Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T20:48:10.486Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Sparta as victor

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
D. M. Lewis
Edited by
D. M. Lewis ,
John Boardman ,
Simon Hornblower  and
M. Ostwald
D. M. Lewis
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
John Boardman
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Simon Hornblower
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
M. Ostwald
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
Get access

Summary

THE LEADER OF GREECE

The Greek world had long been accustomed to a situation in which there had been two sources of power, Athens and Sparta. The disappearance of Athenian power left the determination of the future to Sparta. Theoretically, the future was clear. The Spartans and their allies had fought the Peloponnesian War for the freedom of Greece and the day on which Lysander sailed into the Piraeus and the demolition of Athens’ Long Walls began was seen as the beginning of that freedom (Xen.Hell. II.2.24). However, the course of the war had inevitably shaped attitudes and aspirations. The simple hope of 431 that all would be well if Athens allowed her allies autonomy had become infinitely complex. It was not only that Sparta had made commitments to Persia which substantially modified the freedom of the Greeks of Asia Minor. The course of the war had produced political changes in many cities which were not easily reversible, and at Sparta itself the effect of success and growing power was to produce a taste for their continuance.

Sparta had serious disqualifications for the role of a leading power, even more for that of an imperial power. Her full citizen population was not more than a few thousand and seems to have been in continuing decline. By the time of the Peloponnesian War, she was already using perioecic hoplites alongside full citizens, and from 424 onwards we find increasing use of freed helots, a group rapidly institutionalized under the name of neodamodeis (new members of the demos).

