Chapter 2 explores how in 1940s and 1950s South Asia thinking about Indian or Pakistani identity as a mirror of the ‘other’ country affected broader understandings of citizenship and belonging. It highlights the extent to which everyday public opinion could be conditioned by localized reactions to people arriving from other places or others leaving their families and goods behind, particularly in relation to UP and Sindh. The creation of two independent countries meant that the movement, displacement and rehabilitation of migrants became an integral part of the wider process of formal citizenship definition, as did the status of minority communities who did not leave. The chapter therefore also considers how far the physical movement bound up in the creating of two separate states at Independence shaped quotidian meanings of ‘citizenship’ as people competed for space and resources.