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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 August 2023

Edited by
Brodwyn Fischer  and
Keila Grinberg
Brodwyn Fischer
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Keila Grinberg
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh

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Type
Chapter
Information
The Boundaries of Freedom
Slavery, Abolition, and the Making of Modern Brazil
 , pp. 464 - 492
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Page numbers in italics indicate an illustration, and in bold indicate a table or chart.

abduction, 30, 38, 49–53, 148–152, 165–167
of children, 150
of free people, 155
prosecutions of, 51–52
O Abolicionista (newspaper), 13
abolition, 1, 8, 50, 134–135, 287
anniversary of, 4–5, 416–417
benefits of, 321–322
capitalism, driven by, 5
cities and, 191, 245–247
and citizenship, 4–5, 22, 36, 210, 290, 318
decadence as consequence of, 284–285
economic effects of, 225
enslaved peoples’ contribution to, 5, 16–18, 31, 252–253, 277–278, 364
Free Womb Law (Rio Branco Law/Lei do Ventre Livre, 1871), 12–13, 54, 55, 178, 247, 271, 321
gradualist impact of, 281–282, 360
and gender, 109
implementation of, 10
and independence, 9–10
Law 581 (1850), 10
law of November 7, 1831, 41, 42, 134
Lei Áurea (Golden Law, 1888), 16
as nonlinear process, 18, 177–178
opposition to, 12, 15, 280
origins of, 8–9
responsibility for, 16–18
royal support for, 15
Sexagenarian Law (1885), 13–14
and slave trafficking economy, 10
as support for military recruitment, 137–138
in United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 135
in Uruguay, 50, 130, 135
in USA, 11
abolitionism, 13, 209, 210, 256, 262
in armed forces, 14
in Bahia, 277–278
Black, 252–253, 277–278
discrediting of, 263
vs. emancipationism, 281–282
increasing support for, 277–278
opposition to, 270
press support for, 241–242, 245–246, 248, 253–254, 289–290, 320–323
in Recife, 245–247
resistance to, 248, 271, 281, 282–283
Sociedade Brasileira contra a Escravidão (Brazilian Anti-Slavery Society), 13
sugar industry’s strategic support for, 277
Abreu, Limpo de, 149, 150
Abreu, Martha, 31
Academia de Letras, 285
Academia Imperial de Belas Artes (AIBA, Imperial Academy of the Arts), 341, 343, 347, 360
adoption, 371–372
advertisements
for manumission fees, 247
for runaway slaves, 245
for wet nurses, 113
affection, 20, 108–109, 123–125, 126
Africa, 317, 329–337, 404–405
Angola, 65
Benin, 74, 76
Christianity in, 330
land ownership in, 335
law and legal systems, 335
musical representations of, 404, 410
Pan-Africanism, 329, 330, 403
Pernambuco, journey to, 64
racism in, 334, 335
Republic of Transvaal, 334, 335
royalty, 76
slavery in, 332, 334
South Africa, 332–336
West Central Africa, 69, 70
African people
emancipation of, 43
enslaved, 8, 100, 101
children and young people, 49, 58–59, 60–63
preference for, 101
“liberated,” 43, 44, 62, 81
possession of freedom, determination of, 41
Afro-descendantssee Black people.
afterlife of slavery, 2, 26–29, 30, 32, 192
scholarship of, 2–7
agency, 2, 17
in abolition, 16
of Black people, 28, 364, 366–367, 416–417
legal, 11, 37, 46, 47, 48, 60–63, 81, 293
political, 398, 406, 409–411, 413–414
of enslaved people, 17, 178, 277
suppression of, 31
of women, 365, 366
see also autonomy.
Agostinha (enslaved wet nurse), 125
Agostinho (natural son of Manoel Gonsalves), 81
Agostinho de tal, 61
Agostini, Angelo, 360
agriculture
artistic representation of, 349–351
avoura branca (“white farming”), 233
democratization of, 326
export crops, 84
by freed people, 230–231, 232–234
mass production in, 84
meação (sharecropping), 232–233
parceira (partnership), 232, 233–234
post-abolition, 326–327
in post-emancipation period, 224, 225, 228–229, 362–363
small-holdings, 221, 228
subsistence, 221, 233, 236
Aguirre, President Astanasio, 128, 155
AIBA (Academia Imperial de Belas Artes, Imperial Academy of the Arts), 341, 347, 360
Albuquerque, Manoel Pereira Tavares de Mello e, 35, 36, 47
Albuquerque, Wlamyra, 27
Alfredo, João, 15
Almeida, Clarindo de, 305, 306
Almeida, Elisa Constança de, 92
Alonso, Angela, 246
Alves, Agostinho José, 291
Alves, Castro, 345
Alves, Clarindo, 303
Alves, Sinerio, 308
Amazonas, 13
Ambrosina (enslaved wet nurse), 126
Andrada e Silva, José Bonifácio de, 9
Andrade, Flávio José de, 291
Andrews, George Reid, 5
Angola, 65
Anselmo (enslaved person), 104
anti-Black racism, 125, 242, 255–261, 262, 263
anti-racism, 251–252
Antonil, André João, 221
APERJ (Arquivo Publico do Estado do Rio de Janeiro), 365
Aramaré, Viscount de (Costa Pinto, Manoel da), 266, 270, 276–277, 280–281, 284
Araújo Filho, José Tomás Nabuco de, 12
archives, 313
Arquivo Publico do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (APERJ), 365
civil registries, 364
communities, recorded in, 188
diaries, 315, 316
editing of, 319–320
and historiography, 19
inventories, post-mortem, 90, 91, 95, 99, 100
legal
paternity suits, 368, 370, 380–381, 383–386
re-enslavement, 36, 152
letters, 375–377
of manumission, 365
meia-siza (tax on sale of slaves) records, 365–366
microhistories, 18, 19, 368
property registries, 364
Rebouças, Antonio Pereira, 315, 319–320
silences of, 19, 128, 159, 200, 267
ways of reading, 216, 232, 364–366, 368
wet nursing in, 120
see also press.
Arcozelo, Viscountess of (Werneck, Maria Isabel de Lacerda), 105, 125
Argentina, 129, 140, 155, 156
Buenos Aires, 132
armed forces
abolitionists in, 14
enslaved people in, 11, 50, 137–138
Gaucho troops, 53
Arquivo Publico do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (APERJ), 365
Artigas, General José, 132, 133
artworks, 355–360 see also Brocos y Gómez, Modesto.
Assis Bueno, Dona Teresa, 381–383
Assis Bueno, Francisco, 381, 383, 384–385
Assis Bueno, José, 381–386
Assis Júnior, A. de, 69
Associação de Socorros Mútuos Auxílio Operário (The Worker’s Relief Mutual Aid Society), 291
Assunção, Joaquina Mathilde de, 86, 87, 88
asylum, 133
Atapus, 78
autonomy
bodily, 181
economic, 221, 230–231
of enslaved people, 97, 106
of freed people, 232, 236–237
lack of, 169, 230
of women, 164, 169, 171, 179, 268
see also agency.
Avellar, Antônia Ribeiro de, 87
Azara, Feliz de, 133
Azevedo, Arthur, 353
Azevedo, Candido Alves de, 218
Azevedo, Celia, 6
Azevedo, Domingas Maria de, 218
Azevedo, Elciene, 277
Azevedo, João Guedes de, 296
Azevedo, Thales de, 269
babies, abandoned/orphaned, 114–115, 173
baby wheels, 114–115, 173
Bahia, 24, 270, 271, 272, 277–278
Bahiana, João da, 418
Bahiana, Sinhô da, 418
baptism, 44, 51, 61, 62, 63
Baquaqua, Mohammah Gardo, 77–78
Barbosa, Antoinio Rodrigues, 122
Barbosa, Rui, 276, 282
Barra de Serinhaém, 70–71
Baú, João (enslaved African boy), 80
Beecher, Stowe, Harriet, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 254
Benin, 64
Berbel, Márcia, 242, 243
Berlin, Ira, 17, 185
Bernarda (enslaved wet nurse), 123–125
Bernardelli, Henrique, 361
Bernardelli, Rodolpho, 361
Bernardo Guimarães, 323
Bilac, Olavo, 353
Black organizations, 287–314
activities of, 294–296, 300–301
Centro Tipográfico Treze de Maio (13th of May Typographical Center), 291
Club Republicano dos Homens de Cor (Republican Club of Men of Color), 290, 308–311, 312–314
education by, 296–297
funding of, 295
Guarda Negra (Black Guard), 290, 301–306, 307–308, 311–312
legal status of, 292
Liga dos Homens de Cor (League of Colored Men), 290, 291–296, 312
monarchist, 303, 311–312
networks of, 310
objectives of, 302–303, 308
premises of, 294
press reporting on, 293–294, 300, 303–304, 305–306, 308–309
reported violence of, 303–304, 305–306, 312
republican, 308–311, 312–314
Sociedade Cooperativa da Raça Negra (Cooperative Society for the Black Race), 290, 291, 296–301
Sociedade Familiar de Dança Prazer da Violeta (Violeta’s Pleasure Family Dance Society), 288–289, 291
Sociedade Recreativa e Instrutiva (Recreational and Instructive Society), 291
Black people, 21–22, 31
abolition, contribution to, 5, 31, 252–253, 277–278, 364
agency of, 17, 28, 178, 277, 364, 366–367
activist, 398, 406, 409–411, 413–414, 416–417
legal, 11, 37, 46, 47, 48, 60–63, 81, 293
suppression of, 31
and class, 251–252, 258
communities, 217 see also maroons; plantations.
free, 8, 27, 195
and historiography, 29–30, 252–253
housing, 187, 188
musicians, 395, 417–418
political activism of, 5, 31, 277–278, 364
in public life, 252–253, 258–260
in Recife, 195, 242
representations of, 187–188, 268, 347–348, 350, 362–363, 372, 394, 398, 400, 404, 407, 410, 417, 419
in artworks, 356–360
polysemic, 413–414
rights of, 22, 40
in Rio de Janeiro, 287
women
redemption produced by, 366
representations of, 347–348, 350, 356–357, 358–359, 363, 366–367
sexualization of, 268–269
tias Baianas (Bahian Aunts), 287
blackface, 389, 398, 402, 406, 407, 412, 414
Blackness, 260, 262–263
anti-Black racism, 125, 242, 255–261, 262, 263
and culture, 108–109, 389, 393, 395, 417–418
erased through whitening, 25, 342, 354–355
and gender, 268–269, 287
representations of, 347–348, 350, 356–357, 358–359, 363, 366–367
identities of, 395, 398, 410
and immigration policies, 347
minstrelsy, 389, 407, 414
and the press, 255–258, 263, 289, 310
representations of, 187–188, 268, 347–348, 357, 362–363, 372, 394, 398, 400, 404, 407, 410, 417, 419
and gender, 347–348, 350, 356–357, 358–359, 363, 366–367
polysemic, 413–414
stereotypes of, 406
subjectivities of, 28, 318, 328–329, 331, 336
Black people
womensee also wet nurses.
