the villa at Torre Annunziata’, Economic Botany 34, 4Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Food plants identified from carbonized remains at Pompeii and other Vesuvian sites’, in Studia Pompeiana et Classica in Honor of Wilhelmina F. Jashemski (New Rochelle) IGoogle Scholar
(1964) A Study of Cassius Dio. Oxford
(1969) The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire, 29 B.C. to A.D. 641. Oxford
(1983) ‘Maritime loans and the structure of credit in fourth-century Athens’, in , and , Trade
(1986) ‘The volume of the Oxyrhynchite textile trade’, Münsterische Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 5, 2Google Scholar
, et al. (1990) ‘Roman pottery from Augusta Praetoria (Aosta, Italy): a provenance study’, Archaeometry 32Google Scholar
(1976) The Wool Trade of Ancient Pompeii. Leiden
(1931) ‘The cliens in the time of Martial’, in Classical Studies in Honor of John C. Rolfe (Philadelphia)Google Scholar
(1983) ‘Les différentes types de véhicules à roues en Gaule et dans le monde romain occidental’, in (ed.), Les voies anciennes en Gaule et dans le monde romain occidental (Caesarodunum 18) (Paris)Google Scholar
(1950) ‘Three canal projects, Roman and Byzantine’, American Journal of Archaeology 54Google Scholar
(1982) ‘Marchandises, marchés, échanges dans le monde romain’, Annali dell'Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli: Archaeologia e Storia Antica 4Google Scholar
(1958) Grain-mills and Flour in Classical Antiquity. Oxford
(1977) ‘Die Goldbergwerke im römischen Däzien’, , (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. Berlin and New York, 1972– II 6Google Scholar
(1985) ‘Zur Rekonstruktion der gallorömischen Erntemaschine’, Zeitschrift für Archäologie 19Google Scholar
(1978) ‘Weihrauch’, et al., Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, 83 vols. Stuttgart, 1894–1980 Suppl. 15, cols.Google Scholar
(1964) La regia dogana della mena delle pecore di Puglia (Quaderni della rassegna degli ‘archivi di stato’ 28). Rome
(1984) Colonus: Private Farm-Tenancy in Roman Italy During the Republic and the Early Principate. Amsterdam
(1985) ‘The price of agricultural land in Roman Italy and the problem of economic rationalism’, Opus 4Google Scholar
(1988) Methods and Models in Demography. New York
(1983) ‘Die Getreidemühlen beim römischen Land und Weingut von Lösnich (Kr Bernkastel-Wittlich)’, Trierer Zeitschrift. 46Google Scholar
(1971) ‘Les variations de prix et la “théorie quantitative de la monnaie” à Rome, de Cicéron à Pline l'Ancien’, Annales ESC 26Google Scholar
(1993) ‘Le monumentum Ephesenum et la délimitation du portorium’, Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, Antiquité 105Google Scholar
(1989) ‘Patrona civitatis: gender and civic patronage’, in (ed.) Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History (Collection Latomus 206) (Brussels)Google Scholar
(1986) ‘El pecio Culip IV: observaciones sobre la organización de los talleres de terra sigillata de la Graufesenque’, Archaeonautica 6Google Scholar
, et al. (1989) Excavaciones arqueològiques subaquàtiques a Cala Culip I. Girona
(1977) ‘Studien zur Verwaltung und Bevölkerung der däkischen Goldbergwerke in römischer Zeit’, Bonner Jahrbücher 177Google Scholar
(1982) Nundinas instituere et habere: Epigraphische Zeugnisse zur Einrichtung und Gestaltung von ländlichen Märkten in Afrika und in der Provinz Asia. Hildesheim
(1963) Biometrical Notes (Acta Inst. Rom. Finlandiae II.2). Helsinki
(1985) ‘Manufacture and supply of the Roman army with bronze fittings’, in (1985b)
(1984) Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-lifting Devices: The History of a Technology. Buffalo, N.Y.
