Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T20:40:43.359Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8a - Asia Minor

from 8 - Regional surveys I: Persian lands and neighbours

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Simon Hornblower
Edited by
D. M. Lewis ,
John Boardman ,
Simon Hornblower  and
M. Ostwald
D. M. Lewis
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
John Boardman
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Simon Hornblower
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
M. Ostwald
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
Get access

Summary

A speaker in Xenophon's Hellenica describes Temnos, a small city north of Smyrna (Izmir) in the Aeolid, as a place in the Persian King's Asia ‘where one could nevertheless live without being one of the King's subjects’ (IV.8.5: 390s). This is a paradox: how could a city escape ‘subjection’ to the king in whose territory it lay? The solution lies in the nature of Persian control of Asia Minor in the fourth century. That control was indirect, respectful of (or indifferent to) local autonomy, and, by the standards of ancient imperialism, light. Because of the amount of documentary evidence, chiefly inscriptions on stone, from fourth-century Asia Minor, we are better informed about Persian rule in that part of its empire than about any other group of satrapies (which is not to say that Asia Minor conditions were reproduced elsewhere). By far the greatest part of the evidence comes from the south-west corner of Anatolia, the satrapy of Caria. This region was ruled in the two generations between 400 and Alexander by a vigorous native dynasty, the Hecatomnids. The dynasty's best known member was Mausolus. But Lycia, and the area round Dascylium on the sea of Marmara (Propontis), are also rich in remains from the 200-year period of cultural confrontation with Greece (546–334), as are parts of Lydia further into the interior.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Ancient History
, pp. 209 - 233
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akurgal, E. Ancient Civilisations and Ruins of Turkey. Istanbul, 1985 Google Scholar
Altheim-Stiehl, R. , Metzler, D. and Schwertheim, E. ‘Eine neue gräko-persische Grabstele aus Sultaniye Köy und ihre Bedeutung für die Geschichte und Topographie von Daskyleion’, Epigraphica Anatolica 1 (1983)Google Scholar
Anderson, J. G. C. ‘A summer in Phrygia’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 17 (1897)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asheri, D. Fra ellenismo e iranismo. Bologna, 1983 Google Scholar
Balcer, J. M. ‘Fifth-century Ionia: a frontier re-visited’, Revue des études anciennes 87 (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balkan, K. ‘Inscribed bullae from Daskyleion-Ergili’, Anadolu 4 (1959)Google Scholar
Bammer, A. ‘Architecture et société en Asie mineure au ive siècle’, in Architecture et société de l'archaisme grec à la fin de la république romaine, Actes du colloque 1980, 271–300. Paris, 1983 Google Scholar
Bean, G. E. ‘Notes and inscriptions from Caunus’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 73 (1953) and 74 (1954)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, G. E. Lycian Turkey. London, 1978 Google Scholar
Bean, G. E. Side Kitabeleri: The Inscriptions of Side. Ankara, 1965 Google Scholar
Bean, G. E. and Cook, J. M. ‘The Carian coast III ‘, Annual of the British School at Athens 52 (1957)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, G. E. and Cook, J. M. ‘The Cnidia’, Annual of the British School at Athens 47 (1952)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, G. E. and Cook, J. M. ‘The Halicarnassus peninsula’, Annual of the British School at Athens 50 (1955)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, G. E. revised Mitchell, S. Aegean Turkey. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Bean, G. E. revised Mitchell, S. Turkey beyond the Maeander. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Bean, G. E. revised Mitchell, S. Turkey's Southern Shore. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Bernard, P. ‘Les bas-reliefs gréco-perses de Dascylion à la lumière de nouvelles découvertes’, Revue archéologique (1969)Google Scholar