Boa Vista, Baron of, 62, 63, 80
Boas, Franz, 3
bodies
autonomy of, 181
commodified, 110
women’s, 115, 178–182
Boherer, Felipe Rodrigues, 418
Bolivia, 140
borders, national
Brazil–Uruguay, 130–133
mobility of enslaved people across, 133–134, 136, 139, 143–145
trafficking across, 49–50
Brazil, 253, 254
beaches, 78, 79
constitution, 22, 35, 318–319
Constitutional Assembly, 9
Council of State, 144–145
Dutch occupation of, 244, 253
governance, 186
censuses, 188
patrimonial, 20
racial exclusion from, 251
and Great Britain, 134, 146–147, 149–150, 157–158
harbors, 58, 59
natural, 79
independence, 8, 9–10, 315
international position of, 145–148
liberalism, 22
as nation
character, formation of, 368–369
narratives of, 157–158
unity, illusive, 28
patria, slavery as sin against, 25
population, 8
slavery, corrosive effect on, 24–26
state-formation, 20, 23, 28, 157–158, 368–369
treaties for extradition of escaped slaves, 139–140, 141–142
and Uruguay
border with, 50, 131–133
diplomatic negotiations between, 152–153
invasion of, 128, 130, 155
treaties imposed on, 139
see also economy; law and legal systems; modernization.
Brazilian Bar Institute (Instituto dos Advogados Brasileiros, IAB), 48
breastfeeding, 111–112, 117, 118, 174 see also wet-nursing.
Britain see Great Britain.
Brito, Jailton, 280
Broca, José Brito, 417
Brocos y Gómez, Modesto, 341, 342, 344, 348–351, 355, 364
Alegria, libertação dos escravos (Happiness, the Liberation of Slaves), 362
Black peasantry, representations of, 362–363
Cascata na Barreira do Soberbo (Waterfall at Barreira do Soberbo), 362
Crioula de Diamantina/Mulatinha (Black Woman of Diamantina/Young Mulata), 351, 352
Las cuarto edades/Las Estaciones (The Four Ages/The Seasons), 349, 349
Dedo de Deus, 362
Engenho de Mandioca (Manioc Mill), 349–350, 351, 355, 362
La familia (The Family), 349
Mandinga, 358, 358–359
Mangueira (Mango Tree), 362
Marcolina, ex-escrava da Barreira (Marcolina, Ex-Slave of Barreira), 363
Paineira (Silk Floss Tree), 362
post-emancipation, experience of, 359–365
A questão do ensino de Bellas Artes, 343, 347
Recanto do Soberbo (Soberbo Retreat), 362
Redenção de Cã (The Redemption of Ham), 32, 341–344, 343, 346–348, 367
Black agency in, 364, 366–367
Black protagonists in, 357
composition, 347–348, 352–353
inspiration for, 346–347, 359–360
models for, 346
racist reputation of, 355–356
reception, 353
women of color, centered in, 356–357
Retórica dos Pintores, 343
travel of, 347, 351, 360–363
Viaje a Marte, 347
Vista da senzala da Barreira do Soberbo (View of the Slave Quarters of Barreira do Soberbo), 363
Brody, Jennifer, 356
Brooks, Tim, 402
brutality, 4, 204, 205, 206–207, 209
Bueno, Fernando Pereira, 347
Burns, E. Bradford, 356
Burnside, John, 95
Cabo, 62
Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, 230–232
californias (raids), 147, 154
Calógeras, João Batista, 156
Camarão, Felipe, 253
Camilo (enslaved African boy), 60–63, 77–78, 81
Caminha, Adolpho, 353
Campo Belo, Baroness of (Correia e Castro, Eufrásia), 92, 95
Campofiorito, Quirino, 359
Campos, Antonio Ribeiro de, 219–220
Candido, Antônio, 369
Canot, Theodore, 72
Capel, Selma Fernandes, 342, 344
capitalism, 2
abolition, driver for, 5
of coffee economy, 26
slavery as logic of, 4
Capivary, Baron of (Ribeiro de Avellar, Joaquim), 92, 94
Caratti, Jonatas, 51
Cardim, Dr. Manoel Henrique, 201, 202–204, 209
Cardoso, Ciro Flamarion, 220–221
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 4
Cardoso, Hermínio José, 165
Carlos, Arthur, 254
Carmo de Cantagalo, 213
Carneiro, Maria Elizabeth Ribeiro, 115
cartes-de-visite, 119–120, 120
Carvalho, Marcus, 6, 27
Casal, Aires de, 79
Castilho, Celso, 31, 198
Castro, Antônio Barros de, 220
Castro, Theophilo Dias de, 254
Catholicism, 330
Catuama, 60, 74, 80
Caulfield, Sueann, 27
causality, 17
Ceará, 13
Celso, Afonso, 303, 312
Centro Tipográfico Treze de Maio (13th of May Typographical Center), 291
Cerqueira, Tenente Coronel Pedro Ozorio de, 205, 206–207
Cerrito, 50
Cezar, João Baptista, 67, 75, 76–77
Chalhoub, Sidney, 6, 19, 243, 271
Chasteen, John, 356
Chaterjee, Partha, 190
childcare see wet nurses; wet-nursing.
children
abandoned/orphaned, 114–115, 173
abduction of, 150
African, 43
enslavement of, 58–59, 60–63
circulation of, 370–371
crioulos (Brazilian born slaves), 71, 101
death of, 72–73, 75
of enslaved women, 173
enslavement of, 12–13
in Africa, 58–59, 60–63
benefits to slave traders, 68–73
crias da casa, 371
as descendants of trafficked people, 42, 101
illegal, 39, 49, 50, 58–59, 60–63
moleques, 68–69
numbers of, 69
taxation on, 64
family connections, lack of, 101–102
in feitorias (slave outposts), 75–77
free, 48, 49
guardianship of, 372–373
illegitimate, regcognition of, 267, 373
labor of, 372–373
mixed-race, 27
mothers, separation from, 104, 110, 111, 113, 114–115, 124, 126
photographic portraits of, 119
of priests, 266
scarifications, lack of, 71, 73
on slave ships, 71–72
see also filhos de criação (children by upbringing); inheritance; wet nursing.
Chor Maio, Marcos, 344
Chude-Sokei, Louis, 403, 404, 406, 407
churches, 186
Cidade do Rio (newspaper), 289–290, 292, 294, 302, 303, 333
Cisplatine Province, 132
Cisplatine War (1825), 132, 133
cities, 184–185
and abolition, 191, 245–247
afterlife of slavery in, 192
freedom, spaces of, 191
and gender, 191, 192
growth of, 193–194
historiography of, 185, 188–193
inequalities in, 192
and liberalism, 192, 194, 212
and mobility, 27, 196
modernity of, 185–193, 198
paradigms of, 188–190
and progress, 189
rurality, connections to, 192, 196, 211
see also Porto Alegre; Recife; Rio de Janeiro; São Paulo.
citizenship, 20, 27
and abolition, 210, 290
definitions of, 141, 243
of freed people, 36
and gender, 22, 191
limitations of, 19, 20, 400
and literacy, 243
and race, 291
racialized exclusion from, 22, 318
and rights, 16
threats to, 151
city, slave, concept of, 185, 212
civil registration
of enslaved people, 12, 14, 54–55, 225
revolt against, 53
civil rights see rights.
Clapp, João, 13, 303
class, 21, 25
Black people and, 251–252, 258
consciousness, 31
differentiation, 122
elite
self-representation of, 119
slaveholding, 10, 84, 85, 92
slavery, support for, 9
wet nurses, use of, 111, 112–113, 118
family and, 61
formation, 301
identities, 292
in Recife, 195, 197
working, 196, 300
clientelism, 273, 275
Climaco de Espirito Santo, José, 208–209
Club Republicano dos Homens de Cor (Republican Club of Men of Color), 290, 308–311, 312–314
co-dependency, 371, 382
coffee economy, 8, 10, 230–232, 236, 326
abolition, opposition to, 12, 15
abolition, support for, 15
capitalism of, 26
enslaved workforce in, 88, 271
export value of, 88
in Paraíba Valley, 84–85
partnership farming in, 233–234
plantations, 122
Collaço, Felipe Neri, 31, 241–242, 243, 247, 261–262
biography, 248–249, 258–260
criticism, response to, 260–261
O Homen, political positioning of, 250–251
racism, experience of, 259–260
colonialism, 329–337
colonos (partner plantation workers), 233
color, 258–259
and identities, 168
in paternity suits, 385
and subjectivities, 250–253
terminology of, 265
commerce, 9
markers of, 186
markets, 220, 221
participation in, 31, 220–223
in Recife, 194–195
see also agriculture; coffee economy; sugar economy.
commodification, of bodies, 110
communications, 189
letters, 165–166
railroads, 168, 198
telegraph, 186
see also press; print culture.
communities, 27
archives of, 188
Black, 217
of enslaved people, 88, 93, 96–99, 101, 102, 103, 277
of freed people, 231
fugitive slave (maroons, quilombos), 2, 13, 97, 188, 198, 199, 206, 221, 307, 323
of peasantry, 217
plantation, 96–107
see also networks.
compensation, for loss of enslaved people, 137, 280, 285
complaints, 44, 51, 130, 136
diplomatic, 150, 151, 152–153, 154, 155, 156, 158
by enslaved people, 47, 163, 167, 169–172
by plantation owners, 224
by slaveholders, 137, 138, 142, 221
Conceição do Arroio, 43, 46
Conceição, Anísia Maria da, 183, 200–204, 209
Conceição, Antonia Maria da, 200, 201–202, 203, 204
Conceição, Dona Lauriana Rosa da, 374
concubinage, 379, 380, 381, 383–384
Conduru, Roberto, 343, 357–359
Congo, Manoel, 44–45, 93
Congo, Maria and Joaquim (enslaved African children), 61–63, 81
Congo, Narciso (enslaved African minor), 62–63
Congress of Vienna, 9
Congresso Operário de Beneficência (Worker’s Beneficence Congress), 299
Conrad, Robert, 14, 271
Conservative Party, 12, 249, 257
O Constitucional (newspaper), 118
Cook, Will Marion, 403
Corrêa, Alexandre, 227
Correia e Castro, Eufrásia (Baroness of Campo Belo), 92, 95
Costa Pinto Junior, Antonio da, 270
Costa Pinto, João Gabriel da, 267
Costa Pinto, L.A. da, 28
Costa Pinto, Major Francisco Antônio da (Count of Sergimirim), 267, 270
Costa Pinto, Manoel da (Viscount de Aramaré), 266, 270, 276–277, 280–281, 284
Costa Pinto, Manuel Lopes da, 270
Costa, Domingos Gonçalves da, 218
Costa, Emilia Viotti da, 4, 14
Costa, Laurindo José da, 148, 149, 155
Cotegipe, Baron of (Vanderlei, João Maurício), 14–15
cotton industry, 326–327
Cowper, Augustus, 70–71, 72–73, 78, 79–80
crime
flight, assistance with, 14
forgery, of enslavement documentation, 44
murder, 126, 207–209
reducing free person to slavery, 35–36, 41, 44, 45
sexual violence, 179, 180, 202, 203, 268–269
see also flight.
crioulos (Brazilian born slaves), 71, 408
cruelty, 204, 205, 206–207, 209
Cruz, José Rodrigues da, 87
Cuba, 11
culture, 2
Blackness and, 108–109, 389, 393, 395, 417–418
institutions of, 186
transnational exchanges of, 393
see also music; print culture; songs; visual art.
