Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T06:50:35.411Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3c - Central Asia and Eastern Iran

from 3 - The major regions of the empire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Henri-Paul Francfort
Edited by
John Boardman ,
N. G. L. Hammond ,
D. M. Lewis  and
M. Ostwald
Henri-Paul Francfort
Affiliation:
Centre de recherches archiologiques, Paris
Get access

Summary

Geographical survey

Central Asia consists of three hydrographic basins, namely the Aral Sea to the north, Lake Hamun to the south of the Hindu Kush, and the Lob Nor and Tarim east of the Pamirs. To the first belong the great rivers Syr Darya (Jaxartes) and Amu Darya (Oxus) and the important tributaries of the latter whose waters sometimes run to waste before they join the main stream. The Helmand and the Farah Rud, with their tributaries, belong to the second basin; the Atrak and the area of the Caspian belong to a separate system. The territory is bounded by the Mongol, south Siberian and Kazakh steppes, the Caspian Sea, the desert of Seistan, the Indus basin, the Pamirs and the Himalayas, and the part relevant to the Achaemenids is situated between 55° and 75° longitude east and between 30° and 45° latitude north.

This area can best be divided into a highland and a lowland zone. The mountains include the Hindu Kush, the Pamirs, the Alai, Tian Shan, Altai and their foothills, while the lowlands stretch out along the banks of the Amu Darya and in Seistan, in Xinjiang, Djungaria, Tuva and Mongolia.

Within the highland zone, we must distinguish, because of their different natural resources, between the valleys on one hand and the mountains and plateaux on the other. The high, cool, plateaux provide pasture, means of communication and mineral resources; irrigation in the valleys results in a stable and dense population.

Keywords

Eastern IranMedian EmpireCentral AsiaAchaemenid conquestsPersia
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Ancient History , pp. 165 - 193
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamson, P. B. ‘The spread of rabies into Europe, and the probable origin of this disease in antiquity’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1977 Google ScholarPubMed
Adcock, F. E. The Greek and Macedonian Art of War. Berkeley–Los Angeles, 1957 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adykov, K. A. and Masson, V. M. Izvestiya Akademiya Nauk Tadzhikskoy SSR, Seriya Obshchestvennykh Nauk (Tashkent) 1960, 2 Google Scholar
Akishev, K. A. Kurgan Issyk. Moscow, 1978 Google Scholar
Akishev, K. A. and Kushaev, G. A. Drevnyaya kul'tura Sakev i Usunei doliny r.lli. Alma Ata, 1963 Google Scholar
Akishev, K. A. et al. Arkheologicheskie issledovaniya v Kazakhstane (review in East and West 1976, 253–7). Alma Ata, 1973 Google Scholar
Allchin, R. (ed.) The Archaeology of Afghanistan. London, 1978 Google Scholar
Altheim, F. and Stiehl, R. Die aramäische Sprache unter den Achaimeniden 1. Frankfurt am Main, 1963 Google Scholar
Altheim, F. and Stiehl, R. Geschichte Mittelasiens im Altertum. Berlin, 1970 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aly, W. Volksmärchen, Sage und Novelle bei Herodot und seinen Zeitgenossen. 2nd edn ed. Huber, L. . Göttingen, 1969 Google Scholar
Andrianov, B. V. Drevnie orositel'nye sistemy Priaral'ya. Moscow, 1969 Google Scholar
Askarov, A. A. ‘Raskopki Pshaktepa na yuge Uzbekistana’, Is tony a Materialnaya Kul'tury Uzbekistana 17 (1982)Google Scholar
Askarov, A. and Al'baum, L. I. Poselenie Kuchuktepa. Tashkent, 1979 Google Scholar
Azarpay, G. ‘Sassanian and Sogdian artistic patterns: a comparative study’, in B 549 Google Scholar
Azarpay, G. ‘Some Classical and near Eastern motifs in the art of Pazyryk’, Artibus Asiae 22 (1959)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, R. D. ‘The art of Bactria and the treasure of the Oxus’, Iranica Antiqua 8 (1968)Google Scholar