(1986) Bronze Age, Greek and Roman Technology: A Select, Annotated Bibliography. New York and London
(1985) Roman Imperial Economy and Romanisation. Copenhagen
(1931) Index of Potters' Stamps on Terra Sigillata ‘Samian Ware’. East Bridgford
(1920) La table hypothécaire de Veleia: étude sur la propriété foncière dans l'Apennin de Plaisance. Paris
(1988) ‘Roman building techniques’, in and (1988) I
(1977) ‘Gold and silver in the Roman world’, in (ed.), Aspects of Early Metallurgy (London)Google Scholar
(1926–7) ‘Notes on some ancient mine equipment and systems’, Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 36Google Scholar
(1957) La vita economica di Aquileia in età romana. Venice
and (1994) ‘Produits agricoles transportés en amphores: l'huile et surtout le vin’, in L'Italie (1994)Google Scholar
and (1961) Improvements in Olive Cultivation (FAO). Rome
(1978) Imperial Estates in Roman Egypt (Amer. Stud. Pap. 19). Amsterdam
and (1979) ‘A computer-based index of ancient shipwrecks’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 8Google Scholar
(1984) ‘Shipwrecks and ancient trade in the Mediterranean’, Archaeological Review from Cambridge 3, 2Google Scholar
(1992) Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman Provinces. Oxford
(1992) Demography and Roman Society. Baltimore and London
(1979) ‘La transumanza nell'Italia Romana’, in and , Strutture agrarie e allevamento transumante nell'Italia romana (III-I sec. A. C.) (Pisa)Google Scholar
(1985) ‘The upper Volturno valley in Roman times’, in and (eds.), San Vincenzo al Volturno: The Archaeology, Art and Territory of an Early Medieval Monastery (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Crisis: what crisis? Rural change and urban development in imperial Apennine Italy’, Papers of the British School at Rome 55Google Scholar
(1981) ‘Nundinae et vie rurale dans l'Afrique du Nord romaine’, Bulletin archéologique du Comité des Travaux Historiques n.s. 17, BGoogle Scholar
(1987) ‘A propos de l'approvisionnement en blé des cités de l'Orient romain’, in (ed.), Sociétés urbaines, sociétés rurales dans l'Asie mineure et la Syrie hellénistiques et romaines (Strasbourg)Google Scholar
and (1986) Amphorae and the Roman Economy. London
(1982) Pottery in the Roman World: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach. London
(1980) ‘Les limites de l'économie monétaire à l'époque romaine’, in Les ‘dévaluations’ à Rome II (Rome) 103–20Google Scholar
(1989) ‘Evidence for the supplying of stone transport operations in Roman Egypt and the production of 50-foot monolithic column shafts’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 2Google Scholar
(1981) ‘Die Spezialisierung des römischen Handwerks’, in et al. (eds.), Das Handwerk in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit I (Göttingen)Google Scholar
(1985) ‘Römischer Handel am Rhein und an der oberen und mittleren Donau’, in Untersuchungen zu Handel und Verkehr der vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Zeit in Mittel- und Nordeuropa I (Göttingen)Google Scholar
(1970) ‘Titulature et rang social sous le Haut-Empire’, in (ed.), Recherches sur les structures sociales dans l'antiquité classique Caen, 25–26 avril, 1964 (Paris)Google Scholar
(1973) Introduction à l'étude technique des céramiques sigillés de Lezoux. Dijon La pietra ollare dalla preistoria all'età moderna. (1987) Como
(1962) Les documents cadastraux de la colonie romaine d'Orange (Gallia Suppl. 16). Paris
(1988) An Historical Geography of France. Cambridge
(1967) ‘Technology and society in the Graeco-Roman world’, Acta Historiae Neerlandica 2Google Scholar
(1983) ‘Urban élites and business in the Greek part of the Roman Empire’, in , and , TradeGoogle Scholar
(1984) ‘Urban élites and the economy in the Greek cities of the Roman Empire’, Münsterische Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 3, 1Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Greek epigraphy and comparative ancient history: two case studies’, Epigraphica Anatolica 12Google Scholar
(1990) ‘Wirtschaft’, in (ed.), Europäische Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte in der römischen Kaiserzeit (Stuttgart)Google Scholar
(1982) ‘Sklavernij in de Oudheid: “Voer” voor oudhistorici and comparatisten’ (‘Slavery in antiquity: “food” for ancient historians and comparativists’), Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 95Google Scholar