Cunha, Antônio Luís Pereira da (Marquis of Inhambupe), 134
Cunha, Euclides da, 192
Curse of Ham (Old Testament story), 342, 344–346, 347
Custódia (enslaved wet nurse), 122, 123
Custódio (enslaved person, Guaribú), 101
Daniel Domingues da Silva, 58
Dantas, Manoel Pinto de Sousa, 276, 280, 281
Dantas, Monica, 40
Dantas, Rodolfo, 280
Davis, Mike, 189
death
of children, 75
during Middle Passage, 65, 67, 72–73, 74
murder, 126, 207–209
suicide, 337
deflowerment suits, 202–203
Degler, Carl, 4
democracy
racial, 3, 20, 21, 109, 355
rural, 326
voting rights, 243, 263, 335
dependency, 20, 184, 192, 197
domestic, 196, 383, 386
enforced, 18
intimate, 211
and motherhood, 268
and slavery, 197, 285, 387
and women, 164, 175
Derby, Orville, 274, 284
diaries, 315, 316
Diário da Manha (newspaper), 224
Diário de Notícias (newspaper), 293, 295, 300, 303
Diário de Pernambuco (newspaper), 247, 249
Diário de Rio Claro (newspaper), 308
Dias, Henrique, 253
Dias, Henriqueta Josepha, 362, 364
Dias, Maria Odila Leite, 109
Dina (enslaved woman), 381–384
discipline, 206–207, 208, 209, 335
violent, 204, 209
disorder, social, 2, 11, 93, 225, 305–306
against civil registration, 53
Farroupilha Revolution (1835–1845), 50, 135, 147
specter of, 45–46, 227, 281
displacement, 163, 164, 165, 171, 178, 217, 223, 235
do Valle, Manoel, 201–203
Drescher, Seymour, 5
Drummond, Luíz de, 202–203, 209
du Bois, W.E.B., 407
Dumont, Santos, 416
Dunbar, Paul L., 403
Duque Estrada, Gonzaga, 351
economy, 2
coffee, 8, 10, 230–232, 236, 326
abolition, opposition to, 12, 15
abolition, support for, 15
capitalism of, 26
enslaved workforce in, 88, 271
export value of, 88
in Paraíba Valley, 84–85
partnership farming in, 233–234
plantations, 122
among enslaved/freed people, 220–221, 230–231
fluctuations, 11
mining, 2, 84, 351
among peasantry, 220
sugar
abolition, strategic support for, 280
abolitionism, resistance to, 248
enslaved laborers in, 61, 78, 194, 205, 244, 245
exports, 266, 270
modernization of, 326
plantations, 269–270
Ecuador, 140
education, 186, 272, 372
Black organizations, offered by, 295, 296–297
of enslaved laborers, 270–271
of filhos de criação (children by upbringing), 375–376
of freed people, 311
lack of, 311, 334, 335
racial prejudice in, 259–260, 297–299, 322
see also AIBA; ENBA; literacy.
Elkins, Stanley, 4
Elliot, William, 201
Eltis, David, 58, 64, 68
emancipation, 20, 23, 211
avoidance/prevention of, 45–46
completion of, 13
gradual, 11–13
through Lei Áurea (Golden Law, 1888), 16
of newly arrived Africans, 43
of slaves over 60 (Sexagenarian Law), 13–14
state funds for, 246
see also post-emancipation.
emancipationism, 280
vs. abolitionism, 281–282
sugar industry’s strategic support for, 280
emotion, 20, 122, 125–126
empires, agrarian, 91–96
employment
Black organizations’ support for, 296–297
see also agriculture; commerce; labor.
ENBA (Escola Nacional de Belas Artes), 341, 342, 343, 353, 360
enslaved laborers see also children; flight; wet nurses.
enslaved people
abolition, contribution to, 5, 16–18, 31, 252–253, 277–278, 364
African, 8, 100, 101
preference for, 101
agency of, 17, 178, 277
in armed forces, 11, 50, 137–138
asylum for, 133
autonomy of, 97, 106
Brazil, formative influence on, 4
in coffee economy, 88, 271
commercial activity of, 220–223
communities of, 88, 93, 96–99, 101, 102, 103, 277
concealment of, 137, 138
crioulos (Brazilian born slaves), 71, 100, 101, 390, 411
demographics of, 10, 63, 100, 271
age, 69, 100, 101, 283
gender, 98, 101
discipline of, 204, 206–207, 208, 209
as dowry, 123
and education, 270–271
family structures of, 88, 89, 98–107, 103
freed people, socialization with, 221
geographical distribution of, 50, 91–96, 94, 104–107, 123–125, 163, 245
housing of, 88, 93, 96, 102
humanity, recognition of, 4
land, grants of parcels of, 221
languages, spoken by, 69, 88
lawsuits
cruelty, 206–207
deflowerment, 202–203
freedom, 11, 37, 46, 47, 48, 60–63, 81
habeas corpus, 213–215
legal status of, 12, 178–179
marriage between, 100, 101
in mining economy, 2, 84, 351
mobility of, 104–107, 163
across national borders, 133–134, 136, 139
wet nurses, 123–125
networks of, 88, 89, 98–99
numbers of, 1, 8, 67, 85, 131
declining, 363–364
illegally trafficked, 42, 85
in Pernambuco, 245
slaveholding concentrations of, 91–96, 94
in Uruguay, 50, 132
in post-mortem inventories, 99
prices of, 10, 114
productivity of, 14, 98, 102, 195
purchase deeds of, 172
representation of, 187–188
reproduction of, 40, 179–180
resistance of, 2, 11, 13, 17, 99
family as form of, 89
female, 109
savings, right to, 12
selection of, 63–64
skills of, 114, 194, 365
slaveholders, negotiations with, 205
slaveholders, relationships with, 4, 97
affective bonds in, 108–109, 123–125, 126
contexts of, 90
domestic, 110–111
dominance in, 109, 125
post-abolition, 284–285
power inequalities in, 99
and slave family, 89
violence in, 126
state registration of, 12, 14, 225
in sugar economy, 61, 78, 194, 205, 244, 245
testimonies, lack of, 19
violence against, 20, 166
sexual, 179, 180, 202, 203, 268–269
women, 21, 96, 98, 100
bodies of, 178–182
sexuality of, 179–180
silencing of, 126
enslavement, 46
of children, 12–13, 58–59
benefits to slave traders, 68–73
crias da casa, 371
as descendants of trafficked people, 42, 101
illegal, 39, 49, 50, 60–63
moleques, 68–69
numbers of, 69
profitability of, 63–65
documentation, forged, 44
of free people, 35–36, 51
through abduction, 49–53, 155, 165–167
criminalized, 38–41
prosecutions for, 54
and gender, 49, 98, 101, 172–173
illegal, 39–40
of children, 39, 60–63
fears of, 53–54
good faith defense for, 45
increase of, following 1831 law, 42
legal collusion with, 55–56
legalization of, 54
punishments for, 54
tolerance of, in legal system, 27
of Indigenous people, 39
legal definition of, 41
re-enslavement, 39, 46–49, 152, 195, 226–227
silencing of stories of, 243
as violation of personhood, 40
enslavers, illegal
acquittals of, 54, 55
convictions of, 54
prosecutions of, 54
equalities, 257
formal, 21
lack of, 20, 27, 89, 99, 192, 211
escape see flight.
Escola Nacional de Belas Artes (ENBA), 341, 342, 343, 353, 360
Esperança (freed person, Recife), 183, 207–209
Espírito Santo Castro, Antonio Luiz do, 291, 292–293, 294
Espírito Santo province, 232–236
Espírito Santo, Benedicta do, 175–177
eugenics, 25, 354–355
examinations, medical-legal, 181–182, 202, 207
Expilly, Charles, 119, 121
Expilly, Martha, 119, 127
expropriation, 144
Facchinetti, Nicolau Antonio, 361
family, 2, 20, 25, 231
artistic representation of, 351
and class, 61
among enslaved people, 88, 89–90, 96, 98–107, 176–177
generation of, 103
mobility of, 105–106
resilience, 104
stability of, 102–104
formation, 26
freedom and, 23
and inequality, 27
lack of, for children, 101–102
order of, 117, 118, 120
patriarchal, 368–369, 371, 386–387
redemption of, 352–353
resistance, form of, 89
slaveholders, relationships with, 89, 108–109
for wet nurses, 123–125
variable forms of, 369
see also fathers/fatherhood; filhos de criação (children by upbringing); inheritance; mothers/motherhood; paternity; wet nurses.