Bilde, P. , Engberg-Pedersen, T. , Hannestad, L. and Zahle, J. (eds.) Religion and Religious Practice in the Seleucid Kingdom. Aarhus, 1990 Google Scholar
Billows, R. A. Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State. Berkeley–Los Angeles–London, 1990 Google Scholar
Billows, R. A. Macedonian Imperialism: Structures and Effects. Berkeley–Los Angeles–London, 1992 Google Scholar
Blümel, W. Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien, 28: Die Inschriften von lasos. 2 vols. Bonn, 1985 Google Scholar
Blümel, W. Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien, 34: Die Inschriften von Mylasa. 2 vols. Bonn
Boardman, J. ‘Pyramidal stamp seals in the Persian Empire’, Iran 8 (1970)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boardman, J. Review of F 611, Classical Review 14 (1964)
Boffo, L. I re ellenistici e i centri religiosi dell’ Asia minore. Florence, 1985 Google Scholar
Borchhardt, J. ‘Epichorische, gräko-persische beeinflusste Reliefs in Kilikien: Studien zur Kunst an den Satrapenhöfen Kleinasiens’, Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Istanbul 18 (1968)Google Scholar
Borchhardt, J. Die Bauskulptur des Heroons von Limyra. Berlin, 1976 Google Scholar
Borchhardt, J. , Neumann, G. and Schulz, K. Das Grabmal des Sohnes des Da aus Hoiran im Zentrallykien. Jahreshefte des Österreichischen archäologischen Instituts, Wien 55 (1984) Beibl.
Bosworth, A. B. A Historical Commentary on Arrian's History of Alexander I. Oxford, 1980 Google Scholar
Briant, P. ‘Chasses royales macedoniennes et chasses royales perses: le thème de la chasse au lion sur la chasse de Vergina ’, Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 17 (1991)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briant, P. Rois, tributs et paysans (Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon, 269 (Centre de Recherche Ancienne, 43)). Paris, 1982 Google Scholar
Browning, R. ‘The crisis of the Greek city – a new collective study’, (Review of c 83) Philologus 120 (1976)Google Scholar
Bryce, T. ‘A ruling dynasty in Lycia’, Klio 64 (1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryce, T. ‘The arrival of the goddess Leto in Lycia’, Historia 32 (1983)Google Scholar
Bryce, T. ‘The other Pericles’, Historia 29 (1980)Google Scholar
Bryce, T. The Lycians I. Copenhagen, 1986 Google Scholar
Buckler, W. H. and Robinson, D. M. Sardis, Publications of the American Society for the Excavation of Sardis VII.I. Greek and Latin inscriptions. Leyden, 1932 Google Scholar
Burstein, S. Outpost of Hellenism – The Emergence of Heraclea on the Black Sea (U. Cal. Pubs: Class. Studies, 14). Berkeley–Los Angeles, 1976 Google Scholar
Cahn, H. and Gerin, D. ‘Themistocles at Magnesia’, Numismatic Chronicle (1988)Google Scholar
Carter, J. C. The Sculpture of the Sanctuary of Athena Polias at Priene. London, 1983 Google Scholar
Childs, W. ‘The authorship of the inscribed pillar of Xanthos’, Anat. Stud. 29 (1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childs, W. and Demargne, P. Fouilles de Xanthos VIII: Le monument des Néréides. Le décor sculpté. Paris, 1989 Google Scholar
Cook, J. M. ‘Cities in and around the Troad’, Annual of the British School at Athens 83 (1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, J. M. ‘Old Smyrna 1948–51’, Annual of the British School at Athens 53/4 (1958/1959)Google Scholar