(1993) ‘Agriculture in the Roman Empire in comparative perspective’, in et al. (1993)
(1986) Die eisernen Agrärgeräte der römischen Kaiserzeit in Österreich (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 298). Oxford
(1982) ‘Théâtre, société, organisation de l'état’, in Théâtre et spectacles dans l'antiquité: actes du Colloque de Strasbourg 5–7 nov. 1981 (Leiden)Google Scholar
(1957) ‘The economy as instituted process’, in , and , Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory (Glencoe, Ill.)Google Scholar
(1981) ‘L'épave de Bon Porté et les bateaux cousus de la Mediterranée’, Mariner's Mirror 67Google Scholar
(1982) ‘Le navire romain de la Madrague de Giens’, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettresGoogle Scholar
and (1965) Garum et industries antiques de salaison dans la Méditerranée. Paris
(1974/1979) Implantation rurale antique sur le Bas-Guadalquivir. 2 vols. Madrid
(1980) ‘Nouvelles perspectives sur l'olivier du Bas-Guadalquivir dans l'Antiquité’, in Producción y comercio del aceite en la antigüedad. Primer congreso internacional (Madrid)Google Scholar
(1988) Aceita de oliva y salazones de pescado. Factores geo-económicos de Bética y Tingitania. Madrid
(1979) The Changing Landscape of South Etruria. London
(1987) Roman Italy. London
(1980) Die Sklaven und Freigelassenen im arretinischen Sigillatagewerbe. Wiesbaden
(1981) ‘La ceramica italica (terra sigillata)’, in Giardina and Schiavone, Società e produzioneGoogle Scholar
(1985) ‘Città e economica in età romana. Qualche riflessione’, in (ed.), L'Origine des richesses dépensées dans la ville antique. Actes du colloque organisé à Aix-en-Provence 1984 (Aix-en-Provence)Google Scholar
(1993) ‘I bolli sulla terra sigillata: fra epigrafia e storia economica’, in (1993a)
(1983) ‘The apparitores: a study of social mobility’, Papers of the British School at Rome 51Google Scholar
(1984) ‘Tab. Pomp. 13 e 34: due documenti relativi al prestito marittimo’, Atti del XVIIo Congresso Internazionale di Papirologia III (Naples).Google Scholar
(1982) ‘Attelages antiques dans le nord de la Gaule: les systèmes de traction par équides’, Trierer Zeitschrift. 45Google Scholar
(1985) ‘L'organisation du commerce de la céramique sigillée dans le Nord de la Gaule au IIe siècle’, in and (eds.), Céramique antique en Gaule. Actes du Colloque de Metz (1980) (Nancy)Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Archéologie et iconographie des attelages dans le monde gréco-romain’, in and (eds.), Histoire économique de l'antiquité: bilans et contributions (Louvain)Google Scholar
(1974) ‘L'espace économique en Gaule: les documents concernant les mines’, in (ed.), Littérature gréco-romaine et géographie historique: Mélanges offerts à Roger Dion (Paris)Google Scholar
(1978) ‘New studies in Roman commerce with the East’, , (eds.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. Berlin and New York, 1972– II 9.2Google Scholar
(1966) ‘Family life among the lower classes at Rome in the first two centuries of the Empire’, CPh 61Google Scholar
(1974) ‘Roman concubinage and other de facto marriages’, Transactions of the American Philological Association 104Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Discrimina ordinum: the lex Julia theatralis’, Papers of the British School at Rome 55Google Scholar
(ed.) (1986) The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives. Ithaca, N.Y.
(ed.) (1991) Marriage, Divorce and Children in Ancient Rome. Oxford
(1970) History of Purple as a Status Symbol in Antiquity. Brussels
(1983) ‘Ölproduktion und Ölhandel in der Baetica: Ein Beispiel für die Verbindung archäologischer und historischer Forschung’, Münsterische Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 2, 2Google Scholar
(1986) La ‘annona militaris’ y la exportación de aceite bético a Germania. Madrid
(1942) Etude sur l'histoire de la querela inoffciosi en droit romain. Liège
(1983) ‘Tonverarbeitende Industrie im römischen Rheinzabern: Vorbericht für die Grabungen der Jahre 1978–1981’, Germania 61Google Scholar
(1985) ‘Iron and water: technological context and the origins of the water-powered iron mill’, in Medieval Iron in Society (Norberg Symposium 1985) (Stockholm) IGoogle Scholar
(1976) ‘The Spanish mines and the development of provincial taxation in the second century BC’, Journal of Roman Studies 66Google Scholar
(1992) Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance. Cambridge, Mass.