Faria, Sheila, 227
Farias, Major Henrique Lins de Noronha, 61
Farroupilha Revolution (1835–1845), 50, 135, 147
fathers/fatherhood, 266–267, 373, 377–379, 386–387
Faustina (abducted free person), 51–52
Fávero, Flamínio, 385
favor, 20, 275, 413
domestic labor as, 169, 176
freedom as, 271
as protection, 169, 172, 177, 275
recognition of children as, 27, 373
vs. rights, 253
Fazenda Barreira do Soberbo (Guapimirim), 360–363, 361, 364–365
fazendas see plantations.
feitorias (slave outposts), 64, 74, 75–77
Felisberta (enslaved wet nurse), 123–125
Felisbino (enslaved person, Recife), 208–209
Felizarda (enslaved person, Guaribú), 101
Ferguson, James, 190
Fernandes, Florestan, 4, 26
Ferreira, Antônio José, 312
Figueria, Andrade, 280
filhos de criação (children by upbringing), 370, 371–373
family, position in, 386–387
free status of, 376, 381
and gender, 385
paternity claims of, 377–378
surrender of, 374
filiation, status of, 379, 380, 381, 384
Fischer, Brodwyn, 27
flight, 2, 13, 14, 30, 62, 97, 172, 178
assistance, criminalized, 14
to free-soil territories, 130, 133–134
fugitives, 14, 142, 163, 168, 169
communities of, 188, 198, 199, 323
return of, 133, 134, 139–140
treaties for extradition of, 139–140, 141–142
punishment for, 206
via railroads, 168
support networks for, 206, 256
transnational, 37
Florentino, Manolo, 69, 72
Flores, Venancio, 128, 152, 154
Fonseca, Claudia, 375
Forbes, Lieutenant R. N., 71–72, 73
forgery, of enslavement documentation, 44
Fox, Douglas, 188
França, Ernesto Ferreira, 213
France, 141
Francisca (enslaved person, Guaribú), 101
fraternity, 250
free people, enslavement of
through abduction, 49–53, 165–167
criminalized, 35–36, 38–41
prosecutions for, 54
release from, 54
Uruguyans, 51
free soil, 30, 37, 130, 140–141, 143–145
Free Womb Law (Rio Branco Law/Lei do Ventre Livre, 1871), 12–13, 54, 55, 178, 247, 271, 321
gradualist impact of, 281–282, 360
freed people, 31
agriculture by, 232–234
autonomy of, 232, 236–237
citizenship of, 36
commercial activity of, 220–223
communities of, 231
conditionally freed, 55
economic autonomy of, 221, 230–231
education, 311
enslaved people, socialization with, 221
labor conditions, negotiations of, 228–229
land bequests to, 217–220
migration of, 323
mobility of, 236–237, 323
murder of, 207–209
obligations of, 43
re-enslavement of, 46–49, 213, 226–227
rights of, 36, 319
as slaveholders, 25, 90, 371
and social disorder, 225
stigmatization of, 243, 283
women, 371
freedom, 5
through border-crossing, 143–145
cities as spaces of, 191
and definition of (il)legal enslavement, 41
evidence of, 168
expectations of, 231
and favor, 12, 271, 280, 281
gender, 48–49, 164
for illegally trafficked Africans, 135
legal possession of, 47–48
of “liberated Africans,” 10
limitations of, 23, 39, 195, 210–211
conditionality, 46, 48
manumission as restitution of, 49
meanings of, 18, 20, 23, 177, 183, 215, 236
paths to, 10–11, 18, 204
for women, 164, 169
see also abolition; emancipation; flight; manumission.
possession of, 41
precarious, 19, 37, 46
and race, 197
rights to, 45
United Provinces decree of, 133–134
see also emancipation; flight; manumission.
freedom lawsuits, 11, 37, 47, 81
of Camilo (enslaved African), 60–63
failed, 48
victims’ testimony in, 46
freedom letters, 122–123, 125, 168, 169, 204, 283
Freitas, Anacleto Alves de, 308, 309, 312–313
Freitas, Francisco Alves de, 308
Freitas, José Manuel de, 206
Freitas, Octavio de, 188
Freyre, Gilberto, 19–20, 21, 26, 192
Casa Grande e Senzala, 3–4
on children of priests, 266
criticism of, 28
on familial relationships, 108–109, 197, 368–369
on Recife, 198, 199, 212
on Teodoro Sampaio, 264–265, 285–286
on sexual violence, 268–269
Frontino, Manoel, 296
Galvão, Rafaella Valença de Andrade, 31
Gama, Luiz, 254
Gates, Henry Louis, 356
Gaucho separatist movement, 50
Gazeta da Tarde (newspaper), 306, 307, 308, 312
Gazeta de Notícias (newspaper), 293, 300, 304
Gazeta do Povo (newspaper), 227
gender
and abolition, 109
and Blackness, 268–269, 287, 366
representations of, 347–348, 350, 356–357, 358–359, 363, 366–367
and citizenship, 22, 191
and enslavement, 49, 98, 101, 172–173
and filhos de criação (children by upbringing), 385
and freedom, 48–49, 164
and labor, 195
and mobility, 164
norms, 169
and political rights, 252
and subjectivities, 20–21
and urbanity, 191, 192
General José Artigas, 133
Gilroy, Paul, 392, 395
O Globo (newspaper), 254
Godoy, José Geraldo de, 43
Goiana, 61
Góis Júnior, Inocêncio Marques de Araújo, 282
Golroy, Paul, 336
Gomes, Assindino, 291, 296
Gomes, Flávio, 31, 301
Gomes, Rodolpho, 308
Gómez, Modesto Brocos y see Brocos y Gómez, Modesto.
Gonçalves, Amélia, 230–231
Gonsalves, Manoel, 61, 81
Gordon, Robert, 134
Gorender, Jacob, 220
Goulart, Felipe Ferreira, 93
Graham, Sandra Lauderdale, 109
gratitude, 376
Great Britain, 9
Aberdeen Act (Slave Suppression Act, 1845), 10, 146
antislavery naval patrols, 71, 74–75
Brazil, commercial interests in, 9
Brazil, diplomatic relations with, 134, 146–147, 149–150, 157–158
independence, recognition of, 9
invasions of, 132
slavery, laws on, 10, 140–141, 146
South Africa, colonization of, 332–336
Grenfell Hill, Pascoe, 72
Grinberg, Keila, 27, 30
Guanabara, Baron of (Oliveira Roxo, José Gonçalves de), 96
Guarda Negra (Black Guard), 290, 294, 301–306, 307–308, 311–312
Guaribú plantation, 86, 86–89
Guaribú, Baron of (Ribeiro de Avellar, Claudio Gomes)
agrarian empire of, 91, 92, 95
enslaved laborers, bequeathed by, 87, 96, 99–100, 102, 105–106
post-mortem inventory, 86, 94, 95
Guerra Grande (Paraguyan War, 1846–70) see Paraguyan War.
Guerra Grande (Uruguayan Civil War, 1839–1851), 50, 128, 136–139
Guilherme (enslaved person), 183, 204–207
Guimarães, Francisco (Vagalume), 417
habitus, slavocratic, 85, 110, 111, 118, 284–285
domestic perpetuation of, 118
politics of favor, 124
reproduction of, 114, 120, 121, 126
Harms, Robert, 72
Herrera, Juan José, 154–155
hierarchies, 3
of interdependence, 197–198
of labor, 109
patriarchal, 195
historiography
archives and, 19
Black people’s construction of, 29
Brazilian, 5, 6–7, 29
of enslaved/freed people’ economic practices, 220–221
of international relations, 130–131
of Paraguayan War (1864–1870), 156–159
of post-emancipation, 217, 227, 231–232
of print culture, 247–248
of race, 29–30, 242–243
of race relations, 4
slavery, silence on, 156–159
social agency focus of, 317
of subjectivity, 317–318
translations of, 7
transnational, 3–7
urban, 185, 188–193
USA, 3
Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de, 192, 369
O Homem (newspaper), 241–242, 243–244, 245–246, 249, 261–262
abolitionism, 253–254
“The Illustrious Men of Color,” 251
“men of color” subjectivity, construction of, 250–253
political positioning of, 250–251
press opposition to, 255–258
honor, 121, 179–180, 204, 259, 381
housing
of Black people, 187, 188
of enslaved people, 93, 96, 102
mocambos (shacks/shantytowns), 188, 198, 199, 323
senzalas (slave quarters), 88, 93, 96, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 277
sobrados (townhouses), 197
humor, 399, 402, 410–412
IAB (Instituto dos Advogados Brasileiro, Brazilian Bar Institute), 48
Ianni, Octavio, 4
identities
abolition, disrupted by, 297
affirmation of, 410
ambiguous, 174, 175–177, 181
Black, 395, 398, 410
class, 292
and color, 168
racial, 21–22, 265, 267, 269, 274–275, 292
social, 164
IGHBa (Instituto Geográfico e Histórico da Bahia), 264
Ilha, Benedicta Maria da (aka Ovídia, enslaved woman), 163–182
body of, 178–182
fugitive slave, suspected, 168
identity, 174, 175–177, 181
as mother, 173, 174
narrative of enslavement, 165–167, 172–173
origin story as free woman, 169–172
as wet nurse, 172
illegitimacy, 61, 267, 269, 373, 374, 377–379
immigration
anti-black policies, 347
white European, 364
Indigenous people, 22, 39, 84, 253
inequalities, 20
familial, 27
power, 89, 99, 211
urban, 192
informality, 192
Inhambupe, Marquis of (Cunha, Antônio Luís Pereira da), 134
inheritance, 87
by children of enslaved people, 381–382
enslaved people as, 61, 88, 96, 218
filhos de criação (children by upbringing) and, 374, 377
freed people, slaveholders’ bequests to, 217–220
of land, 87, 222
manumission as, 218, 219, 371
Instituto dos Advogados Brasileiros (Brazilian Bar Institute, IAB), 48
Instituto Geográfico e Histórico da Bahia (IGHBa), 264
international relations, 145–148
Brazil–Britain, 134, 146–147, 149–150, 157–158
Brazil–Uruguay, 130–131
historiography of, 130–131
intimacies, 27, 184, 192
social, 197–198
unequal, 196, 197, 210
of wet nurse role, 110
inventories, post-mortem, 90, 91, 95, 99, 100
Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Rosário e São Benedito (Catholic brotherhood), 291, 312
Isabel (Princess Imperial of Brazil), 15, 16, 284, 303
Jaguaribe Filho, Domingos, 295
Jaú, 381
Jiménez, José Sousa, 347
Johnson, George W., 413–414
Johnson, James Weldon, 407
Jonas (enslaved person, Jaú), 381
Jornal de Campos (newspaper), 224, 225, 226
Jornal do Comércio (newspaper), 227
José Maria (enslaved person, Guaribú), 101
Juárez, Benito, 253
Kaye, Anthony, 106
kidnapping see abduction.
kinship see family.