Cook, J. M. ‘Pliny on Icarian shores’, Classical Quarterly 9 (1959)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, J. M. ‘Some sites of the Milesian territory’, Annual of the British School at Athens 56 (1961)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, J. M. ‘The problem of classical Ionia’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 187, n.s. 7 (1961)Google Scholar
Cook, J. M. The Greeks in Ionia and the East. London, 1962 Google Scholar
Cook, J. M. The Persian Empire. London, 1983 Google Scholar
Cook, J. M. The Troad: an Archaeological and Topographical Study. Oxford, 1973 Google Scholar
Cook, J. M. and Blackman, D. J. ‘Archaeology in Western Asia Minor 1965–70’, Archaeological Reports for 1970–1
Coupel, P. and Demargne, P. Fouilles de Xanthos III: Le monument des Néréides. Paris, 1969 Google Scholar
Cousin, G. and Diehl, C. ‘Inscriptions d'Halicarnasse’, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 14 (1890)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crampa, J. Labraunda Swedish Excavations and Researches III. 2. The Greek Inscriptions Part II: Nos. 13–133. Lund, 1972 Google Scholar
Crampa, J. Labraunda Swedish Excavations and Researches III. 1. The Greek Inscriptions Part I: Nos. 1–12. Lund, 1969 Google Scholar
Cremer, M. ‘Zwei neue graeco-persische Stelen’, Epigraphica Anatolica 3 (1984)Google Scholar
de Ste Croix, G. E. M. ‘Political pay outside Athens’, Classical Quarterly n.s. 25 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Ste Croix, G. E. M. The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World. London, 1981 Google Scholar
de Ste Croix, G. E. M. The Origins of the Peloponnesian War. London, 1972 Google Scholar
Demand, N. ‘Did Knidos really move?’ Classical Antiquity (formerly California Studies in Classical Antiquity) 8 (1989)Google Scholar
Demand, N. ‘The relocation of Priene reconsidered’, Phoenix 40 (1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demand, N. Urban Relocation in Archaic and Classical Greece: Flight and Consolidation. Norman, OK, 1990 Google Scholar
Dentzer, J. M. ‘Reliefs au “banquet” dans l'Asie mineure du Ve siècle av. J.-C.’, Revue archéologique (1969)Google Scholar
Dentzer, J. M. Le motif du banquet couché dans le Proche-Orient et le monde grec du VII au IV siècle avant. J.-C. (Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d’ Athènes et Rome 246) Paris, 1982 Google Scholar
Engelmann, H. and Merkelbach, R. Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien, 1: Die Inschriften von Erythrai und Klazomenai 1 (Nr. 1–200). Bonn, 1972 Google Scholar
Finley, M. I. Ancient Sicily. Revd edn. London, 1979 (first edn A History of Sicily to the Arab Conquest. London, 1968)Google Scholar
Fleischer, R. ‘Reisennotizen aus Kilikien’, Archäologischer Anzeiger (1984)Google Scholar
Fontenrose, J. Didyma: Apollo's Oracle, Cult, and Companions. Berkeley–Los Angeles–London, 1988 Google Scholar
Fornara, Ch. Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War (Translated Documents of Greece and Rome 1). Cambridge, 1983 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, P. M. Ptolemaic Alexandria, I–III. Oxford, 1972 Google Scholar
Fraser, P. M. Rhodian Funerary Monuments. Oxford, 1977 Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco–Roman World. Responses to Risk and Crisis. Cambridge 1988 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graf, F. Nordionische Kulte. Rome, 1985 Google Scholar
Gschnitzer, F. Abhängige Orte im griechischen Altertum (Zetemata 17). Munich, 1958 Google Scholar
Gunter, A. C. ‘Looking at Hecatomnid patronage from Labraunda’, Revue des études anciennes 87 (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Günther, W. Das Orakel von Didyma in hellenistischer Zeit (Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Istanbul Beih. 4). Tübingen, 1971 Google Scholar
