Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T21:18:50.516Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part V - Looking South

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2019

Edited by
M. C. Gatto ,
D. J. Mattingly ,
N. Ray  and
M. Sterry
M. C. Gatto
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
D. J. Mattingly
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
N. Ray
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
M. Sterry
Affiliation:
University of Durham
Get access

Summary

Situated in the hinterland of the eastern Niger Bend in north-east Burkina Faso (Fig. 12.1), in the so-called Gourma area (that is, the bush-land on the right bank of the Niger River), the archaeological site of Kissi consists of an extensive cluster of adjacent settlement areas, including several burial grounds (Fig. 12.2). Its occupation during almost the whole Iron Age (c.third century BC to twelfth century AD) provides the opportunity to follow certain developments that local society underwent over more than a millennium. Spreading over an area of more than 300 hectares, the archaeological site lies on the northern shore of the Mare de Kissi (see Fig. 12.2), a small rainwater-fed lake, similar to – though smaller than – several other lakes in this region (that is, Mare d’Oursi c.35 km to the west, Mare de Darkoy c.6 km to the north, or Mare de Markoye c.15 km to the east, to name but the largest).

Type
Chapter
Information
Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond , pp. 373 - 428
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abasi, A. K. 1995. Lua-Lia, the ‘Fresh Funeral’: founding a house for the deceased among the Kasena of north-east Ghana. Journal of the International African Institute 65.3: 448–75.Google Scholar
Ballouche, A. 2001. Un diagramme pollinique de la mare de Kissi (Oudalan, Burkina Faso). In Kahlheber, S. and Neumann, K. (eds), Kulturentwicklung und Sprachgeschichte im Naturraum Westafrikanische Savanne, Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, Vol. 17, Frankfurt: Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, 129–35.Google Scholar
Barral, H. 1967. Les populations d’éleveurs et les problèmes pastoraux dans le nord-est de la Haute-Volta (Cercle de Dori – Subdivision de l’Oudalan). Cahiers ORSTOM, Sér. Sciences Humaines IV.1: 3–30.Google Scholar
Breunig, P. and Neumann, K. 2002. Continuity or discontinuity? The 1st millennium BC-crisis in West-African prehistory. In Jennerstrasse 8 (ed.), Tides of the Desert – Gezeiten der Wüste. Contributions to Archaeology and Environmental History of Africa in Honour of Rudolph Kuper, Africa Praehistorica 14, Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, 491–505.Google Scholar
Breunig, P. and Neumann, K. 2004. Zwischen Wüste und Regenwald. Besiedlungsgeschichte der westafrikanischen Savanne im Holozän. In Albert, K. D., Löhr, D. and Neumann, K. (eds), Mensch und Natur in Westafrika. Ergebnisse aus dem Sonderforschungsbereich 268 ‘Kulturentwicklung und Sprachgeschichte im Naturraum Westafrikanische Savanne’, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag, 93–138.Google Scholar
Dittmer, K. 1961. Die sakralen Häuptlinge der Gurunsi im Obervolta-Gebiet, Westafrika. Hamburg: Kommissionsverlag Cram-De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Fiedermutz-Laun, A. 2005. The house, the hearth and the granary – symbols of fertility among the West African Kasena. The Medieval History Journal 8.1: 247–65.Google Scholar
Geis-Tronich, G. 1991. Materielle Kultur der Gulmance in Burkina Faso. Studien zur Kulturkunde 98. Stuttgart: Steiner.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 1996. Islam, Archaeology and History, Gao Region (Mali), c.AD 900–1250. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. 1997. Iron Age Gao: an archaeological contribution. Journal of African History 38: 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Insoll, T. 2013. Lithic and other non-metal small finds. In Insoll, T., MacLean, R. and Kankpeyeng, B. (eds), Temporalizing Anthropology. Archaeology in the Talensi Tong Hills, Northern Ghana, Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series 10, Frankfurt: Africa Magna, 149–70.Google Scholar