Klein, Herbert, 6, 58, 59
Koster, Henry, 185
labor, 31
child, 372–373
conditions of, 110, 230, 231
negotiation of, 228–229
domestic, 109, 169, 170–171, 187
washerwomen/laundresses, 171, 175, 187
see also wet nurses.
free, 194, 195, 228
and gender, 195
meação (sharecropping), 232–233
parceira (partnership), 232, 233–234
and racism, 259–260
semi-free, 195
shortages, 225, 228–229, 272
subsistence, 362
in USA, 323
wages, 194, 230
of women, 170–171, 187, 195
washerwomen/laundresses, 171, 175, 187see also wet nurses.
see also agriculture; commerce; plantations.
labor relations, 31, 232–234
Lacerda, João Batista de, 354–355
Lacerda, Quintino de, 307
Laet, Carlos de, 346
Lage, Lana, 227
Lamas, Andrés, 139, 145–146, 149, 151
land, 31
access to, 216–220, 230, 231, 236, 322
“Brazilian system,” 221
grants of parcels of, 221
inheritance of, 87, 217–220
ownership, 199
in Africa, 335
agrarian empires, 91–96
by Brazilians, in Uruguay, 136, 142–144, 152–154
concentrated, 84
democratization of, 326
by freed people, 230–231
sesmarias, 86, 87, 94
Landes, Ruth, 21
Lane, Kristin, 356
language
of enslaved laborers, 69, 88
racial, 163, 167, 201, 243
Lanna, Ana Lúcia Duarte, 233
law and legal systems, 27
asymmetrical, 42
Black peoples’ roles in, 293
Civil Code (1916), 377, 379
commercial activity of enslaved people, regulation of, 222–223
convictions, 51–52, 54
Criminal Code, 38–41, 55
article 179, 35, 36, 38, 41, 49, 250
cruelty lawsuits, 206–207
deflowerment suits, 202–203
Eusebio de Queiroz Law, 57
Free Womb Law (Rio Branco Law/Lei do Ventre Livre, 1871), 12–13, 54, 55, 178, 247, 271, 321
gradualist impact of, 281–282, 360
freedom suits, 11, 37, 47, 81
failed, 48
of Camilo (enslaved African), 60–63
victims’ testimony in, 46
habeas corpus suits, 213–215
illegal enslavement, collusion with, 55–56
illegal enslavement, punishments for, 54
and illegitimacy, 377–379
in Africa, 335
Law 581 (1850), 10
Lei Áurea (Golden Law, 1888), 15–16
Louisiana (Livingston) Code, 40–41
municipal regulations, 222–223
November 7, 1831 (abolition), 41, 42, 134
and paternity, 368, 370, 377–379, 380–381, 383–387
Philippine Code/Ordinances, 38, 39, 112
policing, 9, 10, 214, 260, 303
proof, burden of, 45
prosecutions, 51–52, 54, 207–209
failed, 43–45
Sexagenarian Law (1885), 13–14, 256
witnesses, 209, 380, 383–385
Law, Robin, 78
legislation see law and legal systems.
legitimacy, 61, 267, 269, 353, 373, 374, 377–379
of filhos de criação (children by upbringing), 370
Lei do Ventre Livre see Free Womb Law.
Leite, José Roberto Teixeira, 355
Leite, Miriam Moreira, 173
Leme, Caetana Rosa de, 93
Lemos Magalhães, Francisco José de, 296
Leopoldina (enslaved woman), 365
Lepkowski, Tadeusz, 220
Levine, Robert, 5
Lewin, Linda, 378
Liberal Party, 201, 256, 275–276, 292–293, 312
abolition, views on, 257, 280
emancipation, views on, 11
O Homem, support for, 255
Saraiva in, 129, 276
liberalism, 22–23
Liceu de Artes e Oficios, 299
Lidgerwood, John, 324, 325
Liga de Lavoura and Commércio (League of Agriculture and Commerce), 282
Liga dos Homens de Cor (League of Colored Men), 290, 291–296, 312
Lima, Arnaldo do Rosário, 276
Lima, Heloisa, 343
Lima, Henrique Espada, 19
Lima, Ignácio de Araújo, 254, 310
Lisboa, José Francisco de Azevedo, 63–64, 74
literacy, 195, 197, 201, 243, 247–248, 334
Lobo, Elias, 253
Lopes Vieira, Adelina Amelia, 350
Lotierzo, Tatiana, 342, 344
Lourenço Marques (Maputo), 331, 332
Lovejoy, Paul, 78
Luanda, 65
A Luz (newspaper), 248, 254
lynching, 335, 398
Macedo, Buarque de, 275
Machado de Assis, Joaquim Maria, 1, 254
Machado, Maria Helena, 6, 30, 126, 268, 277, 372
Machado, Oliveira, 226
Machado, Paulo Vicente, 232, 235
Maciel Pinheiro, Luiz Ferreira, 46
Maciel, Manoel Silveira, 167
A Mãe de Família (newspaper), 118
Magalhães, Geraldo, 409
Magé, 363–364
Maia, Capitolina Moreira, 279
Maia, Joaquim Fernandez, 54
Malhei, Agostinho Marques Perdigão, 49
Malheiro, Perdigão, 345
malungos (slave shipmates), 61, 62
Mamigonia, Beatriz, 27
Mann, Kirstin, 190
Manuel, Fuão, 170
manumission, 4, 8, 11, 23, 122–123
archives, 365
conditional, 13, 46, 48, 55, 218, 219
debated, 36
documents of, 142, 283
falsified, 45
possession of, 48, 54
slaveholders’ control of, 271
for wet nurses, 125
as domestic matter, 279
fundraising for, 247
as gift of slaveholder, 277, 279, 280–281
following military service, 137
negotiations for, 276–279
obligatory, 247
of prostituted slaves, 180
purchase of, 272, 275
rates of, 35
as restitution of freedom, 49
revokable, 39, 46
as right, 277
through Sexagenarian Law, 14
voluntary, 205, 207, 211
wills, specified in, 218, 219, 371
Maranhão, Sebastião Rufino dos Santos, 213, 215
Marcellino Ferreira, D., 150
Marcolina (freed woman), 363, 365
Marcus Carvalho, 376
Mariano, José, 204, 206, 255–257
maroon communities (quilombos), 2, 13, 97, 188, 198, 199, 206, 221, 307, 323
Marques, João Pedro, 16–17
Marquese, Rafael, 84, 242, 243
marriage
between enslaved laborers, 100, 101
forced, 381
interracial, 249, 353
polygamy, 373
Marta, Segundina, 148
Martins, Jorge Fortunato, 296
Martins, Robson, 31
Martyr, Deocleciano, 308, 309, 313
Mascarenhas, Sebastião, 292–293
masters see slaveholders.
Mata Mineira, 233
matriculation
of enslaved people, 12, 14, 54–55, 225
revolt against, 53
Matson, Captain Henry James, 64, 69
Mattos, Hebe, 5, 6, 32, 228
on silencing, 243, 297
Mattos, Ilmar, 118
meação (sharecropping), 232–233
Meade, Teresa, 356
Medeiros, Senator Viriato de, 273
Mello, Augusto Xavier de Souza Coelho, 308
Meneses, Rodrigo Otávio Langgaard de, 346
Menezes, José Ferreira de, 254
Mercês, Geraldo das, 291
Middle Passage
length of voyages, 64–68
mortality rates, 64, 65, 67, 72–73, 74, 80
overcrowding, 72–73, 74, 82
recovery from, 77
migration, 196, 232
of freed people, 323
immigration
anti-black policies, 347
white European, 364
seasonal, 234–235
Miller, Joseph, 50, 69
Minas Gerais, 15, 233, 234, 235
mining economy, 2, 84, 351
minstrelsy, 389, 407, 414
Mintz, Sidney, 220
Miranda, Francisca Xavier Rodrigues de, 200
Miranda, Francisco Rodrigues de, 200
Miranda, João Rodrigues de, 200
Miranda, Joaquim Euclides de, 312
Miranda, Julio Antonio de, 289
mobility, 23
of enslaved people, 104–107, 163
across national borders, 133–134, 136, 139
wet nurses, 123–125
of formerly enslaved people, 164, 223–224, 230–231
of freed people, 234–237, 323
and gender, 164
immigration
anti-black policies, 347
white European, 364
migration, 196, 232
of freed people, 323
seasonal, 234–235
social, 27, 201
urban, 27, 196
of women, 165, 171
mocambos (shacks/shantytowns), 188, 198, 199, 323
modernity, 184–185, 190
exclusion from, 336
transnational, 190
urban, 185–193, 198
modernization
agrarian, 270, 326
vs. slavery, 22–23, 25
moleques (enslaved children), 68–69
monarchism, 328
Black organizations for, 303, 311–312
see also republicanism.
Monjola, Julia (enslaved wet nurse), 119, 127
Moraes, Evaristo de, 309
Moreno, Alessandra, 371
mortality rates
among enslaved people, 80
of Middle Passage, 64, 65, 67, 72–73, 74, 80
mothers/motherhood, 30, 103–104, 117, 118, 373
amas secas (nannies), 110
children, separation from, 104, 110, 111, 113, 114–115, 124, 126
and enslavement, 12–13, 357
sale of, 365
slaveholders’ rights over, 12
to filhos de criação (children by upbringing), 372, 375
silencing of, 110, 111, 173, 174
Mott, Maria Lúcia, 173
Muaze, Mariana, 26, 30, 372
Muniz Dias da Cruz, Bráulio, 165–166, 167–169
music
by Black people, 395 see also Neves, Eduardo das; Williams, Bert.
cakewalk, 404, 407, 414
minstrelsy, 389, 407, 414
and racism, 397
ragtime, 402, 403, 404, 407, 412
recordings, 389, 392, 413
Neves, Eduardo das, 411–413, 418
Williams, Bert, 402–403, 405–406
representations of Africa in, 404, 410
in USA, 392
see also songs.
Nabuco, Joaquim, 1, 2, 13, 28, 31
O Abolicionismo, 24, 25
abolitionism of, 15, 24–28
cruelty, exposure of, 204
election to parliament, 204
Um estadista do Império, 129
on Paraguayan War (1864–1870), 155, 156–157
names
change of, 380
loss of, 61, 63
Nascimento, Abdias do, 28–31, 355
O Negro Revoltado, 28
Nazário (enslaved person, Guaribú), 102, 104
Nepomuceno, Alberto, Suite Brezilienne, 391
Neto, General Antonio de Souza, 153
networks
of Black organizations, 310
of Black people, 242
of enslaved laborers, 88, 89, 98–99
support, for flight, 206, 256
Neves, Eduardo das (Dudu), 31, 389–392, 395–396, 397, 398–400, 407–419
activism, 398, 409–411, 413–414, 416–417
A canoa virada (The Capsized Canoe), 416–417
“O Crioulo,” 408
fame of, 399–400
humor, use of, 399, 410–412, 414–416
legacy and reputation, 417–419
“Pai João,” 412
“pega na chaleira,” 413
performance career, 408–409, 414–416, 418–419
racism, experience of, 398, 417
recordings, 411–413, 418
“Roda Yáyá,” 411
A sentença da viúva alegre (The Sentence of the Happy Widow), 414–416
song styles of, 409–410
gargalhadas (laughing songs), 413–414
lundus, 409, 411–413
sambas, 417–418
slave songs, 410
songbooks, 408, 409
Mistérios do Violão, 408, 411
Trovador da Malandragem, 408, 411
“Tasty Lundu,” 412
newspapers see press.