Gwatkin, W. E. Cappadocia as a Roman Procuratorial Province (University of Missouri Studies 5). Columbia, MO, 1930 Google Scholar
Habicht, C. ‘Die herrschende Gesellschaft in den hellenistischen Monarchien’, Vierteljahrschrift für Soziologie und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 14 (1958)Google Scholar
Habicht, C. ‘New evidence on the province of Asia’, Journal of Roman Studies 65 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. and Griffith, G. T. A History of Macedonia, II: 550–336 B.C. Oxford, 1979 Google Scholar
Hampl, F. ‘Poleis ohne Territorium’, Klio 32 (1939)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanfmann, G. Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times. Cambridge, MA, and London, 1983 Google Scholar
Hanfmann, G. and Ehrhardt, K. P. ‘Pedimental sculpture from Sardis’, in Simpson, W. K. and Davies, W. M. (eds.), Studies in Egypt, the Aegean and the Sudan: Essays in Honor of Dows Dunham on the Occasion of his 90th Birthday, 82–90. Boston, MA, 1981 Google Scholar
Hanfmann, G. and Ramage, N. Sculpture from Sardis. Cambridge, MA, 1978 Google Scholar
Hellstrøm, P. Labraunda Swedish Excavations and Researches 2.1. Pottery of Classical and Later Date. Lund, 1965 Google Scholar
Hellstrøm, P. and Thieme, T. Labraunda Swedish Excavations and Researches 1.3. The Temple of Zeus at Labraunda. Stockholm, 1982 Google Scholar
Hermary, A. ‘Un nouveau relief “gréco-perse” en Cilicie’, Revue archéologique (1984)Google Scholar
Herrmann, P. Tituli Asiae Minoris 5, 1 and 2. Vienna, 1981 and 1989 Google Scholar
Hind, J. G. F. ‘Greeks and barbarian peoples on the shores of the Black Sea’, Archaeological Reports for 1983–84
Hornblower, S. ‘A reaction to Gunter's look at Hekatomnid patronage from Labraunda’, Revue des études anciennes 92 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornblower, S. ‘Thucydides, the Panionian festival, and the Ephesia’, Historia 31 (1982)Google Scholar
Hornblower, S. Commentary on Thucydides 1: Books I–III. Oxford, 1991 Google Scholar
Hornblower, S. Mausolus. Oxford, 1982 Google Scholar
Hornblower, S. Review of F 661, Classical Review 38 (1988)
Hunt, D. W. ‘Feudal survivals in Ionia’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 67 (1947)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, B. Griechische und persiche Elemente in der Grabkunst Lykiens. Göteborg, 1987 = Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 78 Google Scholar
Jeffery, L. H. The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece revd Johnston, A. W. . Oxford, 1990 Google Scholar
Jeppesen, K. ‘Explorations at Halikarnassus’, Acta Arch. 38 (1967)Google Scholar
Jeppesen, K. ‘Mausolaet i Halikarnassos’, Naturens Verdens (1976)Google Scholar
Jeppesen, K. ‘Nisi absoluto jam’: observations on the building[s] of the Mausoleum at Halikarnassus’, Mélanges Mansel, 735–48. Ankara, 1974 Google Scholar
Jeppesen, K. ‘Paradeigmata: Nachträge’, Acta Arch. 32 (1961)Google Scholar
Jeppesen, K. ‘Zu den Proportionen des Maussolleions von Halikarnass’, Bauplanung und Bautheorie der Antike: Diskussionen zur archäologischen Bauforschung 4 (1984)Google Scholar
Jeppesen, K. ‘Zur Gründung und Baugeschichte des Maussolleions von Halikarnassos’, Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Istanbul 27/8 (1977/1978)Google Scholar
Jeppesen, K. Labraunda Swedish Excavations and Researches 1.1. The Propylaea. Lund, 1955 Google Scholar
Jeppesen, K. Paradeigmata. Three Mid-fourth-century Works of Hellenic Architecture Reconsidered (Jutland Archaeological Society Publications 4). Aarhus, 1958 Google Scholar
Jeppesen, K. and Luttrell, A. The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos: Reports of the Danish Archaeological Expedition to Bodrum 11, The written sources and their archaeological background. Aarhus, 1986 Google Scholar
