Derelanko, Michael ed. (1995) Handbook of Toxicology, 2nd edn. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.Google Scholar

Derelanko, Michael Available from the same publisher as a “pocketbook.”

Hayes, A. Wallace ed. (2001) Principles and Methods of Toxicology, 4th edn. Philadelphia, Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar

Klassen, C. D. ed. (2001) Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 6th edn. New York, McGraw Hill.Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control. (2001) National Report on Human Exposures to Environmental Chemicals. Washington, DC, Department of Health and Human Services.

Gilbert, S. G. (2004) A Small Dose of Toxicology. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

International Programme on Chemical Safety. (1999) Principles for the Assessment of Risks to Human Health from Exposure to Chemicals. Geneva, World Health Organization. Chapter 5.

Lippman, M. ed. (2000) Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects, 2nd edn. New York, John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

Lüllmann, H.et al. (2000) Color Atlas of Pharmacology, 2nd edn. Stuttgart, Thieme.Google Scholar

Natural Research Council. (1993) Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children. Washington, DC, National Academies Press.

Smiley, R. A. and Jackson, H. L. (2002) Chemistry and the Chemical Industry: A Practical Guide for Non-Chemists. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

USEPA. (1992) Guidelines for Exposure Assessment. Washington, DC, Environmental Protection Agency. Publication No. Environmental Protection Agency/600/Z-92/001.

Wexler, P. ed. (1998) Encylopedia of Toxicology. San Diego, Academic Press.Google Scholar

Ballantyne, B., Marrs, T., and Syversen, T. eds. General and Applied Toxicology. (1999) 2nd edn. New York, Groves Dictionaries Inc., and London, Macmillan Reference Ltd.Google Scholar

International Programme on Chemical Safety. Environmental Health Criteria. Geneva, World Health Organization.

International Programme on Chemical Safety Multiple volumes on the toxicology of individual chemicals are available.

Lu, F. C. and Kacew, S. (2002) Lu's Basic Toxicology, 4th edn. New York, CRC Press.Google Scholar

Massaro, E. J. ed. (1997) Handbook of Human Toxicology. New York, CRC Press.Google Scholar

Ames, B. N.et al. (1973) Carcinogens are mutagens: a simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 70, 2281–2285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Armitage, P. and Doll, R. (1954) The age distribution of cancer and a multi-stage theory of carcinogenesis. British Journal of Cancer, 8, 1–12. Reprinted, with commentary, in: International Journal of Epidemiology. 33, 1179–1184 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carson, R. (1962) Silent Spring. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Cohen, S. M. (2004) Human carcinogenic risk evaluation. An alternative approach to the two-year rodent bioassay. Toxicological Sciences. 80, 227–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Conklin, G. (1949) Cancer and environment. Scientific American, 180 (1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, D. L.et al. (1990) International trends in cancer mortality. The Lancet. 366, 474–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Doll, R. (2004) Commentary: the age distribution of cancer and a multistage theory of carcinogenesis. International Journal of Epidemiology. 33, 1183–1184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Doll, R. and Hill, A. B. (1950) Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report. British Medical Journal. 2, 739–748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Doll, R. and Peto, R. (1981) The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 66, 1191–1308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ellerman, V. and Bang, O. (1908) Experimental leukemia in chickens. Zeitschrift fur Hygiene und Infektionskrakheiten. 63, 231–273.Google Scholar

Gordis, L. (2000) Epidemiology, 2nd edn. Philadelphia, W. B. Sanders.Google Scholar

Hueper, W. (1942) Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases. Springfield, IL, C. C. Thomas.Google Scholar

Kennaway, E. L. and Hieger, I. (1930) Carcinogenic substances and their fluorescent spectra. British Medical Journal. 1, 1044–1046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCann, E.et al. (1975) Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 70, 5135–5139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nasca, P. and Pastides, H. (2001) Fundamentals of Cancer Epidemiology. Gaithersburg, MD, Aspen Publishers.Google Scholar