(1979) ‘Coarse pottery’, in (ed.), Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice) II (Tripoli) (Libya Antiqua, Suppl. V, ii)Google Scholar
(1976) Money in the Age of Tiberius. Manchester
(1984) Il monte Testaccio. Rome
(1991) ‘Dalla locazione al colonato: per un tentativo di ricostruzione’, Annali, Dipartimento di Studi del Mondo Classico e del Mediterraneo Antico 13Google Scholar
(1993a) ‘The emergence of tenancy and the precarium’, in et al. (1993)
(1993b) ‘Rural labour organization in Pliny the Younger’, Analecta Romana Instituti Danici 21Google Scholar
(1982) Technischer Fortschritt und Rationalisierung im antiken Bergbau. Bonn
and (1982) Studies in Ancient Mining and Metallurgy in South-west Spain. London
(1966) Recherches sur l'organisation du commerce maritime en Méditerranée sous l'empire romain. Paris
(1980) ‘Prêt et société maritime dans le monde romain’, in D'Arms and Kopff, Seaborne CommerceGoogle Scholar
(1979) Pouvoir politique et dépendance personelle dans l'antiquité romaine. Genèse et role des rapports de clientèle. Brussels
(1988) Porneia: On Desire and the Body in Antiquity. Oxford
(1958) Late Ancient and Medieval Population (TAPhS n.s. 48.3) Philadelphia
(1983) Macellum. Marché alimentaire des romains. Louvain-la-Neuve
(1991) The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World. London
and (1984b) ‘Tombstones and Roman family relations in the Principate: civilians, soldiers and slaves’, Journal of Roman Studies 74Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Patria potestas and the stereotype of the Roman family’, Continuity and Change 1Google Scholar
(1988) ‘Pietas, obligation and authority in the Roman family’, in Alte Geschichte und Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Festschrift für Karl Christ (Darmstadt)Google Scholar
(1989) ‘Patronage and friendship in early imperial Rome: drawing the distinction’, in , PatronageGoogle Scholar
(1994) Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family. Cambridge
(1974) Population et dépopulation dans l'empire romain. Brussels
et al. (eds.) (1993) De Agricultura: In Memoriam Pieter Willem de Neeve (1945–1990). Amsterdam
(1985) ‘Le due formule della tabula Pompeiana 34’, Annali del Seminario Giuridico della Università di Palermo 38Google Scholar
(1990a) ‘Free-born and manumitted bailiffs in the Graeco-Roman world’, Classical Quarterly 40Google Scholar
(1992) ‘Coloni und Pächter in den römischen literarischen Quellen vom 2Jh. v.Chr. bis zur Severerzeit: Eine kritische Betrachtung (Colonus-Studien I)’, Athenaeum 80Google Scholar
(1993b) ‘Sklaven und Freigelassene als Pächter und ihre ökonomische Funktion in der römischen Landwirtschaft (Colonus-Studien III)’, in et al. (1993)
(1994a) ‘Grain cultivation in the villa economy of Roman Italy’, in , and (1994)
(1994b) Grundpacht und Lohnarbeit in der Landwirtschaft des römischen Italien. Frankfurt am Main
(1989) ‘La struttura nascosta. Una grammatica dell'economia romana’, in Storia di Roma IV (Turin)Google Scholar
(1935) ‘The business relations of patron and freedman in classical Roman law’, in Legal Essays in Tribute to Orrin Kip McMurray (Berkeley) (=An American Experience in Roman Law (Göttingen, 1971))Google Scholar
(1983–4) Überlegungen zum Problem senatorischer Handelsaktivitäten’, Münsterische Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 2, 2 (1983) ; 3, 1 (1984)Google Scholar
(1974) Die Händler im römischen Kaiserreich in Gallien, Germanien und den Donauprovinzen Rätien, Noricum und Pannonien. Amsterdam
(1982) Die unverzierte terra sigillata aus Haltern. Münster
(1985) ‘First-century military daggers and the manufacture and supply of weapons for the Roman army’, in (1985b)
(1983) The Piercebridge Formula: A Dramatic New View of Roman History. Cambridge