Jeppesen, K. , Højlund, F. and Aaris-Sørensen, K. The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos: Reports of the Danish Archaeological Expedition to Bodrum 1, The Sacrificial Deposit. Copenhagen, 1981 Google Scholar
Jones, A. H. M. The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces. 2nd edn. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Jully, J. J. Labraunda Swedish Excavations and Researches 2.3. Archaic Pottery. Istanbul, 1981 Google Scholar
Kinns, P. ‘Ionia: the pattern of coinage during the last century of the Persian period’, Revue des études anciennes 91 (1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinns, P. ‘The coinage of Miletus’, Numismatic Chronicle 146 (1986)Google Scholar
Kleiner, G. , Hommel, P. and Müller-Wiener, W. Panionion und Melie (Jahrbuch des deutschen archäologischen Instituts Ergänzungsheft 23). 1967 Google Scholar
Koenigs, W. ‘Milet 1978–1979; 3: Bauglieder aus Milet II’, Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Istanbul 10 (1980)Google Scholar
Kraay, C. Archaic and Classical Greek Coins. London, 1976 Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. and Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. Achaemenid History III: Method and Theory. Leiden, 1988 Google Scholar
Kuhrt, A. and Sherwin-White, S. Hellenism in the East: The Interaction of Greek and non-Greek Civilizations from Syria to Central Asia after Alexander. London, 1987 Google Scholar
Lane Fox, R. ‘Theopompus of Chios and the Greek world, 411–322 B.C.‘, in Boardman, J. and Vaphopoulou-Richardson, C. E. (eds.), Chios: A Conference at the Homereion in Chios, 1984, 105–20. Oxford, 1986 Google Scholar
Leaf, W. ‘The commerce of Sinope’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 36 (1916)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, D. M. Sparta and Persia (Cincinnati Classical Studies n.s. I). Leiden, 1977 Google Scholar
Linders, T. and Hellstrøm, P. (eds.) Architecture and Society in Hecatomnid Caria. Proceedings of the Uppsala Symposium 1987. Boreas (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 17). Uppsala, 1989 Google Scholar
Littmann, E. Sardis. Publications of the American Society for the Excavation of Sardis 6: Lydian inscriptions. Leyden, 1916 Google Scholar
Marchese, R. The Historical Geography of Northern Caria (British Archaeological Reports 536). Oxford, 1989 Google Scholar
Metzger, H. ‘Ekphora, convoi funèbre, cortège de dignitaire en Grèce et à la périphérie du monde grec’, Revue archéologique (1975)Google Scholar
Metzger, H. ‘Sur deux groupes de reliefs gréco-perses d'Asie mineure’, Antiquité classique 40 (1971)Google Scholar
Metzger, H. , Laroche, E. and Dupont-Sommer, A. Fouilles de Xanthos 6: La stèle trilingue du Létoon. Paris, 1979 Google Scholar
Mildenberg, L. ‘Mithropata und Perikles’, Atti II Congresso Internationale di Numismatica (1965)Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. ‘Archaeology in Asia Minor, 1979–84’, Archaeological Reports for 1984–85
Mitchell, S. ‘Archaeology in Asia Minor, 1985–89’, Archaeological Reports for 1989–90
Mitchell, S. ‘The hellenization of Pisidia’, Mediterranean Archaeology 4 (1991)Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. and McNicoll, A. W. ‘Archaeology in Western and Southern Asia Minor, 1971–8’, Archaeological Reports for 1978–79, 59–90
Mitford, T. B. ‘The character of Ptolemaic rule in Cyprus’, Aegyptus 33 (1953)Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. ‘Persian Empire and Greek freedom’, in Ryan, A. (ed.), The Idea of Freedom: Essays in honour of Isaiah Berlin, 139–51. Oxford, 1979 (= Settimo contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del mondo antico, 61–75. Rome, 1984)Google Scholar
Mørkholm, O. ‘The classification of Lycian coins before Alexander the Great’, Jahr. Num. u. Geldgeschichte (1964)Google Scholar