Kahlheber, S. 2004. Perlhirse und Baobab: Archäobotanische Untersuchungen im Norden Burkina Fasos. Ph.D. thesis, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt.Google Scholar
Kiethéga, J. B., Sidibé, S. and Bedaux, R. M. A. 1993. Les pratiques funéraires. In Devisse, J. (ed.), Vallées du Niger, Paris: Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 425–40.Google Scholar
Lagercrantz, S. 1937. Ringdolche, Armdolche und Schlagringe in Afrika. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 69: 389–443.Google Scholar
Lagercrantz, S. 1950. Contribution to the Ethnography of Africa. London: K. Paul.Google Scholar
Madiéga, Y. G. 1982. Contribution à l’histoire précoloniale du Gulma (Haute-Volta). Wiesbaden F. Steiner.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2001. A ceramic figurine from Kissi (Burkina Faso). Sahara 13: 128–29.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2008. The oldest textiles from sub-Saharan West Africa: woollen facts from Kissi, Burkina Faso. Journal of African Archaeology 6.2: 243–57.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2009. Sahelian crossroads: some aspects on the Iron Age sites of Kissi, Burkina Faso. In Magnavita, S., Koté, L., Breunig, P. and Idé, O. A. (eds), Crossroads/Carrefour Sahel. Cultural and Technological Developments in First Millennium BC/AD West Africa, Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series 2, Frankfurt: Africa Magna, 79–104.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2014. 1500 Jahre am Mare de Kissi. Eine Fallstudie zur Besiedlungsgeschichte des Sahel von Burkina Faso. Frankfurt: Africa Magna.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2017. Track and trace: archaeometric approaches to the study of early Trans-Saharan trade. In Mattingly, D. J., Leitch, V., Duckworth, C. N., Cuénod, A., Sterry, M. and Cole, F. (eds), Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Society for Libyan Studies, 393–413.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S., Hallier, M., Pelzer, C., Kahlheber, S. and Linseele, V. 2002. Nobles, Guerriers, Paysans. Une nécropole de l’Age de Fer et son emplacement dans l’Oudalan pré- et protohistorique. Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie 22: 21–64.Google Scholar
Mauny, R. 1961. Tableau géographique de l’Ouest africain au Moyen Age d’après les sources écrites, la tradition et l’archéologie. Dakar: IFAN Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire.Google Scholar
Mayor, A. 2011. Traditions céramiques dans la boucle du Niger: ethnoarchéologie et histoire du peuplement au temps des empires précoloniaux. Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series 7. Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag.Google Scholar
Millogo, A. K. and Koté, L. 2000. Recherches archéologiques à Gandéfabou. Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268.14: 353–65.Google Scholar
Schneider, K. 1991. La grande maison de Bindoute Da: histoire d’une habitation Lobi au Burkina Faso. Stuttgart: F. Steiner.Google Scholar
Schweeger-Hefel, A. 1965. Frühhistorische Bodenfunde im Raum von Mengao (Ober-Volta, Westafrika). Graz: Böhlau in Kommission,.Google Scholar
Schweeger-Hefel, A. and Staude, W. 1972. Die Kurumba von Lurum. Monographie eines Volkes aus Obervolta (Westafrika). Wien: Schendl Verlag.Google Scholar
Sidibé, S. 1980. Archéologie funéraire de l’ouest africain: sépultures et rites. Ph.D. thesis, Université Paris Sorbonne, Paris.Google Scholar