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Ancient History
, pp. 24 - 44
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albini, U. [Erode Attico] περί πολιτείαζ Florence, 1968 Google Scholar
Andrewes, A. ‘Two notes on Lysander’, Phoenix 25 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrewes, A. and Lewis, D. M. ‘Note on the Peace of Nikias’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 77 (1957)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beloch, K. J. Griechische Geschichte. 2nd edn. 4 vols. in 8. Strasburg–Berlin/Leipzig, 1912–1927 Google Scholar
Bockisch, G. ‘Harmostai (431–387)’, Klio 46 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bommelaer, J.-F. Lysandre de Sparte. Histoire et traditions (Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d’ Athènes et Rome 240). Paris, 1981 Google Scholar
Cartledge, P. A. Agesilaos and the Crisis of Sparta. London–Baltimore, 1987 Google Scholar
Cawkwell, G. L. ‘The decline of Sparta’, Classical Quarterly n.s. 33 (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cloché, P. La restauration democratique à Athènes en 403 avant J.-C. Paris, 1915 Google Scholar
David, E. ‘The influx of money into Sparta at the end of the fifth century B.C.‘, Scripta Classica Israelica 5 (1979/80)Google Scholar
David, E. Sparta betweeen Empire and Revolution, 404–243 B.C. Internal Problems and their Impact on Contemporary Greek Consciousness. New York, 1981 Google Scholar
de Ste Croix, G. E. M. The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World. London, 1981 Google Scholar
de Ste Croix, G. E. M. The Origins of the Peloponnesian War. London, 1972 Google Scholar
Dihle, A. ‘Das Satyrspiel “Sisyphos”’, Hermes 105 (1977)Google Scholar
Dover, K. J. Lysias and the Corpus Lysiacum (Sather Classical Lectures 39). Berkeley–Los Angeles, 1968 Google Scholar
Dow, S. ‘The Athenian calendar of sacrifices: the chronology of Nikomachos’ second term’, Historia 9 (1960)Google Scholar
Dow, S. ‘The Athenian law codes’, Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 71 (1953–1959)Google Scholar
Dow, S. ‘The walls inscribed with Nikomakhos’ law code’, Hesperia 30 (1961)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuks, A. ‘Notes on the Rule of the Ten at Athens in 403 B.C.’, Mnemosyne4 6 (1953) (= C 23 )Google Scholar
Fuks, A. The Ancestral Constitution. London, 1953 Google Scholar
Funke, P. Homónoia und Arché (Historia Einzelschr. 37). Wiesbaden, 1980 Google Scholar
Guthrie, W. K. C. A History of Greek Philosophy. 6 vols. Cambridge, 1962–1981 Google Scholar
Habicht, Chr. Gottmenschentum und griechische Städte (Zetemata 14). 2nd edn. Munich, 1970 Google Scholar
Hall, L. G. H. ‘Ephialtes, the Areopagus and the Thirty’, Classical Quarterly n.s. 40 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, C. D. ‘Spartan politics and policy 405–401 B.C.‘, American Journal of Philology 91 (1970)Google Scholar
Hamilton, C. D. Sparta's Bitter Victories. Politics and Diplomacy in the Corinthian War. Ithaca–London, 1979 Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. and Griffith, G. T. A History of Macedonia, II: 550–336 B.C. Oxford, 1979 Google Scholar
Hansen, M. H. Three Studies in Athenian Demography (Historisk-filologiske Meddelelser udgivnet af det Kongelige Danske Videnskabemes Selskab 56, 1988)Google Scholar
Harding, P. ‘Androtion's political career’, Historia 25 (1976)Google Scholar
Harding, P. ‘The Theramenes myth’, Phoenix 28 (1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, A. R. W. The Law of Athens. 2 vols. Oxford, 1968–1971 Google Scholar
Hatzfeld, J. Alcibiade. Paris, 1951 Google Scholar
Hignett, C. A History of the Athenian Constitution. Oxford, 1952 Google Scholar
Homann-Wedeking, E. ‘Samos 1964‘, Archäologischer Anzeiger (1965)Google Scholar
Judeich, W. Kleinasiatische Studien. Marburg, 1892 Google Scholar
Krentz, P. ‘Foreigners against the Thirty: Inscriptiones Graecae, Berlin, 1873– 22 10 again’, Phoenix 34 (1980)Google Scholar
Krentz, P. The Thirty at Athens. Ithaca–London, 1982 Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. ‘Oligarchic thinking in the late fifth century’, in Nomodeiktes: Essays presented to Martin Ostwald. Ann Arbor, 1993 Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. ‘The epigraphical evidence for the end of the Thirty’, in Piérart, M. (ed.), Aristote et Athènes. Fribourg, 1993 Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. Sparta and Persia (Cincinnati Classical Studies n.s. I). Leiden, 1977 Google Scholar
Loening, T. C. The Reconciliation Agreement of 403/402 B.C. in Athens: Its Content and Application (Hermes Einzelschr. 53). Stuttgart–Wiesbaden, 1987 Google Scholar
Loeper, R. ‘The Thirty Tyrants’, Zhurnal Ministerva Narodnogo Prosvescheniya (May–June 1896)Google Scholar
Lotze, D. Lysander und der peloponnesischer Krieg (Abhandlungen der sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig 57 (1964))
Matthaiou, A. P. and Pikoulas, G. A. ‘Ἕδου τοῐζ ∧ακεδαιμουίοιζ ποττxυ πόλεμου’, HOPOΣ 7 (1989) [1991]Google Scholar
McCoy, W. J. ‘Aristotle's Athenaion Politeia and the establishment of the Thirty Tyrants’, Yale Classical Studies 23 (1975)Google Scholar
Meyer, E. Geschichte des Altertums V Das Perserreich und die Griechen: viertes Buch, der Ausgang der griechischen Geschichte. 3rd edn. Stuttgart–Berlin, 1921 Google Scholar
Morrison, J. S. ‘Meno of Pharsalus, Polycrates, and Ismenias’, Classical Quarterly 36 (1942)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mossé, C. La fin de la démocratie athénienne. Paris, 1962 Google Scholar
Ober, J. Fortress Attica. Leiden, 1985 Google Scholar
Ollier, F. Le mirage spartiate. 1, Paris, 1933; 11 (Annales de l'université de Lyon 111, 13, 1943)Google Scholar
Osborne, M. J. Naturalization in Athens, 4 vols. in 3 (Verhandlingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België, Klasse der Letteren, 43, 1981, no. 98, 44, 1982, no. 101, 45, 1983, no. 109)
Ostwald, M. Autonomia: its Genesis and Early History. Chico, CA, 1982 Google Scholar
Ostwald, M. From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law. Berkeley–Los Angeles–London, 1986 Google Scholar
Parke, H. W. ‘The development of the second Spartan empire’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 50 (1930)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pouilloux, J. and Salviat, F. ‘Lichas, Lacédémonien, archonte à Thasos et le livre VIII de Thucydide’, Comptes-rendus de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawson, E. D. The Spartan Tradition in European Thought. Oxford, 1969 Google Scholar
Rhodes, P. J. ‘The Athenian code of laws, 410–399 B.C.‘, Journal of Hellenic Studies 111 (1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, P. J. A Commentary on the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia. Oxford, 1981 Google Scholar
Robert, L. A travers l'Asie Mineure (BEFRA 239). Athens, 1980 Google Scholar
Robertson, N. ‘The laws of Athens, 410–399 b.c.: the evidence for review and publication’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 110 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, D. Greek Declamation. Oxford, 1983 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salmon, P. ‘L'Etablissement des Trente à Athènes’, Antiquité classique 38 (1969)Google Scholar
Sealey, B. R. I. ‘Callistratos of Aphidna and his contemporaries’, Historia 5 (1956) (= C 255 )Google Scholar
Shipley, G. A History of Samos 800–188 B.C. Oxford, 1987 Google Scholar
Smith, R. E. ‘Lysander and the Spartan Empire’, Classical Philology 43 (1948)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, I. F. The Trial of Socrates. Boston–London, 1988 Google Scholar
Strauss, B. S. Athens after the Peloponnesian War. London–Sydney, 1986 Google Scholar
Thompson, W. E. ‘Observations on Spartan politics’, Rivista storica dell'antichitá 3 (1973)Google Scholar
Tigerstedt, E. N. The Legend of Sparta in Classical Antiquity. Uppsala, 1965–1974 Google Scholar
Usher, S. ‘Xenophon, Critias and Theramenes’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 88 (1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade-Gery, H. T. ‘Kritias and Herodes’, Classical Quarterly 39 (1945) (= Essays in Greek History, 271–92. Oxford, 1958)Google Scholar
Walbank, M. B. ‘The confiscation and sale by the Poletai in 402/1 B.C. of the property of the Thirty Tyrants’, Hesperia 51 (1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, A. B. and Woodward, A. M. ‘Studies in the Attic treasure-records II’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 58 (1938)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehead, D. ‘A thousand new Athenians’, Liverpool Classical Monthly 9 (1984)Google Scholar
Whitehead, D. ‘Sparta and the Thirty Tyrants’, Ancient Society 13/14 (1982–1983)Google Scholar
Whitehead, D. ‘The tribes of the Thirty Tyrants’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 100 (1980)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, A. M. ‘An Attic treasure-record: the Hekatompedon-list for 402/1 B.C.’, Ἀρχαιολογικὸν Δελτὴον (1935–1954 B’ [1958])Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×