Moysey, R. ‘Observations on the numismatic evidence relating to the Great Satraps’ revolt’, Revue des études anciennes 91 (1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller-Wiener, W. (ed.) Milet 1899–1980 (Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Istanbul Beiheft 31). 1986 Google Scholar
Murray, O. ‘O APXAIOσ ΔAσMOσ’, Historia 15 (1966)Google Scholar
Osborne, M. ‘The satrapy of Mysia’, Grazer Beiträge 3 (1975)Google Scholar
Pareti, L. ‘Per la storia di alcune dinastie greche dell'Asia minore’, in Studi minori di storia antica 11. Rome, 1961 Google Scholar
Parke, H. W. ‘The Massacre of the Branchidae’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 105 (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parke, H. W. ‘The temple of Apollo at Didyma: the building and its function’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 106 (1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parke, H. W. The Oracles of Apollo in Asia Minor. London–Sydney–Dover, NH, 1985 Google Scholar
Pembroke, S. ‘The last of the matriarchs: a study in the inscriptions of Lycia’, Journ. Econ. and Soc. Hist. Orient 8 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pembroke, S. ‘Women in charge: the functions of alternatives in early Greek tradition and the ancient idea of matriarchy’, Journal of the Warburg Institute 30 (1967)Google Scholar
Petit, T. ‘A propos des “satrapies” ionienne et carienne’, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 112 (1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petit, T. Satrapes et satrapies dans l'empire achéménide de Cyrus le Grand à Xerxès, I er: Bibliothèque de la faculté de Philosophie et Lettres de l'Université de Liège, fasc. 254. Paris, 1990 Google Scholar
Pugliese Carratelli, G. ‘Cari in lasos’, Atti Acc. Naz. Lincei. Rend. Mor. 40 (1985)Google Scholar
Pugliese Carratelli, G. ‘Greek inscriptions of the Middle East’, East and West 16 (1966)Google Scholar
Pugliese Carratelli, G. ‘Nuovo supplemento epigrafico di Iaso’, Annuario della Scuola Archaeologica di Atene 47–8 (n.s. ) (1969–1970) [1972]Google Scholar
Radt, W. ‘Eine gräko-persische Grabstele im Museum Bergama’, Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Istanbul 33 (1983)Google Scholar
Ramage, N. ‘A Lydian funerary banquet’, Anat. Stud. 19 (1979)Google Scholar
Ramsay, W. M. Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia. 2 vols. Oxford
Ries, G. Die neubabylonischen Bodenpachtformulare (Münchener Universitätschriften, Juristische Fakultät, Abhandlungen zur rechtswissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung 16). Berlin, 1976 Google Scholar
Robert, J. and , L. Fouilles d’ Amyzon en Carie. Paris, 1983 Google Scholar
Robert, J. and , L. La Carie 2 (all published). Paris, 1954 Google Scholar
Robert, L. ‘Rapport sommaire sur un premier voyage en Carie’, American Journal of Archaeology 89 (1935)Google Scholar
Robert, L. A travers l'Asie Mineure (BEFRA 239). Athens, 1980 Google Scholar
Robert, L. Collection Froehner 1. Les inscriptions grecques. Paris, 1936 Google Scholar
Robert, L. Documents d'Asie mineure méridionale. Paris-Geneva, 1966 Google Scholar
Robert, L. Documents d'Asie mineure. Paris, 1987 Google Scholar
Robert, L. Etudes anatoliennes. Paris, 1937 Google Scholar
Robert, L. Hellenica. 13 vols. Paris–Limoges, 1940–1965 Google Scholar
Robert, L. Le sanctuaire de Sinuri près de Mylasa i. Les inscriptions grecques. Paris, 1945 Google Scholar
Robert, L. Noms indigènes dans l'Asie mineure gréco-romaine I. (all published). Paris, 1963 Google Scholar
Robert, L. Nouvelles inscriptions de Sardes I. Paris, 1964 Google Scholar
Robert, L. Opera minora selecta. 7 vols. Amsterdam, 1969–1990 Google Scholar
Robert, L. Villes d'Asie mineure. 2nd edn. Paris, 1962 Google Scholar