Vogelsang, R. 2000. Archäologische Forschungen in der Sahel-Region Burkina Fasos – Ergebnisse der Grabungskampagnen 1994, 1995 und 1996. Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie 20: 173–203.Google Scholar
von Cziernewicz, M. 2002. Studien zur Chronologie der Eisenzeit in der Sahel-Zone von Burkina Faso/Westafrika. Ph.D. thesis, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt.Google Scholar

References

Austen, R. A. 1992. The Mediterranean Islamic slave trade out of Africa: attentative census. Slavery & Abolition 13: 214–48.Google Scholar
Baroin, C. 2005. What do we know about the Buduma? A brief survey. In Baroin, C., Seidensticker-Brikay, G. and Tijani, K. (eds), Man and the Lake. Mauduguri: Centre for Trans-Saharan Studies,199–217.Google Scholar
Blench, R. 1999. The westward wanderings of Cushitic pastoralists. In Baroin, C., and Boutrais, J. (eds), L’homme et l’animale dans le Bassin du Lac Tchad, Paris: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 39–80.Google Scholar
Bourges, C., MacEachern, S. and Reeves, M. 1999. Excavations at Aissa Hardé, 1995 and 1996. Nyame Akuma 51: 6–13.Google Scholar
Breunig, P., Eichhorn, B., Kahlheber, S., Linseele, V., Magnavita, C., Neumann, K., Posselt, M. and Rupp, N. 2006. G(l)anz ohne Eisen: Große Siedlungen aus der Mitte des ersten Jahrtausends BC im Tschadbecken von Nordost-Nigeria. In Wotzka, H. P. (ed.), Grundlegungen. Beiträge zur europäischen und afrikanischen Archäologie für Manfred K. H. Eggert, Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag, 255–70.Google Scholar
Breunig, P., Franke, G. and Nusse, M. 2008. Early sculptural traditions in West Africa: new evidence from the Chad Basin of north-eastern Nigeria. Antiquity 82: 423–37.Google Scholar
Breunig, P., Garba, A. and Hambolu, M. 2001. From ceramics to culture. Studies in the Final Stone Age Gajiganna Complex of north-east Nigeria. Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268 14: 45–53.Google Scholar
Breunig, P. and Neumann, K. 2002a. Continuity or discontinuity? The 1st millennium BC-crisis in West African prehistory. In Lenssen-Erz, T., Tegtmeier, U. and Kröpelin, S. (eds), Tides of the Desert – Gezeiten der Wüste. Köln: Heinrich-Barth-Institut, 491–505.Google Scholar
Breunig, P. and Neumann, K. 2002b. From hunters and gatherers to food producers: new archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence from the West African Sahel. In Hassan (ed.) 2002: 123–55.Google Scholar
Breunig, P., Neumann, K. and Van Neer, W. 1996. New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin of Nigeria. African Archaeological Review 13: 111–43.Google Scholar
Brooks, N., Chiapello, I., di Lernia, S., Drake, N., Legrand, M., Moulin, C. and Prospero, J. 2005. The climate-environment-society nexus in the Sahara from prehistoric times to the present day. Journal of North African Studies 10: 253–92.Google Scholar
Cerny, V., Fernandes, V., Costa, M., Hajek, M., Mulligan, C. and Pereira, L. 2009. Migration of Chadic speaking pastoralists within Africa based on population structure of Chad Basin and phylogeography of mitochondrial L3f haplogroup. BioMedCentral Evolutionary Biology 9: 63.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. 2008. Meet the ancestors: settlement histories in the Neolithic. In Bailey, D. W., Whittle, A. W. R. and Hofmann, D. (eds), Living well Together: Settlement and Materiality in the Neolithic of South-East and Central Europe, Oxford: Oxbow Books, 68–80.Google Scholar
Clark, J. D. and Gifford-Gonzalez, D. 2008. Adrar Bous: Archaeology of a Central Saharan Granitic Ring Complex in Niger. Tervuren: Musée Royale de l’Afrique Centrale.Google Scholar
Connah, G. 1981. Three Thousand Years in Africa: Man and His Environment in the Lake Chad Region of Nigeria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Connah, G. 1984. An archaeological exploration in southern Bornu. African Archaeological Review 2: 153–71.Google Scholar
