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CHAPTER VIII - EGYPT: FROM THE EXPULSION OF THE HYKSOS TO AMENOPHIS I

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
T. G. H. James
Edited by
I. E. S. Edwards ,
C. J. Gadd ,
N. G. L. Hammond  and
E. Sollberger
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Summary

THE CAMPAIGNS OF KAMOSE

The literary tradition of the New Kingdom, represented by the Story of Apophis and Seqenenre, suggests that the clash between the Hyksos and the native Egyptian kings of the Seventeenth Dynasty occurred in the reign of Seqenenre (II ?), as the result of deliberate provocation on the part of the Hyksos ruler. The first sentences of the story tell the condition of Egypt at the time: Seqenenre rules in the Southern City (Thebes), while Apophis rules in Avaris; the whole of Egypt pays tribute to the Hyksos. Egypt is described as a divided land, and there is no suggestion that the whole of Egypt is occupied by the Asiatics. The evidence in support of a total occupation is slender and inconclusive; even the famous description of Hyksos devastation in the inscription of Hatshepsut in the Speos Artemidos specifies only that ‘the Asiatics were in Avaris in the Northland, roving foreigners being in the midst of them’.

It is generally assumed that the lost portion of this story described a struggle between the Hyksos and the Egyptians, the outcome of which may have been a limited victory for the Egyptians. It is also assumed that Seqenenre was killed in the course of this struggle, the evidence in support of this assumption being the shattered skull of the king's mummy. The fragmentary beginning of a New Kingdom romance is, however, an uncertain foundation on which to build an historical edifice.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Ancient History
, pp. 289 - 312
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1973

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