Belenitsky, A. Central Asia (Latomus Collection Latomus Archeologia Mundi). London, 1968 Google Scholar
Beloch, K. J. Griechische Geschichte. 4 vols, in 8. Strassburg–Berlin, 1912–27 Google Scholar
Belyaeva, T. V. In Istoria i arkeologiya srednei Azii, 41–8. Askhabad, 1978 Google Scholar
Bengtson, H. and others. The Greeks and the Persians: from the Sixth to the Fourth Centuries. London–New York, 1969 (Trans, of Griechen und Perser: die Mittelmeerwelt im Altertum. Frankfurt am Main, 1965)Google Scholar
Benveniste, E. ‘L'Iran – Vež et l'origine légendaire des Iraniens’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental (and African) Studies, University of London 7 (1934)Google Scholar
Benveniste, E. ‘La ville de Cyreschata’, Journal asiatique 234 (1943–5)Google Scholar
Benveniste, E. Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes 1. Paris, 1969 Google Scholar
Bernard, P. and Francfort, H.-P. Études de géographie historique sur la plaine d'Aï Khanoum. Paris, 1978 Google Scholar
Bernard, P. ‘Les mortiers et pilons inscrits de Persepolis’, Studia Iranica 1 (1972)Google Scholar
Bernard, P. ‘Un problème de toponymie antique dans l'Asie centrale: les noms anciens de Qandahar’, Studia Iranica 3 (1974)Google Scholar
Bernard, P. Fouilles d'Aï Khanoum IV. Les monnaies hors trésors. Questions d'histoire gréco-bactrienne. Paris, 1985 Google Scholar
Bernshtam, A. N. Istoriko-arkheologicheskie ocherki centralnogo Tyań'-Shanya i Pamiro-Alaya (Materialy i Issledovaniya po Arkheologii SSSR 26). Moscow-Leningrad, 1952 Google Scholar
Bickerman, E. J. ‘The Seleucids and the Achaemenids’, in B 159 Google Scholar
Boardman, J. The Greeks Overseas. 2nd edn. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Boer, W. . ‘Herodot und die Systeme der Chronologie’, Mnemosyne ser. iv 20 (1967)Google Scholar
Bogaert, R. Les origines antiques de la banque de dépôt. Leiden, 1966 Google Scholar
Bokovenko, N. A. ‘Bronzovye kotli epokhi rannikh kochevnikov v aziatskikh stepyakh’, in B 629 Google Scholar
Bongard-Levin, G. M. and Grantovskii, E. A. De la Scythie à I'lnde. Enigmes de I'histoire des anciens Aryens. Paris, 1981 Google Scholar
Bowman, R. A. Aramaic Ritual Texts from Persepolis (Oriental Institute Publication 91). Chicago, 1970 Google Scholar
Boyce, M. ‘Some remarks on the transmission of the Kayanian heroic cycle’, in Serta Cantabrigiensia, 1, no. 1, Wiesbaden, 1954 Google Scholar
Boyce, M. A History of Zoroastrianism 1–11 (Handbuch der Orientalistik, Erste Abteilung, viii 1.2A). Leiden, 1975–82 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breitenbach, H. R. ‘Xenophon von Athen’ in Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– ser.2, ix a 2 (1966)Google Scholar
Briant, P. ‘Colonisation hellénistique et populations indigènes’, Klio 60 (1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briant, P. ‘Contrainte militaire, dépendance rurale et exploitation des territoires en Asie achéménide’, Index 8 (1978/1979)Google Scholar
Briant, P. ‘La Perse avant l'empire (un état de la question)’, Iranica Antiqua 19 (1984)Google Scholar
Briant, P. États et pasteurs au Moyen-Orient ancien. Cambridge–Paris, 1982 Google Scholar
Briant, P. L'Asie centrale et les royaumes proche-orientaux du premier millénaire (c. VHIe-IVe siècles avant notre ère). Paris, 1984 Google Scholar
Burn, A. R. Persia and the Greeks: the Defence of the West, c. 546–478 B.C. 2nd edn, with a Postscript by Lewis, D. M. . London–Stanford, 1984 Google Scholar
Buryakov, Yu. F. (ed.) K istoricheskoi topografii drevnego i srednevekovogo Samarkanda. Tashkent, 1981 Google Scholar
Calkin, V. I. Drevnee Zhivotnovodstvo piemen vostochnoi Evropy i Srednei Azii (Materialy i Issledovaniya po Arkheologii SSSR 135). Moscow, 1966 Google Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘Darius the Great and his Scythian (Saka) campaign: Bisutun and Herodotus’, in Acta Iranica. Ser.2, 4 (1975) = Monumentum H. S. Nyberg (1975)Google Scholar