Craddock, P. T. and Hook, D. 1995. Copper to Africa – evidence for the international trade in metal to Africa. In Hook, D. and Gaimster, D. R. M. (eds), Trade and Discovery: the Scientific Study of Artefacts from post-Medieval Europe and Beyond, London: British Museum Press, 181–93.Google Scholar
Cruciani, F., Trombetta, B., Sellitto, D., Massaia, A., Destro-Bisol, G., Watson, E., Beraud Colomb, E., Dugoujon, J. M., Moral, P. and Scozzari, R. 2010. Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages. European Journal of Human genetics 18: 800–07.Google Scholar
David, N. and MacEachern, S. 1988. The Mandara Archaeological Project: preliminary results of the 1984 season. In Barreteau, D. and Tourneux, H. (eds), Le milieu et les hommes: recherches comparitives et historiques dans le bassin du Lac Tchad, Paris: Editions de l’ORSTOM, 51–80.Google Scholar
Dowler, A. and Galvin, E. R. (eds) 2011. Money, Trade and Trade Routes in pre-Islamic North Africa. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Drake, N., Blench, R. M., Armitage, S. J., Bristow, C. S. and White, K. H. 2011. Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108: 458–62.Google Scholar
Drake, N. and Bristow, C. 2006. Shorelines in the Sahara: geomorphological evidence for an enhanced monsoon from palaeolake Megachad. The Holocene 16: 901–11.Google Scholar
Ehret, C. 2006. The Nilo-Saharan background of Chadic. In Newman, P. and Hyman, L. M. (eds), West African Linguistics: Studies in Honor of Russell G. Schuh, Columbus: Ohio University Press, 56–66.Google Scholar
Evans, J. 2005. Memory and ordination: environmental archaeology in tells. In Bailey, D. W., Whittle, A. W. R. and Cummings, V. (eds), Unsettling the Neolithic, Oxford: Oxbow Books, 112–25.Google Scholar
Fentress, E. 2011. Slavers on chariots. In Dowler and Galvin 2011, 65–71.Google Scholar
Gronenborn, D. 1998. Archaeological and ethnohistorical investigations along the southern fringes of Lake Chad, 1993–1996. African Archaeological Review 15: 225–59.Google Scholar
Gronenborn, D., Adderley, P., Ameje, J., Banerjee, A., Fenn, T., Liesegang, G., Haase, C. P., Usman, Y. A. and Patscher, S. 2012. Durbi Takusheyi: a high-status burial site in the western Central Bilād al-Sūdān. Azania 47: 256–71.Google Scholar
Haour, A. 2003a. Ethnoarchaeology in the Zinder Region, Republic of Niger: the Site of Kufan Kanawa. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Haour, A. 2003b. One hundred years of archaeology in Niger. Journal of World Prehistory 17: 181–234.Google Scholar
Haour, A. 2008. The pottery sequence from Garumele (Niger) – a former Kanem-Borno capital? Journal of African Archaeology 6: 3–20.Google Scholar
Haour, A. 2017. What made Islamic trade distinctive – as compared to pre-Islamic trade? In Mattingly, D. J., Leitch, V., Duckworth, C. N., Cuénod, A., Sterry, M. and Cole, F. (eds), Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond, Trans-Saharan Archaeology Vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Society for Libyan Studies, 82–100.Google Scholar
Haour, A. and Gado, B. 2009. Garumele, ville médiévale du Kanem-Borno? Une contribution archéologique. Journal of African History 50: 355–75.Google Scholar
Harich, N., Costa, M. D., Fernandes, V., Kandil, M., Pereira, J. B., Silva, N. M. and Pereira, L. 2010. The trans-Saharan slave trade – clues from interpolation analyses and high-resolution characterization of mitochondrial DNA lineages. BioMed Central Evolutionary Biology 10: 138.Google Scholar
Hassan, F. (ed.). 2002. Droughts, Food and Culture. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holl, A. 1988a. Houlouf I: archéologie des sociétés protohistoriques du Nord-Cameroun. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Holl, A. 1988b. Transition du Néolithique a l’Age du Fer dans la plain peritchadienne: le cas de Mdaga. In Barreteau, D. and Tourneux, H. (eds), Le milieu et les hommes: recherches comparitives et historiques dans le bassin du Lac Tchad, Paris: Editions de l’ORSTOM, 81–109.Google Scholar