Nobre, Maria Duarte, 52
Noronha, Manoel Marques, 51–52
O Novo Mundo (newspaper), 320–323, 326–328
Nunes Cabral, Dona Regina, 374, 375–377, 380
Nunes Cabral, Dona Teresa, 374
Nunes Cabral, Gustavo, 373–381
Nunes Cabral, Sabino, 374, 380
Oliveira Roxo, José Gonçalves de (Baron of Guanabara), 96
Oliveira Veado, Francisco Paula de, 296
Oliveira, Benjamim de, 414, 415
Oliveira, Caetano Alves de, 122–123
Oliveira, Francisco Antonio de, 65, 67
Oliveira, Joaquim Álvares de, 36
Oliveira, José Ramos de, 79–80
Oliveira, Manoel Justiniano de, 296
organizations, Black see Black organizations.
Oribe, Manuel, 136–137
orphanages, 114–115, 173, 199
Ovídia, enslaved woman (aka Ilha, Benedicta Maria da), 163–182
body of, 178–182
fugitive slave, suspected, 168
identity, 174, 175–177, 181
as mother, 173, 174
narrative of enslavement, 165–167, 172–173
origin story as free woman, 169–172
as wet nurse, 172
Paixão do Carmo, Domingas da, 266, 267, 268, 270, 276, 278–279, 284
Paixão, Vitor Gustavo da, 312
Palmerston, Lord, 52
Pan-Africanism, 329, 330, 403
Paraguay, 128
Paraguayan War (1864–1870), 11, 30, 53, 128–129, 155, 156–159
Paraíba Valley, 10–11, 83–85, 122, 165
agrarian empires, 91–96
categories of slaveholders in, 90–96
Paranhos Junior, José Maria da Silva (Baron of Rio Branco), 12, 157, 271
Paranhos, José Maria da Silva, 142–143
parceira (partnership), 232, 233–234
Parlagreco, Carlo, 346
paternalism, 20, 27, 273, 277, 282, 369, 372
paternity, 266–267, 373
laws on, 377–379, 386–387
A Patria (newspaper), 310
patriarchy, 109, 195
familial, 368–369, 371, 386–387
patrimonialism, 20, 22, 25, 26, 373
Patrocínio, José do, 13, 254, 277–278, 290, 312
Estevão da Silva, support for, 299
and Guarda Negra, 303, 304–305, 311–312
in Liga dos Homens de Cor, 291, 292–294, 312
Paty do Alferes, Baron of (Werneck, Francisco Peixoto de Lacerda), 92, 94
Pau Grande sesmaria, 86, 87
Paula, José Joaquim de, 44–45
Paula, Manoel de, 226
Paull, E.T., A warmin’ up in dixie, 390
Pavido, Jeronymo Mizisur Nogueira, 213
peasantry
communities of, 217
economic practices of, 220
itinerant, 216–217
in post-emancipation period, 362–363
Pedro I (Emperor of Brazil), 134, 316
Pedro II (Emperor of Brazil), 15, 249, 284, 311, 321, 328
exile, 328
Peixoto, President Marechal Floriano, 313
Pelotas, 148
Pereira, José Clemente, 38
Pereria, José Martins Souza Coelho, 308
Pernambuco, 24, 27, 58–59, 77–82, 194, 244, 246
Africa, accessibility from, 64
enslaved people in, 245
Ginásio Pernambucano, 249
slave landings in, 59
Perory, 61
Peru, 140
Pestana, Joaquim Maximiano, 202–203
Petiz, Silmei de Sant’Ana, 49
photography, 119–122
Pimenta da Cunha, Arnaldo, 268
Pinheiro da Silva Moraes, Fernando, 164, 166–167, 170, 171–173
Pinheiro, Captain Fernando, 165
Pinheiro, Fernanda Domingos, 39
Pinho, Antonio Pedro Francisco, 35
Pinto, Ana Flávia Magalhães, 31, 250, 254
Pinto, Antonio da Costa, 121
Pinto, Carolina, 316
Pinto, João José de Andrade, 213
plantations, 58, 62
abandoned, 228, 230
abolitionism, strategic support for, 277
“big houses,” 85, 92, 93
dependency of, 285
filhos de criação in, 380, 381
intimacy within, 368
labor in, 110, 270
and sexuality, 268
coffee, 85, 92, 122
communities within, 96–107
Guaribú, 86, 86–89, 99–107
and illegal slave trade, 79–80, 81–82
mobility of enslaved people in, 104–107
owners of, 59, 60
complaints, 224
and illegal slave trade, 78–80
political power of, 81, 85
post-mortem inventories of, 86
power relations within, 97–98
smuggled captives held at, 60, 61, 77
sugar, 61, 78, 266, 269–270
policing, 9, 10, 214, 260, 303, 305
Porfíria (enslaved free person), 35–36, 47, 48
Porto Alegre, 35, 43, 44, 418–419
Porto de Galinhas, 62, 80
portraits, 119
of children, 119
of wet nurses, 119–122
Portugal, 8, 9, 39, 69
and United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 133–134
and Uruguay, 131, 132
possession
of freedom, 41
legal definition of, 47–48, 55
as property, 47
post-abolition, 16, 24–29, 215–216, 217, 327, 352, 360, 393–400
agriculture, 326–327
anxieties in, 224–227
historiography of, 217, 227, 301
immigration, 347
inequalities in, 21–22
labor, 227–236
labor in, 227–229
nostalgia in, 372
slave songs, 393–394
in the USA, 327
see also Black organizations.
post-emancipation, 32, 200, 215–216, 327, 352, 359–365
abolitionism, discrediting of, 263
agriculture, 224, 225
agriculture in, 362–363
anxieties in, 224–227
historiography of, 217, 227, 231–232
labor in, 229, 232–233
race in, 353, 359
in the USA, 326, 327
poverty, 25, 170, 176, 197, 212, 221, 305
power, 20
inequalities, 89, 211
patriarchal, 109
political, 92
relational, 21, 27, 192, 197
and autonomy, 97–98
in Recife, 199–200, 211–212
Prado Júnior, Caio, 4
Prazeres, Heitor dos, 287
Prazeres, Martinho dos, 296
press, 186
abolitionist, 241–242, 245–246, 248, 289–290, 320–323
advertisements, 113, 245, 247
anti-Black positions of, 255–258
Black, 263, 310
Black absence from, 289
post-emancipation, coverage of, 224–227
republicanism, reporting on, 306–308
priests, 266, 268
print culture, 247–249
and abolitionism, 360
advertisements, 113, 245, 247
Black people and, 248
cartes-de-visite, 119–120, 120
historiography, 247–248
maps, 188
photography, 119–122
postcards, 187–188
racist iconography in, 398
sheet music, 412
see also press.
productivity, 14, 98, 102, 195
progress, 186
urbanity of, 189
property
enslaved people as, 178, 180
expropriation, 144
possessions as, 47
rights, 16
see also land.
prostitution, 180
protection
favor as, 169, 172, 177, 275
in labor market, 195
value of, to women, 169
A Provincia (newspaper), 255–258, 262
public life
Black people in, 252–253, 258–260
racial policing of, 260
public space, 197, 198
women in, 169, 187, 191
punishment, 207, 208, 209, 335
for illegal enslavement, 54
violent, 204, 206–207, 209
Queiroz, Eusébio de, 144
quilombos (maroon communities), 2, 13, 97, 188, 198, 199, 206, 221, 307, 323
race
and breastfeeding, 111–112, 118, 174
consciousness, 31, 207–209, 255, 263
historiography of, 29–30, 242–243
identities of, 21–22, 265, 267, 269, 274–275, 292
Black, 395, 398, 410
“improvement,” via miscegenation, 25, 342, 346, 353–355
policies on, 29
politicizing of, 292
and slavery, 8, 100, 101, 141
as basis for abduction, 30, 38, 49–53, 148–152, 155, 165–167
terminology of, 163, 167, 201
see also Blackness; Whiteness.
race relations, 3, 4, 410–412
racial categories, 163, 167, 201, 243, 292, 385–386
racial democracy, 3, 20, 21, 109, 355
racial science, 342, 346, 353–354, 394
racial silencing, 242–244, 257, 258, 261, 262–263, 315
breaking of, 317
racism, 21–22, 23, 243
acceptability of, 257
in Africa, 334, 335
anti-Black, 125, 242, 255–261, 262, 263
in artworks, 355–356
downplaying of, 273–274
in education, 259–260, 297–299
in employment, 296–297
eugenicist, 25
experiences of, 200–209, 259–260, 273–274, 276, 320, 323–325, 398, 417
iconography of, 398
in immigration policies, 347
and labor, 259–260
and legal freedom, 27
in music, 397
opposition to, 251–252
pan-American, 396–398
silencing of experience of, 319–320
railroads, 168, 198
Ramos, José de Oliveira, 67, 79–80
Rangel, Izabel da Silva, 218
Real, Regina, 359
rebellion, 17
Rebouças Filho, Antônio Pereira, 316, 325, 326
Rebouças, André, 13, 15, 32, 271, 315, 316–317
Africa, writings on, 329–337
Black subjectivity of, 328–329, 331, 336
death, 337
editing of father’s papers, 319–320
and Guarda Negra, 303
letters, 328–337
melancholy of, 329
monarchism, 328
“New Propaganda – Dressing 300,000,000 African Negroes,” 332
O Novo Mundo, contributions to, 326–328
O Problema da África, 329
racism, experience of, 320, 323–325
religious views of, 330, 336
USA, visit to, 320, 323–325
Rebouças, Antonio Pereira, 252–253, 315–316, 326
archives of, 315, 319–320
Rebouças, José Pereira, 271, 316
Rebouças, Manoel Maurício, 316
Recife, 27, 60, 184–185, 193–200, 244–248
abolitionism in, 245–247
Arraial, 201, 202, 203
Arsenal de Marinha, 62
Black population, 242
Boa Vista, 200, 204, 205
census in, 188
class in, 195, 197
commerce in, 194–195
demography, 195–196
development of, 193–194
freedom in, 210–211
housing, 187
judicial system, criticism of, 208–209
literacy in, 248
maps of, 188
mobility in, 196
mocambos (shacks/shantytowns), 199
modernity of, 185–193, 198, 212
population, 193, 194
postcards of, 187–188
public life, exclusion from, 251
slave landings at, 65, 67
slavery in, 194, 195, 198
social heterogeneity of, 196–197
social intimacy in, 197–198
sugar economy, 194, 205
topography, 193, 196
Recôncavo Baiano, 266, 270, 272, 273, 277
redemption, 352–353, 357, 366
re-enslavement, 39, 46–49, 195, 226–227
registration, 53
of enslaved people, 12, 14, 54–55, 225
Reis Junior, J. M., 359
Reis, João José, 6
relationality
of power, 21, 27, 192, 197
and autonomy, 97–98
in Recife, 199–200, 211–212
of slavery, 20
relationships
informal, 20
interracial, 368–369
sexual, 20
concubinage, 379, 380, 381, 383–384
slaveholder-slave, 4, 97
affective bonds in, 108–109, 123–125, 126
after abolition, 284–285
contexts of, 90
domestic, 110–111
dominance in, 109, 125
familial, 108–109, 123–125
power inequalities in, 99
and slave family, 89
violent, 126
see also family; marriage.