Cameron, G. G. ‘The Persian satrapies and related matters’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 32 (1973)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casal, J. M. Fouilles de Mundigak. Paris, 1961 Google Scholar
Casson, L. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton, 1971 Google Scholar
Cattenat, A. and Gardin, J.-C. ‘Diffusion comparée de quelques genres de poterie caractéristiques de l'époque achéménide sur le plateau iranien et en Asie centrale’, in B 549 Google Scholar
Cattenat, A. and Gardin, J.-C. ‘Diffusion comparée de quelques genres de poterie caractéristiques de l'époque achéménide sur le plateau iranien et en Asie centrale’, in B 549 Google Scholar
Christensen, A. Les Kayanides. Copenhagen, 1932 Google Scholar
Cleuziou, S. ‘Les pointes de flèche “scythiques” au proche et au moyen orient’, in B 549 Google Scholar
Cook, J. M. The Persian Empire. London, 1983 Google Scholar
Dales, G. New Excavations at Nad-i Ali (Sorkh Dagh), Afghanistan (Research Monograph 16). Berkeley, 1977 Google Scholar
Dalton, O. M. The Treasure of the Oxus. 2nd edn. London, 1926 (reprinted 1964)Google Scholar
Dandamaev, M. A. Persien unter den ersten Achämeniden (6. Jahrhundert v. Chr.). Trans. Heinz-Dieter, Pohl . Wiesbaden, 1976 Google Scholar
Dandamayev, M. A. ‘Data of the Babylonian documents from the 6th to the 5 th cent, on the Sakas’, in Prolegomena to the Sources on the History of Pre Islamic Central Asia, ed. Harmatta, J. , 95–109. Budapest, 1979 Google Scholar
Dandamayev, M. A. ‘Pokhod Dariya protiv skifskogo plemeni tigrakhauda’, Kratkie Soohschchenya Instityta Narodov Asii 61 (1963)Google Scholar
David, Th. ‘La position de la femme en Asie centrale’, Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 2 (1970)Google Scholar
Delaunay, J. A. ‘A propos des “Aramaic Ritual Texts from Persepolis” de R. A. Bowman’, Acta Iranica Set. 1.2 (1974)Google Scholar
Desha yes, J. (ed.) Le Plateau iranien et l'Asie centrale des origines à la conquête islamique (Colloque Centre national de recherches scientifiques). Paris, 1977 Google Scholar
Diakonoff, I. M. ‘Media’, in Cambridge History of Iran 11. Cambridge, 1985 Google Scholar
Drews, R. ‘The fall of Astyages and Herodotus’ chronology of the eastern kingdoms’, Historia 18 (1969)Google Scholar
Drews, R. The Greek Accounts of Eastern History. Cambridge, Mass., 1973 Google Scholar
Duchesne-Guillemin, J. ‘La religion des Achéménides’, in B 215 Google Scholar
Dumézil, G. Romans de Scythie et d'alentour. Paris, 1978 Google Scholar
D'yakonov, I. M. ‘Arkheologicheskie raboty v nizhnem techenii reki Kafirmigana (Kobadian) (1950–1951 gg-)’, in Trudy Sogdiisko Tadzhikskoi Arkheologicheskoi Ekspeditsii 11 (Materialy i Issledovaniya po Arkheologii SSSR 37), 253–93. Moscow- Leningrad, 1953 Google Scholar
Filanovich, M. Tashkent. Tashkent, 1983 Google Scholar
Fornara, C. W. Herodotus. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Foucher, A. ‘Les satrapies orientales de l'empire achéménide’, Comptes-rendues de l'Académic des inscriptions et belles lettres, 1938 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francfort, H.-P. ‘Note sur la mort de Cyrus et les Dardes’, in Orientalia losephi Tucci Memoriae Dicata (Serie Orientale Roma, 56. 1) edd. Gnoli, G. and Lanciotti, L. . Rome, 1985 Google Scholar
Francfort, H.-P. ‘Un cachet achéménide d'Afghanistan’, Journal asiatique 263 (1975)Google Scholar
Francfort, H.-P. Fouilles d' Aï Khanoum III Le sanctuaire du temple à niches indentées. Les trouvailles. Paris, 1984 Google Scholar
Francfort, H.-P. Les fortifications en Asie centrale de l'Age du Bronze à I'époque kouchane (Travaux de l'Unité de Recherches Archéologiques 10). Paris, 1979 Google Scholar
Francis, E. D. ‘Greeks and Persians: the art of hazard and triumph’, in Ancient Persia: The Art of an Empire, ed. Schmandt-Besserat, D. , 53–86. Malibu, 1980 Google Scholar
Freeman, E. A. History of Federal Government in Greece and Italy. 2nd edn. London, 1893 Google Scholar