(1932) The Geography of the Mediterranean Region: Its Relation to Ancient History. London
(1979) ‘Rural periodic markets in Roman North Africa as mechanisms of social integration and control’, in (ed.) Research in Economic Anthropology: A Research Annual, vol. II. Greenwich, Conn.Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Fear and loathing: the nomad menace and Roman Africa’, in (ed.), L'Afrique romaine, Les Conférences Vanier, Revue de l'université d'Ottawa 52Google Scholar
(1981) ‘Rural markets in North Africa and the political economy of the Roman Empire’, AntAfr 17Google Scholar
(1982–3) ‘“Eaters of flesh, drinkers of milk”: the ancient Mediterranean ideology of the pastoral nomad’, AncSoc 13–14Google Scholar
(1984b) ‘Water and society in the ancient Maghrib: technology, property and development’, AntAfr 20Google Scholar
(1987a) ‘Autonomy and tribute: mountain and plain in Mauretania Tingitana’, in (ed.), Désert et montagne au Maghreb: Hommage à Jean Dresch (Aix-en- Provence) (= Revue de L'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée 41–2)Google Scholar
(1987b) ‘The age of Roman girls at marriage: some reconsiderations’, Journal of Roman Studies 77Google Scholar
(1987c) ‘The family of late antiquity: the experience of Augustine’, Past and Present 115Google Scholar
(1991a) ‘The cultural meaning of death: age and gender in the Roman family’, in and (1991)
(1991b) ‘The noblest monuments and the smallest things: wells, walls and aqueducts in the making of Roman Africa’, in (ed.), Future Currents in Aqueduct Studies (Leeds)Google Scholar
(1978) Ancient Cos: An Historical Study from the Dorian Settlement to the Imperial Period. Göttingen
(1986) Roman Economic Policy in the Erythra Thalassa, 30 B.C.–A.D. 217. Leiden
(ed.) (1976) Water-mills and Military Works on Hadrian's Wall. Kendal
(1987) ‘Some observations on the means and cost of transport of bulk commodities in the Late Republic and Early Empire’, AncW 16Google Scholar
(1979) Western Mediterranean Europe: A Historical Geography of Italy, Spain and Southern France since the Neolithic. London
(1976) ‘Attitudes to Roman engineering and the question of the inverted siphon’, HistTechnol 1Google Scholar
(1977–8) ‘Roman canals’, Transactions of the Newcomen Society for the History of Engineering 49Google Scholar
, and (1988) ‘Diet in the 1st–2nd centuries along the northern border of the Roman Empire (a reconstruction on the basis of an analysis of chemical elements found in skeletal remains)’, Anthropologie 26/1Google Scholar
(1983) Early Harness Systems: Experimental Studies: Contributions to the Study of the History of the Horse. London
(1990) ‘The purpose of loans in ancient Athens: a reexamination’, Münsterische Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 9.2Google Scholar
(1974) ‘Ancient Greek and Roman maritime loans’, in and (eds.), Debits, Credits, Finance and Profits (London)Google Scholar
(1927) Der römische Ritterstand. Munich
(1978) ‘Ziegelstempel von Rom’, et al., Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, 83 vols. Stuttgart, 1894–1980 Suppl. 15, cols.Google Scholar
(1984) ‘Roman Holt: personnel, production and water supply’, Transactions of the Denbighshire Historical Society 33Google Scholar
(1924) ‘Berufsvereine’, et al., Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, 83 vols. Stuttgart, 1894–1980 Suppl. 4, cols.Google Scholar
(1965) The Crisis of the Aristocracy 1558–1641. Oxford
(1990) A Study of the Age and Sex Structure of Population in the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire. Warsaw
(1984) The Pottery Kilns of Roman Britain. London
(1961) ‘Beiträge zur Statistik der Sterblichkeit in den westeuropäischen Provinzen des römischen Imperiums’, AArchHung 13Google Scholar