religion, 186, 359
baptism, 44, 51, 61, 62, 63
Christianity, in Africa, 330
Curse of Ham, 342, 344–346
priests, 266, 268
religious brotherhoods, 2, 249, 291, 312
representations
of Africa, in music, 404, 410
of Black people, 268, 347–348, 362–363, 372, 394, 398, 400, 404, 407, 410, 417, 419
in artworks, 357–360
polysemic, 413–414
women, 350, 356–357, 358–359, 366–367
of enslaved people, 187–188
A Republica Federativa (newspaper), 248
republicanism, 226–227, 303–304, 305, 328
Black organizations for, 312–314
Black support for, 306–310
demonstrations, 307
see also monarchism.
resistance, of enslaved laborers, 2, 11, 13, 17, 99
female, 109
slave family as, 89
violent, 13
Ressurreição, João Baptista da, 203
Restall, Matthew, 356
revolt, 2, 11, 53, 93
Ribeiro de Avellar, Claudio Gomes (Baron of Guaribú)
agrarian empire of, 91, 92, 95
enslaved laborers, bequeathed by, 87, 96, 99–100, 102, 105–106
post-mortem inventory, 86, 94, 95
Ribeiro de Avellar, Joaquim (Baron of Capivary), 92, 94
Ribeiro de Avellar, Joaquim (Viscount of Ubá), 123–125
Ribeiro de Avellar, Mariana (Viscountess of Ubá), 123–125
Ribeiro, Luís Gomes, 86, 87–89, 91, 92, 95, 101
Ribeiro, Luiz Antonio, 296
rights
of Black people, 40
citizenship and, 16
civil, 318
constitutional, 250
discourse of, 250
of enslaved laborers
legal, 12
vs. favor, 253
of freed people, 319
restriction of, 36
to freedom, 45
and gender, 252
maternal, 119–122
property, 16
of slaveholders, 12
voting, 243, 263, 335
Rio Branco Law see Free Womb Law.
Rio Branco, Baron of (Paranhos Junior, José Maria da Silva), 12, 157, 271
Rio de Janeiro, 15, 24, 31, 170–172
Cidade Nova, 287–288, 294, 299
Colégio São Salvador, 271
Escola Central (Escola Politécnica), 271
Radical Club, 45
Rio Grande do Sul, 42–43, 49, 50, 149, 151–153
Rio, João do, 359, 417
O Rio-Grandense (newspaper), 149
Rio-Grandense Republic, 147
Rios, Ana Maria Lugão, 216–217
Rivera, José Fructuoso, 136–137
Rocha, Antonio Ladislau de Figueredo, 44
Rochêdo, Joaquim de Mattos Alcantilado, 60
Roda de Expostos (orphanage), 114–115
Rodrigues, José Carlos, 320, 323, 324, 325, 328
Rodrigues, Nina, 359
Rogers, Alex, 403
Romualdo (enslaved African, Guaribú), 101, 103–104
Rosa, Juan, 30, 148
Rosa, Juana, 148
Rouède, Emilio, 302, 306
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 117
Rufina (abducted and enslaved woman), 30, 52, 148, 149
rurality
artistic representation of, 349–351
urban space, connections to, 192, 196, 211
see also agriculture; plantations.
SAAP (Society to Aid Agriculture in Pernambuco), 248
Sabino (enslaved person), 167
Sacramento, Paulino, 414
Sadlier, Darlene Joy, 356
Sagastume, José Vasquez, 151
Saint-Hilaire, Augustin, 133
Salga, José Vaz, 248
Salles, Ricardo, 26
Sampaio, Ezequiel, 270, 272, 276–277, 279
Sampaio, Father Manoel Fernandes, 266, 267, 268, 271
Sampaio, Joaquim Fernandes, 267
Sampaio, José Teodoro, 267
Sampaio, Martinho, 270, 272
Sampaio, Matias, 270, 272, 279, 280–281, 284
Sampaio, Teodoro, 264–286
Academia de Letras, rejected by, 285
biographies of, 268
birth, 266
Costa Pinto family, connections with, 275
death, 267
Dom Pedro II, meeting with, 284
early life, 269–270
education, 270–271, 272
on elderly slaves, 283
on emancipationism, 281–282
on end of slavery, 284–285
engineering career, 272–273, 275–276, 279, 284
family of, 266–268
marriage, 279
purchases manumission of brothers, 272, 275, 276–279
racial identity of, 269, 274–275
as pardo, 265, 267
racism, downplaying of, 273–274
racism, experience of, 273–274, 276
Santa Rosa, Antonio Honorato de, 291, 295
Santos Gomes, Flávio dos, 97
Santos Guterres, Nicolau dos, 43
Santos, Ana Cândida dos, 235
Santos, Antônio dos, 87
Santos, Gabriel Monteiro dos, 235, 236
São João do Príncipe, 175
São José dos Campos, 165
São José, Anna Joaquina de, 92
São Paulo, 15, 24, 307–308, 310
Saraiva, José Antonio, 128, 129, 152–153, 156, 276
savings, enslaved peoples’ right to, 12
Scarborough, William Kauffman, 91
scarifications, 71, 73
Schneider, L., 157
schools see education.
Schwarcz, Lilia, 344
Scott, Dred, 141
Scott, Rebecca, 5, 6
second slavery, 22, 84, 91
segregation, 196
seignorialism, 244, 277, 279, 282
self-purchase, 12, 13
senzalas (slave quarters), 88, 93, 96, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 277
Serapio, João, 150
Sergimirim, Count of (Costa Pinto, Major Francisco Antônio da), 267, 270
servants, domestic, 116
sesmarias (land allocations), 86, 87, 94
Severino (freed person), 201, 202, 203
sexual relationships, 20
sexual violence, 179, 180, 202, 203, 268–269
sexuality
of enslaved women, 179–180
and honor, 202–203
interracial, 410–412
Whiteness and, 411
sexualization, of Black women, 268–269
Seyferth, Giralda, 342, 356
sharecropping (meação), 232–233
Sheila Faria, 371
Shipp, J. A., 403
ships/boats, slave, 65–68, 67, 80
Camões, 74–75
capture of, 60, 62, 70–71, 72, 74–75, 76, 146
cargo, related to slave trade, 68
deaths on board, 72–73
Eugenia, 80
Fair Rosamond, 74–75
Feiticeira, 78
Formiga, 65, 68
Jovem Marie, 65
landing of, 59
Leal Portuense, 80
Maria Gertrudes, 65
Mariquinhas, 74
Novo Despique, 65
Oriente Africano, 65
overloading of, 65, 70–71, 74, 82
São José, 74
Sete de Abril, 138
smaller, 58, 71–72, 73–74
speeds of, 64, 65
Triumfo, 72
Veloz, 74–75
see also Middle Passage.
Sierra Leone, 75, 76
silence
archival, 19, 159, 200, 267
historiographic, 156–159
racial, 242–244, 256, 257, 258, 261, 262–263, 315
breaking of, 250, 317
silencing
of enslaved women, 126
of enslavement stories, 243
of experiences of racism, 319–320
of mothers/motherhood, 110, 111, 173, 174
Silva Jardim, Antônio da, 309, 313
Silva, Antonio Candido da, 67, 75
Silva, Daniel Domingues da, 68
Silva, Estevão Roberto da, 296, 297–300
Silva, Ezequiel Alves da, 312
Silva, Florinda Maria da, 122
Silva, Mizael Gomes da, 296
Silva, Pinto da Fonseca e, 68
Silva, Ricardo Caíres, 77
Silva, Thomaz José da, 312
Silveira Martins, Gaspar, 44–45
Sinha, Manisha, 17
Sinimbu, Cansansão de, 149
Sinimbu, João Lins Vieira Cansanção de, 272, 273, 276
Siqueira e Silva, Lourenço Izidro de, 296
Siqueira, Herculina de, 207–209
Skidmore, Thomas, 355
slave city, concept of, 185, 212
slave family see family.
slave hunters, 206
slave landings, 42–43, 58, 67, 77–78
clandestine, 59, 78, 80
slave neighborhoods, 106–107
slave purchase, 10
slave raids, 147–148, 154
slave ships see ships/boats, slave.
slave soil, 37
slave songs, 388–389, 390, 391, 393–395, 410
lundus, 399, 411–413
political value of, 394, 395
post-abolition, 393–394
publication of, 389
slave trade
Atlantic, 10, 57–59 see also Middle Passage.
in children, 27, 60–63, 71–72
in Africa, 58–59
benefits to slave traders, 68–73
illegal, 39, 49, 50
profitability of, 63–65
of children
taxation on, 64
domestic, 10, 11, 42, 246, 256, 272
geography of, 57
illegal, 27
earnings from, 80
economic importance of, 57
operation of, 57–58, 59–60
plantation owners, role in, 78–80, 81–82, 85, 100
prosecutions of, 30
tolerance of, 22–23, 63
volume of, 9–10, 135, 149–150
inter-provincial, 246, 256, 272
mortality rates, 64, 65, 67, 72–73, 74, 80
policing of, 9, 10
in Río de la Plata region, 131–133
supply side, 70
slave traders, 65, 67
plantation owners as, 78–80
slave trafficking, 10, 42, 57
through abduction of free people, 148–152
criminalization of, 41–46, 135
suppression of, 151–152
transnational, 49–50
slaveholders, 87, 94
abolition, strategic support for, 280
agrarian empires of, 90–96, 99–100
arrests of, 43
authority of, superseded, 247
bequests to freed people, 217–220
Brazilian, in Uruguay, 137
categories of, 91
children, rights over, 12
compensation for, 137, 280, 285
female, 21, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93, 95
and wet-nursing, 111
wills of, 371
former slaves as, 90
freed people as, 25, 125
“good,” 123
locations of, 10
and manumission
documents, control of, 271
as gift, 277, 279, 280–281
voluntary, 205, 207, 211
political power of, 92
prosecutions of, 207–209
failed, 43–45
sexual violence of, 180
slaveholder-slave relationships, 4, 97
affective bonds in, 108–109, 123–125, 126
contexts of, 90
domestic, 110–111
dominance in, 109, 125
post-abolition, 284–285
power inequalities in, 99
and slave family, 89
violence in, 126, 180
slavery
in Africa, 332, 334
afterlife of, 2–7, 28–29, 30, 32, 192
Brazil, defining feature of, 1
Brazil, formative influence on, 2–3, 4
Curse of Ham as justification for, 344–346
domination, ideology of, 109
effacement of, 186
enduring legitimacy of, 245
frontiers of, 37, 177
historical overview, 8–16
patria, sin against, 25
and race, 8, 100, 101
as basis for abduction, 30, 38, 49–53, 148–152, 155, 165–167
reducing a free person to, crime of, 35–36, 41, 44, 45
second, 22, 84, 91
slaveholders’ ambivalence about, 205
spectrum of, 18
stigma, 319
see also abolition; emancipation; wet-nursing, forced.
slaves see enslaved people.
slaving frontier, 147
slavocratic habitus, 85, 110, 111, 118, 284–285
domestic perpetuation of, 118
politics of favor, 124
reproduction of, 114, 120, 121, 126
Slenes, Robert, 6
Soares, Caetano Alberto, 49
Soares, Luiz Carlos, 115
sociability, 98, 221, 289 see also Black organizations; networks.