Frumkin, G. Archaeology in Soviet Central Asia (Handbuch der Orientalistik III.I). Leiden, 1970 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frye, R. N. ‘The Institutions’, in B 215 Google Scholar
Frye, R. N. The History of Ancient Iran (Handbuch der Altertums wissenschaft in.7). Munich, 1983 Google Scholar
Gardin, J.-C. and Lyonnet, B. ‘La prospection archéologique de la Bactriane orientale (1974–78): premiers résultats’, Mesopotamia 13 (1979)Google Scholar
Gardin, J.-C. (ed.) L'archéologie de la Bactriane ancienne. Actes du colloque franco-sovietique, Dushanbe (U.R.S.S.) 27 octobre–3 novembre 1982. Paris, 1985 Google Scholar
Geiger, X. Civilization of the Eastern Iranians in Ancient Times. London, 1885 Google Scholar
Gentelle, P. Étude géographique de la plaine d'Aï Khanoum et de son irrigation depuis les temps antiques. Paris, 1978 Google Scholar
Gershevitch, I. The Avestan Hymn to Mithra. Cambridge, 1959 Google Scholar
Gnoli, G. ‘L'Arachosia e l'Avesta’, in B 113 Google Scholar
Gnoli, G. ‘More on the Sistanic hypothesis’, East and West 27 (1977)Google Scholar
Gnoli, G. Ricerche storiche sul Sistan antico. Rome, 1967 Google Scholar
Gnoli, G. Zoroaster's Time and Homeland. Naples, 1980 Google Scholar
Gomme, A. W. , Andrewes, A. and Dover, K. J. A Historical Commentary on Thucydides i–v. Oxford, 1945–81 Google Scholar
Gorbunova, N. G. ‘Nekotorie osobennosti forminovaniya drevnikh kul'tur Fergani’, Arkheologicheskii Sbornik 25 (1984)Google Scholar
Gorelik, M. V. ‘Kushanskii dospekh’, in Drevnyaya lndiya 87. Moscow, 1982 Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. Das Verhältnis der ausserherodoteischen Überlieferung zu Herodot. Bonn, 1963 Google Scholar
Grach, A. D. Drevnie kochevniki v centre Azii. Moscow, 1980 Google Scholar
Graf, D. F. ‘Greek tyrants and Achaemenid polities’, in The Craft of the Ancient Historian: Essays in Honor of Chester G. Starr, edd. Eadie, J. W. and Ober, J. , 79–123. Lanham, 1985 Google Scholar
Graf, D. F. ‘Medism: the origin and significance of the term’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 104 (1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenfield, J. C. and Porten, B. The Bisitun Inscription of Darius the Great: Aramaic Version. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum. Pt 1: Inscriptions of Ancient Iran. Vol. v Texts 1. London, 1983 Google Scholar
Gryaznov, M. Der Grosskurgan von Arzhan in Tuva, Sudsibirien. Munich, 1984 Google Scholar
Gryaznov, M. Sibérie du Sud. Paris, 1969 Google Scholar
Guillaume, O. ‘Contribution à l'étude d'un artisanat bactrien pré hellénistique’, in B 559 Google Scholar
Gul'yamov, Ya. G. (ed.) Afrasiab I–II. Tashkent, 1969–73 Google Scholar
Hallock, R. T. ‘A new look at the Persepolis Treasury tablets’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 19 (1960)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallock, R. T. ‘The use of seals on the Persepolis Fortification texts’, in Seals and Sealings in the Ancient Near East, edd. Gibson, M. and Biggs, R. D. (Bibliotheca Mesopotamiaca 6), 127–33. Malibu, 1977 Google Scholar
Hallock, R. T. Persepolis Fortification Tablets (Oriental Institute Publication 92). Chicago, 1969 Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. ‘Studies in Greek chronology of the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.’, Historia 4 (1955)Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. A History of Greece to 322 B.C. 2nd edn. Oxford, 1967 (3rd edn 1986)Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. Atlas of the Greek and Roman World in Antiquity. New Jersey, 1983 Google Scholar
Harmatta, J. ‘Darius’ expedition against the Saka Tigraxauda’, Acta antiqua academiae scientiarum Hungaricae 24 (1976)Google Scholar
Helms, S. ‘Excavations at “The City and the Famous Fortress of Kandahar, the Foremost Place in all of Asia”’, Afghan Studies 3–4 (1982)Google Scholar