(1962) ‘Beiträge zur Statistik der Sterblichkeit in der illyrischen Provinzgruppe und in Nord-Italien’, AArchHung 14Google Scholar
(1963) ‘Der Sterblichkeit in den Städten Mittel- und Süditaliens sowie in Hispanien, AArchHung 15Google Scholar
(1965–7) ‘Die Sterblichkeit in den Nordafrikanischen Provinzen I–III’, AArchHung 17; 18; 19Google Scholar
(1954) ‘Contributi allo studio delle vendite all';asta nel mondo antico’, Memorie dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, classe di scienze morali e storiche 8, 6Google Scholar
(1982) ‘Laecanii. Recherches sur une famille sénatoriale d'Istrie’, Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, Antiquité 94Google Scholar
(1961) ‘Freedman and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome’, American Journal of Philology 82Google Scholar
(1964) ‘Amphores et marques d'amphores de Bétique à Pompéi et à Stabies’, Mélanges de l'École française de Rome, Antiquité 6Google Scholar
(1980) ‘D. Caecilius Hospitalis et M. Iulius Hermesianus (CIL VI 1625b et 20742)’, in Producción y comercio del aceite en la antigüedad. Primer congreso internacional (Madrid)Google Scholar
(1986) ‘Amphores et textes: deux exemples’, in and (eds.), Recherches sur les amphores grecques (Athens) (5Bulletin de correspondance helléenique Suppl. 13)Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Private life and domestic architecture in Roman Africa’, in (ed.), A History of Private Life from Pagan Rome to Byzantium, trans. (Cambridge, Mass.)Google Scholar
(1964) Römische Villen in Pannonien: Beiträge zur pannonischen Siedlungsgeschichte, trans. . Budapest
(1988) ‘Pastoralism and transhumance in Roman Italy’, in (1988)
(1971) ‘The silk trade between China and the Roman Empire at its height, circa A.D. 90–130’, Greece and Rome 18Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Another view of ancient rudders’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 9Google Scholar
(1987) ‘Evidence for long-distance commerce: imported bricks and tiles at Carthage’, Acta RCRF 25–6Google Scholar
(1988) Paludi e bonifiche del mondo antico. Rome
(1981) La Galice romaine: recherches sur le nord-ouest de la péninsule ibérique dans l'antiquité. Paris
(1981b) ‘Contubernales in CIL 6’, Phoenix 35
(1991a) Roman Marriage: ‘Iusti Coniuges’ from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian. Oxford
(1991b) ‘Divorce Roman style: how easy and frequent was it?’, in (1991)
(1981) The Earth's Problem Climates. 2nd edn. Madison and London
(1982) The Roman Heritage: Textiles from Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean. Washington D.C.
(1974) Recherches sur le Limes Tripolitanus du Chott el Djerid à la frontière Tuniso-Libyenne. Paris
(1955) ‘Time relationship between the wheat-growing period and dry months in Turkey’, Review of the Geographical Institute of the University of Istanbul 2Google Scholar
(1980) The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 600–1600. London and Montreal
(1974) Sur la taille de la pierre antique, médiévale et moderne. Dijon
(1960) Trakijskata kolesniza. Sofia
(1979) La Graufesenque: atelier de céramiques gallo-romain. Toulouse
(1979a) ‘Mythe et réalité de l'autarcie à Rome’, Revue des études anciennes 81 (= (1991) ch. 4)Google Scholar
(1979b) ‘Rome devant la prétendue fuite de l'or: mercantilisme ou politique disciplinaire?’, Annales ESC 32 (= (1991) ch. 5)Google Scholar
(1980) ‘L'histoire agraire et la biographie de Virgile dans les Bucoliques I et ix’, Revue de Philologie 54 (= (1991) ch. 6)Google Scholar
(1981b) ‘Les cadeaux des colons à leur propriétaire: la neuvième bucolique et le mausolée d'Igel’, Revue archéologiqueGoogle Scholar
(1991) La société romaine. Paris
(ed.) (1987) A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium. Cambridge, Mass.