Sociedade Beneficente dos Artistas do Arsenal da Marinha da Corte (Beneficent Society for Rio’s Navy Artisans), 299
Sociedade Cooperativa da Raça Negra (Cooperative Society for the Black Race), 290, 291, 296–301
Sociedade Familiar de Dança Prazer da Violeta (Violeta’s Pleasure Family Dance Society), 288–289, 291
Sociedade Recreativa e Instrutiva (Recreational and Instructive Society), 291
Society for Agriculture, Commerce and Industry of the Province of Bahia, 270
Society to Aid Agriculture in Pernambuco (SAAP), 248
solidarity, racial, 242, 250, 259
Sollors, Werner, 356
Somerset, James, 140
songbooks, 408, 409
songs
coon songs, 402, 403, 414
gargalhadas (laughing songs), 413–414
recordings, 389, 392, 413
Neves, Eduardo das, 411–413, 418
Williams, Bert, 402–403, 405–406
slave, 388–389, 390, 391, 393–395, 410
lundus, 399, 411–413
political value of, 394, 395
post-abolition, 393–394
publication of, 389
on slave past, 416
Souza Coelho, José Pedro Ferreira de, 308
Souza, Paulino José Soares de (1st Viscount of Uruguai), 52, 139, 148
space
freedom and, 191
public, 197, 198, 211
women in, 169, 187, 191
rural, 349–351
rural-urban connections, 192, 196, 211
of slavery, 230
see also housing; urban space.
Spain, 131, 132
Spitzer, Leo, 329
state registration, 53
of enslaved people, 12, 14, 54–55, 225
state-formation, 2, 28, 37, 157–158, 368–369
Stepan, Nancy Leys, 356
stigma, 243, 283, 319
Strangford, Lord (Percy Smythe), 134
subjectivities, 20
Black, 28, 318, 328–329, 331, 336
gendered, 20–21
historiography of, 317–318
of “men of color,” 250–253
racial, 21–22, 257, 259, 262, 315
suffrage, 243, 263, 335
sugar economy
abolition, strategic support for, 280
abolitionism, resistance to, 248
enslaved laborers in, 61, 78, 194, 205, 244, 245
exports, 266, 270
modernization of, 326
plantations, 269–270
Tannenbaum, Frank, Slave and Citizen, 4–5
Taunay, Alfredo, 331, 334, 335, 336
Tavares Júnior, João José, 296
Tavares, José Miguel de, 180
taxation, 12, 64, 365–366
Telles, Correia, 47
Teresópolis, 361, 362
terminology
of color, 167, 265
racial, 163, 167, 201, 243
Thereza (enslaved African, Guaribú), 101, 103–104
Thornton, Edward, 155
Tinhorã, José Ramos, 414
Tollenare, Louis François de, 63–65, 79
Tolstoy, Leon, 331
Tomich, Dale, 84
Torres, Captain Manoel Pereira, 213, 214–215
Tosta, Manuel Vieira, 143–144
Tramandai, 42–43
treaties, 9
Brazil–Uruguay (1851), 139–140, 141–142, 146
Treaty of Madrid (1750), 131
Treaty of San Ildefonso (1777), 132
Tribuna Liberal (newspaper), 306
Trouillot, Michel Rolph, 318
Tupper, Manoel Fernandes, 296
Ubá, Viscount of (Ribeiro de Avellar, Joaquim), 123–125
Ubá, Viscountess of (Ribeiro de Avellar, Mariana), 123–125
Umbelina (enslaved woman), 374
Una river, 74
A União (journal), 258, 262
União Operária (Worker’s Union), 299
United Kingdom see Great Britain.
United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 132, 133–134
United States of America (USA), 254, 317, 326
abolition in, 11
Brazilian press accounts of, 320–323
Civil War, 321
and free soil, 141
Freedmen’s Bureau, 322
Harlem, 403
historiography of, 3
music industry, 392
Rebouças, André, visit to, 320, 323–325
urban space, 184–185
and abolition, 245–247
afterlife of slavery in, 192
freedom, spaces of, 191
and gender, 191, 192
growth of, 193–194
historiography of, 185, 188–193
inequalities in, 192
and mobility, 196
modernity of, 185–193, 198
paradigms of, 188–190
and progress, 189
rurality, connections to, 192, 196, 211
see also Porto Alegre; Recife; Rio de Janeiro; São Paulo.
Uruguay, 49, 50
abduction in, 148–152
abolition in, 130, 137
Blancos, 136–139
Brazil
border with, 131–133
treaties imposed by, 139
Brazil’s invasion of, 128, 130
Colorados, 129, 136–139, 152
Montevideo, 132, 133
origins of, 132
slave raids, 147–148
slavery in, 135–136
USA see United States of America.
vagrancy, 195, 214, 225, 323
Valencia Villa, Carlos, 69
Valle Porto, Manoel Wenceslau do, 296
Vanderlei, João Maurício (Baron of Cotegipe), 14–15
Vasconcelos, Bernardo Pereira de, 38, 40
Vassouras, 85, 90, 91–96, 94
Venceslau (enslaved person, Guaribú), 102
Venezuela, 140
Ventura Santos, Ricardo, 344
Vereker, Henry, 149, 150
Vianna, Antônio Joaquim Barbosa, 185–193
Vieira, João Pedro Dias, 153
violence
anti-monarchist, 305
Black organizations, reported of, 303–304, 305–306, 312
toward enslaved people, 20, 166, 204–209
murder, 126, 207–209
sexual, 179, 180, 202, 203, 268–269
intimate, 20, 179, 180, 202, 203, 268–269
lynching, 335, 398
monarchist-republican, 310–311
as punishment, 204, 209
in resistance, 13
sexual, 179, 180, 202, 203, 268–269
in slaveholder-slave relationships, 126, 180
virginity, 202–203
visual art, 355–360 see also Brocos y Gómez, Modesto.
Vitorina (enslaved wet nurse), 121
voting rights, 243, 263, 335
wages, 194, 230
Walden, Howard de, 150
Walker, George, 400–402, 401, 403–405
Abyssinia, 403, 404
Bandanna Land, 403
In Dahomey, 403, 404
Wansuit, Eugênio, 307
wars
Cisplatine War (1825), 132, 133
Guerra Grande (Uruguayan Civil War, 1839–1851), 128, 136–139
Paraguayan War (1864–1870), 11, 30, 53, 128–129, 155, 156
Washington, Booker T., 406
Weber, Max, 140
Weinstein, Barbara, 6
Werneck, Ana Joaquina de São José, 92
Werneck, Francisco Peixoto de Lacerda (Baron of Paty do Alferes), 92, 94
Werneck, Maria Isabel de Lacerda (Viscountess of Arcozelo), 105, 125
wet nurses, 108, 109–111, 120, 125–126, 170, 171
ambiguous position of, 121, 122
clothing of, 121
freedom letters and manumission, 122–123, 125
guidance on selection of, 115–116
intimacy of role of, 110, 121
lending of, 123–125
orphanages, work at, 114–115, 173
photographic portraits of, 119–122
pregnancies of, 124
rental of, 172
separation from own children, 110, 111, 113, 124, 126
sexuality, exploitation of, 180
skills of, 114
slaveholder family, affective ties to, 123–125
trade in, 110, 113–114
working conditions of, 110
wet-nursing, 30, 108, 112
costs of, 114
criticism of, 117–118, 126, 174
demand for, 173
regulation of, 114
White, Graham, 388
White, Shane, 388
whiteface, 414
Whiteness, 257, 261, 274
of print culture, assumed, 247–248
and sexuality, 411
whitening, 25, 342, 346, 354–355
White people
“advocates,” criticism of, 28
immigrant, 364
women, 118, 411
Williams, Bert, 31, 389, 395–396, 396, 398–407, 401
activism, 398, 406
blackface, use of, 402, 406, 407
Broadway musicals of, 403–405
Abyssinia, 403, 404
Bandanna Land, 403
In Dahomey, 403, 404
critical response to, 406–407
Darktown Poker Club, 405
fame of, 399–400
How? Fried, 405
humor, use of, 399, 402, 405–406
legacy, 419
Nobody, 405
racism, experience of, 398
recordings, 402–403, 405–406
You Can’t Do Nothing till Martin Gets Here, 405
You Will Never Need a Doctor No More, 405
in Ziegfeld Follies, 405–406
Williams, Daryle, 31
Williams, Eric, 4
women, 30–31
agency of, 365, 366
autonomy of, 164, 169, 268
development of, 171
lack of, 169
and property, 179
Black
redemption produced by, 366
representations of, 347–348, 350, 356–357, 358–359, 366–367
sexualization of, 268–269
tias Baianas (Bahian Aunts), 287
bodies of, 115
dependency of, 164, 175
enslaved, 21, 63, 96, 98, 100
self-expression of, 126–127
sexuality of, 179–180
silencing of, 126
free, 48–49, 164
freed, 371
and honor, 179–180, 202–203
labor of, 187, 195
washerwomen/laundresses, 171, 175, 187
see also wet nurses.
mixed race, 411
mobility of, 165, 171
protection, value of, 169
in public space, 169, 187, 191
regulation of, 181–183
slaveholders, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93, 95
and wet-nursing, 111
wills of, 371
White, 118, 411
see also mothers/motherhood.
Xavier, Manoel Francisco, 92, 93
Zetirry, Arrigo de, 227–229

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  • Index
  • Edited by Brodwyn Fischer, University of Chicago, Keila Grinberg, University of Pittsburgh
  • Book: The Boundaries of Freedom
  • Online publication: 03 August 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108917537.018
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  • Index
  • Edited by Brodwyn Fischer, University of Chicago, Keila Grinberg, University of Pittsburgh
  • Book: The Boundaries of Freedom
  • Online publication: 03 August 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108917537.018
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  • Index
  • Edited by Brodwyn Fischer, University of Chicago, Keila Grinberg, University of Pittsburgh
  • Book: The Boundaries of Freedom
  • Online publication: 03 August 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108917537.018
Available formats
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