Herzfeld, E. E. The Persian Empire: Studies in the Geography and Ethnography of the ancient Near East. Wiesbaden, 1968 Google Scholar
Hinz, W. ‘Die Zusätze zur Darius-Inschrift von Behistan’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 5 (1972)Google Scholar
Hinz, W. Altiranische Funde und Forschungen. Berlin, 1969 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirsch, S. W. The Friendship of the Barbarians: Xenophon and the Persian Empire. Hanover–London, 1985 Google Scholar
Homeyer, H. ‘Zu den Anfängen der Griechischen Biographie’, Philologus 106 (1962)Google Scholar
How, W. W. and Wells, J. A Commentary on Herodotus. Oxford, 1912 Google Scholar
Huber, L. ‘Herodots Homerverständis’, Synusia. Festgabe für W. Schadewaldt, edd. Flashar, H. and Gaiser, K. , 29–52. Neske, 1965 Google Scholar
Immerwahr, H. R. Form and Thought in Herodotus. Cleveland, 1960 Google Scholar
Itina, M. A. (ed.) Kochevniki nagranitsakh Khorezma (Trudy Khorezmskoi Arkheologo-etnograficheskoi Ekspeditsii II). Moscow, 1979 Google Scholar
Jackson, A. V. W. Zoroaster. The Prophet of Ancient Iran. New York, 1899 Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. ‘Herodotos’, Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– Suppl. 11 (1913) (= Griechische Historiker, 7–164. Stuttgart, 1956)Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. ‘Ktesias’, in Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– xi (1922) (= Griechische Historiker, 311–32. Stuttgart, 1956)Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. Abhandlmgen zur griechischen Geschichtsschreibung, ed. Leiden, H. , 1956 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, F. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, 3 pts in 15 vols. Berlin, 1926; Leiden, 1943–58 3 2.Google Scholar
Jeffery, L. H. Archaic Greece. London, 1976 Google Scholar
Jettmar, K. ‘Die Bedeutung der politischen Zentren für die Entstehung der Reiternomaden Zentralasiens’, in Die Nomaden in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 49–70. Berlin, 1981 Google Scholar
Jettmar, K. L'art des steppes. Paris, 1965. (English translation Art of the Steppes. London, 1967)Google Scholar
Jettmar, K. Zwischen Gandhara und den Seidenstrassen: Felsbilder am Karakorum Highway. Mainz, 1985 Google Scholar
Junge, J. Saka-Studien (Klio Beih. 41). Leipzig, 1939 Google Scholar
Kachuris, K. ‘Raskopki na El'ken-Tepe v Yuzhoi-Turkmenii’, Arkheologischeskie Otkrytiya 1966 (Moscow, 1967)Google Scholar
Khazanov, A. M. ‘Les formes de dépendance des agriculteurs par rapport aux nomades antiques des steppes eurasiatiques’, in Terre et paysans dépendants dans les socétés antiques, 229–47. Paris, 1979 Google Scholar
Khazanov, A. M. ‘The early state among the Scythians’, in The Early State, edd. Claessen, H. J. M. and Skalnik, P. , 425–39. The Hague, 1978 Google Scholar
Kibirov, A. K. ‘Arkheologicheskie raboti v tsentral'nom Tyan'-Shane’, in Trudy Kirgiskoi arkheologo-etnograficheskoi ekspeditsii 11. Moscow, 1959 Google Scholar
Knauth, W. and Nadjamabe, S. Das altiranische Fürstenideal von Xenophon bis Ferdausi. Wiesbaden, 1975 Google Scholar
Koshelenko, G. A. (ed.) Arkheologiya SSSR. Drevneishie gosudarstve Kavkaza i Srednei Azii. Moscow, 1985 Google Scholar
Kozhemyako, P. N. (ed.) Arkheologicheskie Pamyatniki Priissykul ya. Frunze, 1975 Google Scholar
Kruglikova, I. T. and Sarianidi, V. I. ‘Pyat’ let raboty sovetsko-afganskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii’, in Drevnyaya Baktriya (Materialy sovetsko af ganskoi exspeditsii 1969–1973 gg.). Moscow, 1976 Google Scholar
Kubarev, V. D. ‘Kon'i sakral'noi atributsii rannikh kochevnikov gornogo Altaya’, in b 629 Google Scholar
Kuz'mina, E. E. ‘Les relations entre la Bactriane et l'lran du V11Ie au IVe siècles B.C.’, in B 549 Google Scholar