Rous, Peyton (1911) A sarcoma of the fowl transmissible by an agent separable from the tumor cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 13, 397–411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Varmus, H. and Weinburg, R. A. (1993) Genes and the Biology of Cancer. New York, Scientific American Library.Google Scholar

Williams, B. (1993) Biostatistics: Concepts and Applications for Biologists. London, Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wynder, E. L. and Graham, E. A. (1950) Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchogenic carcinoma. Journal of the American Medical Association. 143, 329–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Report on Carcinogens: Tenth Annual Report (2001) Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Haimes, Y. (1998) Risk Modeling, Assessment, and Management. New York, John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

Hardman, J. G. and Limbird, L. E. (2000) Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th edn. New York, McGraw Hill. Chapters 3 and 4.Google Scholar

Hrudey, S. and Krewski, D. (1995) Is there a safe level of exposure to a carcinogen?Environmental Science and Technology. 29, 370A.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

National Research Council. (1983) Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Committee on the Institutional Means of Assessment of Risks to Public Health. Washington, National Academy Press.

National Research Council. (1994) Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants. Washington, National Academy Press.

National Research Council. (1996) Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions In a Democratic Society. Washington, National Academy Press.

Paustenbach, D. ed. (2002) Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: Theory and Practice. New York, John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

USEPA. See Internet section, below, for links to all Environmental Protection Agency guidelines on risk assessment.

Butenhoff, J. L., et al. (2004) Characterization of risk for general population exposure to perfluorooctanoate. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 36, 363–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caitley, R. C.et al. (1998) Do peroxisome proliferating compounds pose a hepatocarcinogenic hazard to humans?Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 27, 47–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calabrese, E. J. and Cook, R. R. (2005) Hormesis: how it could affect the risk assessment process. Human and Experimental Toxicology. 24, 365–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Clewell, H. (2005) Use of mode of action in risk assessment: past, present, and future. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 42, 3–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Feynman, R. P. (1999) There's plenty of room at the bottom. In: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: The Best Short Works of Richard P. Feynman. Pages 117–140. Reprint of a talk delivered at Caltech in 1959.Google Scholar

Marchant, G. E. (2002) Toxicogenomics and toxic torts. TRENDS in Biotechnology. 20 (8), 329–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Meyer, O. (2003) Testing and assessment strategies, including alternative and new approaches. Toxicology Letters. 140–141, 21–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Obersdörster, G, et al. (2005) Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environmental Health Perspectives. 113, 823–839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Olson, H.et al. (2000) Concordance of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans and animals. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 32, 56–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Renwick, A. G. (1993) Data-derived safety factors for the evaluation of food additives and environmental contaminants. Food Additives and Contaminants. 10, 275–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rodricks, J. V. (2003) Approaches to risk assessment for macronutrients and amino acids. Journal of Nutrition. 133 (6), 2025(s)–2030(s).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Trubo, R. (2005) Endocrine-disrupting chemicals probed as potential pathways to illness. Journal of the American Medical Association. 294 (3), 291–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

World Health Organization. (2002) Risk assessments for salmonella in eggs and broiler chickens. Geneva, World Health Organization.

Report on Carcinogens: Ninth Annual Report. (2000) Department of Health and Human, Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Research Triangle Park, North, Carolina.

Rodricks, J. V. and Reith, S. H. (1998) Toxicological risk assessment in the courtroom. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 27, 21–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Margolis, H. (1996) Dealing with Risk: Why the Public and Experts Disagree on Environmental Issues. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Merrill, R. (2001) Regulatory toxicology, in Casarett and Doull's Toxicology. 6th edn. New York, McGraw Hill.Google Scholar

Rodricks, J. V. (2001) Some attributes of risk influencing decision-making by public health and regulatory officials. American Journal of Epidemiology. 154, S7–S12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Slovic, P. (1986) Informing and educating the public about risk. Risk Analysis. 6, 403–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Thompson, K. M. (2004) Risk in Perspective: Insight and Humor in the Age of Risk Management. Newton Center, MA, AURM Publishers.Google Scholar

Wilson, R. and Crouch, A. C. (2001) Risk–Benefit Analysis. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis.Google Scholar