Once Locke reduced, almost inadvertently, thought to matter in an attempt to address the more insistent materialism of Hobbes, it was inevitable that the body would intrude upon the most sanguine attempts to render form and meaning out of substance. The body had always complicated the very human desire for spiritual certainty. Idealists for centuries scourged it, refined it, shed it altogether in attempts to link it into larger patterns of coherent meaning. But after Hobbes, after Locke, and in spite of Descartes, the body, at least in eighteenth-century England, would not go away easily. It became instead matter difficult, perhaps impossible, to idealize – matter in the way. The epistemological bind of the age, the confinement of thought to matter that could only be patterned self-consciously, made knowing the body at best problematic. The urban bind of the age, the confinement of too many bodies into crowded, diseased cities, made not knowing the problem of the body impossible.