Lelekov, L. A. ‘Otrazhenie nekotorykh mifologicheskikh vozzrenii v arkhitekture vostochnoiranskikh narodov v pervoi polovine I tysyacheletiya do n.e.’, in Istoriya i kul'tura narodov srednei Azii. Moscow, 1976 Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. Sparta and Persia. Leiden, 1977 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Littauer, M. A. and Crouwel, J. H. Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in the Ancient Near East. Leiden, 1979 Google Scholar
Litvinskii, B. A. Drevnie kochevniki a ‘kryshi mira’ (review in Hast and West 26 (1976)). Moscow, 1972 Google Scholar
Litvinskiy, B. A. and Pichikyan, I. R. ‘Découverte dans un sanctuaire du dieu Oxus de la bactriane septentrionale’, Rev. Arch. 1981, 2 Google Scholar
Markwart, J. Wehrot und Arang. Leiden, 1938 Google Scholar
Masson, M. E. (ed.) Trudy Yuzhno-Turkmenistanskoi Arkheologicheskoi Komplekskoi Ekspeditsii Google Scholar
Masson, V. M. Drevnezemledel'cheskaya kul'tura Margiany (Materialy i Issledovaniya po Arkheologii SSSR 73) (review in Iranica Antiqua 4 (1964)). Moscow, 1959 Google Scholar
Masson, V. M. and Atagarryev, E. (edd.) Turkmenistan v epokhu rannezheleznogo veka Ashkhabad, 1984 Google Scholar
Masson, V. M. (ed.) Baktriiskie Drevnosti. Leningrad, 1976 Google Scholar
Mazzarino, S. Fra Oriente e Occidente. Florence, 1947 Google Scholar
McNicoll, A. W. ‘Excavations at Kandahar, 1975’, Afghan Studies 1 (1978)Google Scholar
Meiggs, R. The Athenian Empire. Oxford, 1972 Google Scholar
Miller, M. ‘Herodotus as chronographer’, Klio 46 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minns, E. H. Scythians and Greeks. Cambridge, 1913 Google Scholar
Mitchell, B. M. ‘Herodotus and Samos’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 95 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momigliano, A. D. ‘Tradizione e invenzione in Ctesia’, in Quarto Contributo alla Storia degli Studi Classici e del Mondo Antico, 181–212. Rome, 1969 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. ‘Eastern elements in post-exilic Jewish and Greek historiography’, in Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography, 25–35. Oxford, 1977 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. ‘Persian empire and Greek freedom’ in The Idea of Freedom: Essays in honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. Ryan, A. , 139–51. Oxford, 1979 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. Alien Wisdom: the Limits of Hellenization, Cambridge, 1975 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momigliano, A. The Development of Greek Biography. Harvard, 1971 Google Scholar
Monchi-Zadeh, D. Topographisch-historiche Studien zum iranischen Nationalepos. Wiesbaden, 1975 Google Scholar
Moorey, P. R. S. ‘Iranian troops at Deve Hüyük’, Levant 7 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muhly, J. D. Review of a 14, Journal of New Eastern Studies 35 (1976)Google Scholar
Murray, O. Early Greece. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Muscarella, O. W. Review of B 214, Journal of New Eastern Studies 28 (1969)Google Scholar
Myres, J. L. Herodotus: Father of History. Oxford, 1953 Google Scholar
Nagel, W. ‘Frada, Skuncha und der Saken-Feldzug des Darius I’, in b 113 Google Scholar
Nagel, W. Ninus und Semiramis in Sage und Geschichte: iranische Staaten und Keiternomaden vor Darius (Berliner Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, N.F.2). Berlin, 1982 Google Scholar
Negmatov, N. N. ‘La Bactriane ancienne et les régions historicoculturelles de la “Mésopotamie” d'Asie centrale’, in B 559 Google Scholar
Negmatov, N. N. ‘Ob issledovaniyakh STAKE v 1975g in Arkheologicheskie Raboty v Tadzhikistane 1975, 267–80. Dušanbe, 1980 Google Scholar
Neugebauer, O. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. Princeton, 1957 Google Scholar
Novgorodova, E. A. et al. Ulangom. Ein skythenzeitliches Gräber feld in der Mongolei (Asiatische Forschungen 76). Wiesbaden, 1982 Google Scholar
Olmstead, A. T. History of the Persian Empire. Chicago, 1948 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pichikyan, I. K. ‘Les composantes de la culture gréco-bactrienne (d'après les matiriaux du temple de l'Oxus à Takht-i Sangin)’, in B 559 Google Scholar