Holl, A. 1994. The cemetery of Houlouf in northern Cameroon (AD 1500–1600): fragments of a past social system. African Archaeological Review 12: 133–70.Google Scholar
Holl, A. 2001. The Land of Houlouf: Genesis of a Chadic Polity 1900 BC–AD 1800. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Insoll, T., Polya, D., Bhan, K., Irving, D. and Jarvis, K. 2004. Towards an understanding of the carnelian bead trade from Western India to sub-Saharan Africa: the application of UV-LA-ICP-MS to carnelian from Gujarat, India and West Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 1161–73.Google Scholar
Insoll, T. and Shaw, T. 1997. Gao and Igbo-Ukwu: beads, interregional trade and beyond. African Archaeological Review14: 9–24.Google Scholar
Klee, M., Zach, B. and Stika, H. P. 2004. Four thousand years of plant exploitation in the Lake Chad Basin (Nigeria), part III: plant impressions in potsherds from the Final Stone Age Gajiganna Culture. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 13: 131–42.Google Scholar
Kropelin, S., Verschuren, D., Lézine, A. M., Eggermont, H., Cocquyt, C., Francus, P., Cazet, J. P., Fagot, M., Rumes, B., Russell, J. M., Darius, F., Conley, D. J., Schuster, M., Von Suchodoletz, H. and Engstrom, D. R. 2008. Climate-driven ecosystem succession in the Sahara: the past 6000 years. Science 320: 765–68.Google Scholar
Lange, D. 1988. The Chad region as a crossroads. In el Fasi, M. (ed.), General history of Africa, III. Africa from the seventh to the eleventh century, Paris and London: Unesco and Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, 436–60.Google Scholar
Lange, D. 1989. Préliminaires pour une histoire des Sao. Journal of African History 30: 189–210.Google Scholar
Lange, D. 2004. Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: Africa-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives. Dettelbach: J. H. Röll.Google Scholar
Lebeuf, A. M. D. 1969. Les principautés Kotoko: essai sur le caractère sacré de l’autorité. Paris: Editions du CRNS.Google Scholar
Lebeuf, A. M. D., Lebeuf, J. P., Treinen-Claustre, F. and Courtin, J. 1980. Le gisement sao de Mdaga (Tchad): Fouilles 1960–1968. Paris: Société d’Ethnographie.Google Scholar
Lebeuf, J. P. 1962. Archéologie tchadienne: les Sao du Cameroun et du Tchad. Paris: Hermann.Google Scholar
Lebeuf, J. P. 1969. Carte archéologique des abords du Lac Tchad (Cameroun, Nigeria, Tchad). Paris: Editions du CNRS.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, P. E. 2011. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. C. 1998. Before the empire of Ghana: pastoralism and the origins of cultural complexity in the Sahel. In Connah, G. (ed.), Transformations in Africa: Essays on Africa’s Later Past, London: Leicester University Press, 71–103.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K. C. 2011. A view from the south: sub-Saharan evidence for contacts between North Africa, Mauritania and the Niger, 1000 BC–AD 700. In Dowler and Galvin 2011: 72–82.Google Scholar
MacEachern, S. 1993. Selling the iron for their shackles: Wandala-montagnard interactions in northern Cameroon. Journal of African History 34: 247–70.Google Scholar
MacEachern, S. 2002. Beyond the belly of the house: space and power in the Mandara Mountains. Journal of Social Archaeology 2: 179–219.Google Scholar
MacEachern, S. 2012a. The Holocene history of the southern Lake Chad Basin: archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence. African Archaeological Review 29.2–3: 1–19.Google Scholar
MacEachern, S. 2012b. The prehistory and early history of the northern Mandara Mountains and surrounding plains. In David, N. (ed.), Metals in Mandara Mountains’ Society and Culture, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 29–67.Google Scholar