(1968) Le cheval dans l'antiquité gréco-romaine. Nancy
(1940) La conception du mariage d';après les juristes romains. Padua
(1985) ‘From a Phrygian quarry: the provenance of the statues of the Dacian prisoners in Trajan's Forum in Rome’, American Journal of Archaeology 89Google Scholar
(1962) The Mediterranean Lands. 2nd edn. London
(1938) Taxation in Roman Egypt from Augustus to Diocletian. Princeton
(1991a) ‘Houses and households: sampling Pompeii and Herculaneum’, in (1991)
(1991b) ‘Elites and trade in the Roman town’, in and , City and Country in the Ancient World (London and New York)Google Scholar
(1971) ‘Quarrying in antiquity: technology, tradition and social change’, Proceedings of the British Academy 62Google Scholar
(1980) ‘Nicomedia and the marble trade’, Papers of the British School at Rome 48 (=, ed. , Marble in Antiquity (1992) London)Google Scholar
(1974) The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. 2nd edn. London
(1967) ‘Social mobility in the early Roman empire: the evidence of the imperial freedmen and slaves’, Past and Present 37 (= (1974))Google Scholar
(1991) ‘Children of freedmen (and freedwomen)’, in (1991)
(1978) ‘Ships of the Roman period at Zwammerdam/Nigrum Pullum, Germania Inferior’, in and (eds.), Roman Shipping and Trade: Britain and the Rhine Provinces (London)Google Scholar
(1988) Schepen voor Zwammerdam. Amsterdam
(1973) Demographic Models for Anthropology (Mem. Soc. Amer. Archaeol. 27). Washington
(1981) ‘The milling stones’, in and (eds.), Whitton: An Iron Age and Roman Farmstead in South Glamorgan (Cardiff)Google Scholar
(1982) ‘The human burials’, in and (eds.), Romano-British Cemeteries at Cirencester (Cirencester)Google Scholar
and (1944) Currency in Roman and Byzantine Egypt. Princeton
(1970) Roman Farming. London
(1984) Greek and Roman Technology. London
(1980) ‘Technological development in the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages’, in (1980)
(1980) ‘Rural labour in three Roman provinces’, in (ed.), Non-Slave Labour in the Greco-Roman World (PCPhS Suppl. vol. no. 6) (Cambridge) (= (1993) ch. 2)Google Scholar
(1993) Land, City and Trade in the Roman Empire. Aldershot
(ed.) (1988) Pastoral Economies in Classical Antiquity (PCPhS Suppl. vol. no. 14). Cambridge
(1989) Adults and Children in the Roman Empire. London
(1970) Roman Trier and the Treviri. London
(1977) ‘Peasants and potentates: an investigation of social structure and land tenure in Roman Gaul’, American Journal of Ancient History 3Google Scholar
and (1982) ‘Climate of the eastern Mediterranean and the Near East’, in and (eds.), Palaeoclimates, Palaeoenvironments and Human Communities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region in Later Prehistory (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 133) (Oxford)Google Scholar
(1984) Exploitation of Water-power or Technological Stagnation? A Reappraisal of the Productive Forces in the Roman Empire. Lund
(1985) ‘Archaeological evidence for early water-mills – an interim report’, HistTechnol 10Google Scholar
(1990) ‘Water-power and technical progress in classical antiquity’, in (ed.), Ancient Technology (Helsinki)Google Scholar
(1970) Textile Manufacture in the Northern Roman Provinces. Cambridge
(1977) The Textiles from Vindolanda 1973–1975. Hexham
(1984) ‘Ähnlichkeiten zwischen Stempeln auf Amphoren und auf arretinischen Gefässen’, Acta RCRF 23–4Google Scholar
and (1983) ‘The importation of olive-oil into Iron Age and Roman Britain’, in Producción y comercio del aceite en la antigüedad. Secundo congreso internacional (Madrid)Google Scholar
and (1985) ‘An iron age and Roman settlement outside Kenchester (Magnis), Herefordshire: excavations 1977–1979’, Transactions of Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club 45Google Scholar
(1965) L'industrie textile dans l'Egypte romaine. Wroc-ław
(1984) ‘Die Spezialisierung des römischen Handels’, Münsterische Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 3, 1Google Scholar
(1979) ‘Aus den neuem pompejanischen Urkundenfund: der Seefrachtvertrag des Menelaos’, Freiburger Universitätsblätter 18Google Scholar
(1990 and 1991) ‘Zum Waren- und Dienstleistungsaustausch zwischen dem Römischen Reich und dem Freien Germanien in der Zeit des Prinzipats. Eine Bestandsaufnahme’, Münsterische Beiträge zur antiken Handelsgeschichte 9, 1 and 10, 1Google Scholar
(1990) ‘Food, poverty and patronage: the significance of the epigraphy of the Roman alimentary schemes in early imperial Italy’, Papers of the British School at Rome 45Google Scholar
and (1989) A Population History of England, 1541–1871: A Reconstruction. Rev. pb. edn. Cambridge, Mass. (first published 1981)
(1977) The Roman Pottery Industry of the Oxford Region (British Archaeological Reports, British Series 43). Oxford
(1983) Römische Berufsdarstellungen (Archäologische Forschungen 12). Berlin
- 6
- Cited by