Pidaev, Sh. R. ‘Materialy k izucheniyu drevnikh pamyatnikov severnoy, Baktrii' in Drevnyaya Baktriya, ed. Masson, V. M. , 32–41. Leningrad, 1974 Google Scholar
Pugliese Carratelli, G. ‘Greek inscriptions of the Middle East’, East and West 16 (1966)Google Scholar
P'yankov, I. V. ‘Massaged sosedi indiitsev’ in Srednyaya Aziya v drevnosti i srednevrekovye. Moscow, 1977 Google Scholar
P'yankov, I. V. Baktriya v antichnom traditsii. Dušanbe, 1982 Google Scholar
P'yankov, I. V. Saki (Izvestiya Akademiya Nauk Tadzhikskoy SSR, Seriya Obshchestvennykh Nauk 3, 53). Duŝanbe, 1968 Google Scholar
Rapoport, Yu. A. lz istorii religii drevnego Khorezma (ossuarii) (Trudy Khorezmskoi Arkheologo-etnograficheskoi Ekspeditsii 6). Moscow, 1971 Google Scholar
Roaf, M. D. ‘The subject peoples on the base of the statue of Darius’, Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran 4 (1974)Google Scholar
Rtveladze, E. V. and Sagdullaev, A. S. ‘Les particularités du peuplement du Surkhandar'ja à l'Age du Bronze et au début de l'Age du Fer’, in B 559 Google Scholar
Rtveladze, E. V. ‘Kharakteristike pamyatnikov Surkhandar'inskoi oblasti akhemenidskogo vremeni’, Sovetskaya Archeologiya 1975, 2 Google Scholar
Rtveladze, E. V. and Sagdullaev, A. S. ‘Les particularités du peuplement du Surkhandar'ja à l'Age du Bronze et au début de l'Age du Fer’, in B 559 Google Scholar
Rudenko, S. I. Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen. London, 1970 Google Scholar
Sagdullaev, A. S. Kul'tura severnoi Baktrii v epokhu pozdnei bronzy i rannego zbeleza (po materialam pamyatnikov rayona Shurchi-Baisuna). Leningrad, 1978 Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. ‘The death of Cyrus: Xenophon's Cryopaedia as a source for Iranian history’, in Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce, ed. Bivar, A. D. H. (Acta Iranica: Hommages et Opera Minora ii), 11. Leiden, 1985 Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. Yauna en Persai: Grieken en Perzen in een ander perspectief. Groningen, 1980 Google Scholar
Sandars, N. K. The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean, 1250–1150 B.C. London, 1978 Google Scholar
Sarianidi, V. I. ‘Bactrian centre of ancient art’, Mesopotamia 12 (1977)Google Scholar
Sarianidi, V. I. ‘Monumental architecture of Bactria’, in De l'Indus aux Balkans. Recueil à la mémoire de jean Deshayes, 428-–2. Paris, 1985 Google Scholar
Sarianidi, V. I. Drevnie zemledel'tsy Afganistana. Moscow, 1977 Google Scholar
Sarianidi, V. I. Raskopki Tilya Tepe v severnom Afganistane. Moscow, 1972 Google Scholar
Scerrato, U. ‘A proposito della Airiyana Vaejoh’, in Gururājamañjarikā: Studi in onore di G. Tucci, 101–12. Naples, 1974 Google Scholar
Scerrato, U. ‘Evidence of religious life at Dahan-e Ghulaman, Sistan’, in South Asian Archaeology 1977, ed. Taddei, M. , 709–35. Naples, 1979 Google Scholar
Scerrato, U. ‘Excavations at Dahan-i Ghulaman (Seistan-Iran): first preliminary report’, East and West 16 (1966)Google Scholar
Schiltz, V. Or des Scythes. Paris, 1975 Google Scholar
Schlumberger, D. L'argent grec dans I'empire achemenide (Mémoires de la délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan 14). Paris, 1953 Google Scholar
Schmitt, R. ‘Die achaimenidische Satrapie tayaiy drayahyā’, Historia 21 (1972)Google Scholar
Snodgrass, A. M. The Dark Age of Greece. Edinburgh, 1971 Google Scholar
Starr, C. G. Greeks and Persians in the Fourth Century B.C. Ann Arbor, 1979 Google Scholar
Strasburger, H. ‘Herodots Zeitrechnung’, Historia 5 (1956) (= Herodot, ed. Marg, W. , 688–736. 2nd edn. Darmstadt, 1965)Google Scholar
Strasburger, H. Die Wesensbestimmung der Geschichte durch die antike Geschichtsschreibung (= Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Goethe-Universität, J. W. , Frankfurt 5, no. 3. 1966)Google Scholar