Robert, L. and , J. Claros I: décrets hellénistiques. Paris, 1989 Google Scholar
Robert, L. in Gagniers, J. et al. Laodicée du Lycos: le nymphée 247–389, ‘Les inscriptions’. Quebec–Paris, 1969 Google Scholar
Robertson, M. A History of Greek Art. Cambridge, 1975 Google Scholar
Robinson, D. M. ‘Ancient Sinope’, American Journal of Philology 27 (1906) andGoogle Scholar
Root, M. C. The King and Kingship in Achaemenid Art. Leiden, 1979 Google Scholar
Rostovtzeff, M. ‘Notes on the economic policy of the Pergamene kings’, Anatolian Studies Presented to Sir W. M. Ramsay, 359–90. Manchester, 1923 Google Scholar
Säflund, M.-L. Labraunda Swedish Excavations and Researches 2.2. Stamped Amphora Handles. Istanbul, 1980 Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. and Kuhrt, A. (eds.) Achaemenid History VI: Asia Minor and Egypt: Old Cultures in a New Empire. Leiden, 1991 Google Scholar
Schmidt-Doumas, B. Der lykische Sarkophag aus Sidon (Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Istanbul Beiheft 30). 1985 Google Scholar
Seager, R. and Tuplin, C. J. ‘The freedom of the Greeks in Asia’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 100 (1980)Google Scholar
Sekunda, N. ‘Achaemenid colonization in Lydia’, Revue des études anciennes 87 (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherwin-White, A. N. Roman Foreign Policy in the East. London, 1984 Google Scholar
Sherwin-White, S. M. ‘Ancient archives: the edict of Alexander to Priene, a reappraisal’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 105 (1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherwin-White, S. , and Kuhrt, A. From Samarkhand to Sardis. London, 1993 Google Scholar
Six, J. ‘Monnaies grecques, inédites et incertaines; IX Les dynastes de Teuthranie’ Numismatic Chronicle (1890) atGoogle Scholar
Starr, C. G. ‘Greeks and Persians in the fourth century B.C. A study in political contacts before Alexander’, Iranica Antiqua 11 (1976) 39–99 and 12 (1977)Google Scholar
Stylianou, P. ‘Thucydides, the Panionian festival, and the Ephesia (111 104), again’, Historia 32 (1983)Google Scholar
Syme, R. Colonial Elites. Oxford, 1958 Google Scholar
Tuchelt, K. ‘Die Perserzerstörung von Branchidai-Didyma und ihre Folgen – archäologisch betrachtet’, Archäologischer Anzeiger (1988)Google Scholar
Varinluoglu, E. ‘Inscriptions from Erythrai’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 44 (1981)Google Scholar
Varinluoglu, E. , Bresson, A. , Brun, P. , Debord, P. and Descat, R. ‘Une inscription de Pladasa en Carie’, Revue des études anciennes 92 (1990)Google Scholar
Walbank, F. W. A Historical Commentary on Polybius. 3 vols. Oxford, 1957 (1); 1967 (11); 1979 (III)Google Scholar
Walbank, F. W. Review of F 671 (Kuhrt and Sherwin-White (1987)), Liverpool Classical Monthly 13 (1988)
Waywell, G. B. The Free-Standing Sculptures of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. London, 1978 Google Scholar
West, M. L. Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Westholm, A. Labraunda Swedish Excavations and Researches 1.2. The architecture of the Hieron. Lund, 1963 Google Scholar
Wormell, D. E. W. ‘The literary tradition concerning Hermias of Atarneus’, Yale Classical Studies 5 (1935)Google Scholar
Wörrle, M. ‘Epigraphische Forschungen zur Geschichte Lykiens IV: Drei griechische Inschriften aus Limyra’, Chiron 21 (1991)Google Scholar
Wörrle, M. ‘Inschriften von Herakleia am Latmos I’, Chiron 18 (1988)Google Scholar
Woudhuizen, F. C. ‘The recently discovered Greek-Sidetan bilingue from Seleucia’, Talanta 20–1 (1988–1989)Google Scholar
Zahle, J. ‘Politics and economy in Lycia in the Persian period’, Revue des études anciennes 91 (1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zgusta, L. Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen. Heidelberg, 1984 Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×