MacEachern, S. 2012c. Rethinking the Mandara political landscape: enslavement, climate and an entry into history in the second millennium AD. In Ogundiran, A. and Monroe, J. C. (eds), Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa: Archaeological Perspectives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 309–38.Google Scholar
MacEachern, S. 2013. Time on the timeless continent: history and archaeological chronologies in the southern Lake Chad Basin. In Pauketat, T. R. and Robb, J. (eds), Big histories, human lives: tackling problems of scale in archaeology. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press, 123–44.Google Scholar
MacEachern, S., Bourges, C. and Reeves, M. 2001. Early horse remains from northern Cameroon. Antiquity 75: 62–67.Google Scholar
Magnavita, C. 2008. Studien zur endsteinzeitlichen und früheisenzeitlichen Besiedlung im südwestlichen Tschadbecken (1300 BC–700 AD). Frankfurt am Main: Goethe-Universität.Google Scholar
Magnavita, C. Breunig, P. 2008. Facts and speculations: a reply to D. Lange’s ‘The emergence of social complexity in the southern Chad Basin towards 500 BC: archaeological and other evidence.’ Borno Museum Society Newsletter 72/75: 71–83.Google Scholar
Magnavita, C., Breunig, P., Ameje, J. and Posselt, M. 2006. Zilum: a mid-first millennium BC fortified settlement near Lake Chad. Journal of African Archaeology 4: 153–69.Google Scholar
Magnavita, C., Breunig, P., Ishaya, D. and Adebayo, O. 2009. Iron Age beginnings at the southwestern margins of Lake Chad. In Magnavita, S. et al. 2009: 27–58.Google Scholar
Magnavita, C., Kahlheber, S. and Eichhorn, B. 2004. The rise of organisational complexity in mid-first millennium BC Chad Basin. Antiquity 78.301: http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/magnavita/index.html.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2009. Sahelian crossroads: some aspects on the Iron Age sites of Kissi, West Africa. In Magnavita, S. et al. (eds.) 2009, 79–104.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S., Koté, L., Breunig, P. and Idé, O. (eds.). 2009. Crossroads/Carrefour Sahel. Cultural Developments and Technological Innovations in 1st Millennium BC/AD West Africa. Frankfurt: Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series.Google Scholar
Magnavita, S. 2017. Track and trace: archaeometric approaches to the study of early Trans-Saharan trade. In Mattingly, D. J., Leitch, V., Duckworth, C. N., Cuénod, A., Sterry, M. and Cole, F. (eds), Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond, Trans-Saharan Archaeology Vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Society for Libyan Studies, 393–413.Google Scholar
Marliac, A., Langlois, O. and Delneuf, M. 2000. Archéologie de la région Mandara-Diamaré. In Seignobos, C. and Iyebi-Mandjek, O. (eds), Atlas de la Province Extrême-Nord, Cameroun, Paris: Editions de l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 71–76.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. J. (ed.). 2003. The Archaeology of Fazzan: Synthesis. London: Society for Libyan Studies and Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. J. 2011. The Garamantes of Fazzan: an early Libyan state with trans-Saharan connections, In Dowler and Galvin 2011: 49–60.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. J., Abduli, H., Aburgheba, H., Ahmed, M., Ali Ahmed Ismaia, M., Baker, S., Cole, F., Fenwick, C., Rodriguez, M. G., Hobson, M., Khalaf, N., Lahr, M., Leitch, V., Moussa, F., Nikita, E., Parker, D., Radini, A., Ray, N., Savage, T., Sterry, M. and Schörle, K. 2010. DMP IX: summary report on the fourth season of excavations of the Burials and Identity team. Libyan Studies 41: 89–104.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D. J., Lahr, M. and Wilson, A. 2009. DMP V: investigations in 2009 of cemeteries and related sites on the west side of the Taqallit Promontory. Libyan Studies 40: 95–131.Google Scholar