Strassmaier, J. N. ‘Einige chronologische Daten aus astronomischen Rechnungen’, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 7 (1892)Google Scholar
Struve, V. V. ‘Darius I and the Scythians from the region of the Black Sea’, Historical Studies of the northern region of the Black Sea, the Caucasus and Middle Asiai Leningrad, 1968. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Struve, V. V. ‘Pokhod Dariya I na Sakov-Massagetov’, lz;. ANSSSR 1946, 3 Google Scholar
Struve, V. V. ‘Vosstane v Margiane pri Darii I’, in Materialy Yuzhno–Turkmenistanskoi Arkheologicheskoi Komplekskoi Ekspeditsii 1. Ashkhabad 1949 Google Scholar
Tarn, W. W. Alexander the Great. Cambridge, 1948 Google Scholar
Tashbaeva, K. I. ‘Rannekochevnicheskii mogil'nik Dzhargata’, Kratkie Soohschchenya Instityta Arkheologii 167 (1981)Google Scholar
Tolstov, S. P. and Vainberg, B. I. Koy-Krylgan-Kala (Trudy Khorezmskoi Arkheologo-etnograficheskoi Ekspeditsii 5). Moscow, 1967 Google Scholar
Tolstov, S. P. ‘Les Scythes de l'Aral et le Khorezm’, Iranica Antiqua 1 (1961)Google Scholar
Tolstov, S. P. Auf den Spuren der Altchoresmischen Kultur. Berlin, 1953 Google Scholar
Tolstov, S. P. Po drevnim del'tarn Oksa i Yaksarta. Moscow, 1962 Google Scholar
Tolstov, S. P. (ed.) Materialy Khorezmskoi Ekspeditsii 6. Moscow, 1963 Google Scholar
Troitskaya, R. N. (ed.) Problemy zapadnosibirskoi arkheologii. Epokha zeleza. Novosibirsk, 1981 Google Scholar
Troxell, H. A. and Spengler, W. F. ‘A hoard of Early Greek coins from Afghanistan’, American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 15 (1969)Google Scholar
Trudnovskaya, S. A. In B 627. Moscow, 1963 Google Scholar
Usmanova, Z. I. K voprosy o rannei antichnoi keramika drevnei oblasti Kesh (Is tony a Materialnaya Kul'tury Uzbekistana 10). Tashkent, 1973 Google Scholar
Vallat, F. ‘Deux nouvelles “chartes de fondation” d'un palais de Darius Ier à Suse’, Syria 48 (1971)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vansina, J. Oral Tradition. Trans. Wright, H. M. . London, 1965 Google Scholar
Vigneron, I. P. Le cheval dans l'antiquité. Nancy, 1968 Google Scholar
Vishnevskaya, O. A. Kul'tura sakskikh piemen nisov'ev Syrdar' iv VII–VV. do n.e. (Trudy Khorezmskoi Arkheologo-etnograficheskoi Ekspeditsii 8). Moscow, 1973 Google Scholar
Volkov, V. V. Bronzpvyi i rannyi zhelezmyi vek severnoi Mongolii (Studia Archaeologica Instituti Historiae Academiae Scientiarum Reipublicae Populi Mongoli. V.i). Ulan-Bator, 1967 Google Scholar
Vorob'eva, M. G. Dingil'dzhe: usad'ba serediniy I tysyacheletiya do n.e. v drevnem Khorezme (Materialy Khorezmskoi ekspeditsii 9). Moscow, 1973 Google Scholar
Wade-Gery, H. T. Essays in Greek History. Oxford, 1958 Google Scholar
Walser, G. Die Völkerschaften auf den Reliefs von Persepolis. Berlin, 1966 Google Scholar
Walser, G. Hellas und Iran. Darmstadt, 1984 Google Scholar
Wang, Binghua. ‘Gudai Xinjiang Sairen Lishi gouchen’, in Xinjiang Shebui Kexue 1985, 1 Google Scholar
Wang, Mingzhe , ‘Yilihe Liuyu Sairen wenhua Chutan’, in Xinjiang Shehui Kexue 1985, 1 Google Scholar
West, M. L. Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Whitehouse, D. ‘Excavations at Kandahar, 1974’, Afgb. Stud. I (1978)Google Scholar
Widengren, G. Der Feudalismus im alien Iran. Cologne, 1969 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widengren, G. Die Religionen Irans. Stuttgart, 1965 (= Les religions iraniennes. Paris, 1968)Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. Peasants. Englewood Cliffs, 1966 Google Scholar
,Xinjiang Weiwuer zizhiqu Shehui Kexueyuan Koagu Yanjiusuo. Xinjiang gudai minzu wenwu. Beijing, 1985 Google Scholar
Yoyotte, J. ‘Sakas des marais et Sakas des plaines’, Journal asiatique 260 (1972)Google Scholar
Zadneprovskii, Yu. I. Drevnezemledel'cbeskaya Kul'tura Fergany (Materialy i Issledovaniya po Arkheologii SSSR 188). Moscow, 1962 Google Scholar
Zelīmal, E. V. Drevnye moneti Tadžikistana. Dušanbe, 1983 Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×