Podgorná, E., Soares, P., Pereira, L. and Černý, V. 2013. The genetic impact of the Lake Chad Basin population in North Africa as documented by Mitochondrial diversity and internal variation of the L3e5 haplogroup. Annals of Human Genetics 77: 513–23.Google Scholar
Roset, J. P. 1983. Nouvelles données sur le problème de la Néolithisation du Sahara méridional: Air et Ténéré, au Niger. Cahiers ORSTOM, Serie Géologie 13: 119–42.Google Scholar
Schuster, M., Duringer, P., Ghienne, J. F., Roquin, C., Sepulchre, P., Moussa, A., Lebatard, A. E., Mackaye, H. T., Likius, A., Vignaud, P. and Brunet, M. 2009. Chad Basin: paleoenvironments of the Sahara since the Late Miocene. Comptes Rendus Geosciences 341: 603–11.Google Scholar
Schuster, M., Roquin, C., Duringer, P., Brunet, M., Caugy, M., Fontugne, M., Taïsso Mackaye, H., Vignaud, P. and Ghienne, J. F. 2005. Holocene Lake Mega-Chad palaeoshorelines from space. Quaternary Science Reviews 24: 1821–27.Google Scholar
Sereno, P. C., Garcea, E. A. A., Jousse, H., Stojanowski, C. M., Saliège, J. F., Maga, A., Ide, O. A., Knudson, K. J., Mercuri, A. M., Stafford, T. W. Jr., Kaye, T. G., Giraudi, C., N’siala, I. M., Cocca, E., Moots, H. M., Dutheil, D. B. and Stivers, J. P. 2008. Lakeside cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 years of Holocene population and environmental change. PLoS ONE 3.8: e2995. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002995Google Scholar
Sindbaek, S. M. 2007. The small world of the Vikings: networks in Early Medieval communication and exchange. Norwegian Archaeological Review 40: 59–74.Google Scholar
Smith, A. B. 2006. The Tenerian. In Clark and Gifford-Gonzales 2006, 201–43.Google Scholar
Tishkoff, S. A., Reed, F. A., Friedlaender, F. R., Ehret, C., Ranciaro, A., Froment, A., Hirbo, J. B., Awomoyi, A. A., Bodo, J. M. and Doumbo, O. 2009. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. Science 324: 1035–44.Google Scholar
Vernet, R. 1996. Le Sud-Ouest du Niger de la préhistoire au début de l’histoire. Niamey, Paris: IRSH, Editions Sépia.Google Scholar
Vernet, R. 2002. Climate during the late Holocene in the Sahara and the Sahel: evolution and consequences on human settlement. In Hassan 2002: 47–64.Google Scholar
Wendt, K. P. 2007. Gajiganna: Analysis of Stratigraphies and Pottery of a Final Stone Age Culture of Northeast Nigeria. Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag.Google Scholar
Wiesmüller, B. 2001. Die Entwicklung der Keramik von 3000 BP bis zur Gegenwart in den Tonebenen südlich des Tschadsees. Frankfurt am Main: J.W.-Goethe-Universität.Google Scholar
Wilson, A. 2012. Saharan trade in the Roman period: short-, medium- and long-distance trade networks. Azania 47: 409–49.Google Scholar
Wynne-Jones, S. and Haour, A. 2014. Precolonial African trade networks and the ‘Small World’ paradox. Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology. Austin, TX.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Looking South
  • Edited by M. C. Gatto, University of Leicester, D. J. Mattingly, University of Leicester, N. Ray, University of Oxford, M. Sterry, University of Durham
  • Book: Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
  • Online publication: 21 June 2019
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Looking South
  • Edited by M. C. Gatto, University of Leicester, D. J. Mattingly, University of Leicester, N. Ray, University of Oxford, M. Sterry, University of Durham
  • Book: Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
  • Online publication: 21 June 2019
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Looking South
  • Edited by M. C. Gatto, University of Leicester, D. J. Mattingly, University of Leicester, N. Ray, University of Oxford, M. Sterry, University of Durham
  • Book: Burials, Migration and Identity in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond
  • Online publication: 21 June 2019
Available formats
×