Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T17:50:53.916Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 1 - Domain Chapters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2018

Edited by
Gordon Parker
Gordon Parker
Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Bipolar II Disorder
Modelling, Measuring and Managing
 , pp. 1 - 210
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Davidson, J. (2011). Downing Street Blues. A History of Depression and Other Mental Afflictions in British Prime Ministers. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc..Google Scholar
Parker, G. and Paterson, A. (2017). Should the bipolar disorders be modelled dimensionally or categorically? In Carvalho, A. F. and Vieta, E. (Eds.), The Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Integrative Clinical Strategies and Future Directions. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Graham, R. and Tavella, G. (2017). Is there consensus across international evidence-based guidelines for the management of bipolar disorder? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 135, 515–26.Google Scholar
Parker, G. and Tavella, G. (2018). Design limitations to bipolar II treatment efficacy studies: a challenge and a revisionist strategy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 229, 334–41.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., revised. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J. D. Rybakowski, J. K. (2016). Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder. Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders. Oxford Handbooks Online. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199973965.013.33Google Scholar
Angst, J. (1966). Zur Ätiologie und Nosologie endogener depressiver Psychosen: Eine genetische, soziologische und klinische Studie. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Baillarger, J. (1854a). De la folie à double forme. Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 6, 369–91.Google Scholar
Baillarger, J. (1854b). Response in discussion – no title. Bulletin de l'Académie de Médecine, 19, 401–15.Google Scholar
Ban, T. (1990). Clinical pharmacology and Leonhard's classification of endogenous psychoses. Psychopathology, 23, 331–8.Google Scholar
Bumke, O. (1908). Landläufige Irrtümer in der Beurteilung von Geisteskrankheiten. Wiesbaden: Bergmann.Google Scholar
Carroll, B (1994). Brain mechanisms in manic depression. Clinical Chemistry, 40, 303–8.Google Scholar
Chiarugi, V. (1794). Della Pazzia in Genere e in Specie. Trattato Medico-analitico. Vol. 3. Florence: Carlieri.Google Scholar
Dunner, D. L., Dwyer, T. and Fieve, R. R. (1976). Depressive symptoms in patients with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 17, 447–51.Google Scholar
Dunner, D. L., Gershon, E. S., Goodwin, F. K. et al. (1972). Excretion of 17-OHCS in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 360–3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esquirol, J. E. D. (1819). Mélancolie. In Dictionnaire des sciences médicales, ed. Rnauldin, L. J.. Paris: Panckoucke, Vol. 39, 147–83.Google Scholar
Falret, J. P. (1854a). Leçons cliniques de Médecine Mentale Faites à l'Hospice de la Salpêtrière. Paris: Baillière.Google Scholar
Falret, J. P. (1854b). Mémoire sur la folie circulaire. Bulletin de l'Académie de Médecine, 19, 382–400.Google Scholar
Falret, J. P. (1864). Des Maladies Mentales. Paris: Baillière.Google Scholar
Feighner, J., Robins, E., Guze, S., Woodruff, R., Winokur, G., and Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 57–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flemming, C. (1844) Über Classification der Seelenstörungen. Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, 1, 97–130.Google Scholar
Healy, D. (2006). The latest mania: Selling bipolar disorder. PLoS Medicine, 3, 185.Google Scholar
Heinroth, J. C. A. (1818). Lehrbuch der Störungen des Seelenlebens. Leipzig: Vogel.Google Scholar
Irschitzky, (1838). Über psychische Krankheiten im Districts-Physikate Voitsberg. Medicinische Jahrbücher des k. k. Österreichischen Staates, 17, 233–47.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. (1986). Melancholia and Depression From Hippocratic Times to Modern Times. New Haven, CT: Yale.Google Scholar
Kahlbaum, K. (1863). Die Gruppirung der psychischen Krankheiten und die Eintheilung der Seelenstörungen. Danzig, Kafemann.Google Scholar
Kahlbaum, K. (1882). Über cyklisches Irresein. Der Irrenfreund, 24, 145–57.Google Scholar
Kirchhoff, T. (1924). Deutsche Irrenärzte, Vol. 2. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Kirn, L. (1878). Die periodischen Psychosen. Stuttgart: Enke.Google Scholar
Kleist, K. (1928). Über zykloide, paranoide und epileptoide Psychosen und über die Frage der Degenerationspsychosen. Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 23, 3–37.Google Scholar
Kleist, K. (1911). Die klinische Stellung der Motilitätspsychosen. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 3, 914–17.Google Scholar
Kleist, K. (1926). Über zykloide Degenerationspsychosen, besonders Verwirrtheits- und Motilitätspsychosen. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 78, 416–21.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1899). Psychiatrie: ein Lehrbuch, 6th ed., Vol. 2. Leipzig: Barth.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1904). Psychiatrie: ein Lehrbuch, 7th ed., Vol. 2. Leipzig: Barth.Google Scholar
Leonhard, K. (1948). Grundlagen der Psychiatrie. Stuttgart: Enke Verlag.Google Scholar
Leonhard, K. (1957). Aufteilung der Endogenen Psychosen. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.Google Scholar
Mendel, E. (1881). Die Manie. Vienna: Urban.Google Scholar
Neele, E. (1949). Die phasischen Psychosen nach ihrem Erscheinungs- und Erbbild. Leipzig: Barth.Google Scholar
Penrose, T. (1775). Flights of Fancy. London: Walter.Google Scholar
Pérez, J., Baldessarini, R., Cruz, N., et al. (2011). Andrés Piquer-Arrufat (1711–1772): contributions of an eighteenth-century Spanish physician to the concept of manic-depressive illness. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 19, 68–77.Google Scholar
Perris, C. (1996). A study of bipolar (manic-depressive) and unipolar recurrent depressive psychoses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 42 (Suppl. 194), S1–S189.Google Scholar
Piquer, A. (1759/1846). Discurso sobre la enfermedad del rey nuestro señor D Fernando VI (que Dios guarde), parte primera, Historia de la enfermedad, desdu su principio, hasta 20 de febrero de 1759. In Anales Historicos de la Medicina en General, y Biografico-Bibliografico de la Española en Particular, Vol. 4, ed. Chinchilla, A., pp. 3–34. Valencia: Cervera.Google Scholar
Shorter, E. (2015). What Psychiatry Left Out of the DSM-5: Historical Mental Disorders Today. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shorter, E. (2005). Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R., Endicott, J., and Robins, E. (1978). Research diagnostic criteria. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 773–82.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R., Endicott, J., Robins, E. et al. (1975). Preliminary report of the reliability of Research Diagnostic Criteria applied to psychiatric case records. In Predictability in Psychopharmacology: Preclinical and Clinical Correlations, ed. Sudilovsky, A., Gershon, S. and Beer, B., pp. 1–47. New York: Raven.Google Scholar
Taylor, M., and Abrams, R. (1980). Reassessing the bipolar-unipolar dichotomy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2, 195–217.Google Scholar
Taylor, M., and Fink, M. (2006). Melancholia: the Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Depressive Illness. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wernicke, C. (1900). Grundriss der Psychiatrie, Part 3. Leipzig: Thieme.Google Scholar
Weygandt, W. (1899). Über die Mischzustände des manisch-depressiven Irreseins. Munich: Lehmann.Google Scholar
Winokur, G. (1991). Mania and Depression: A Classification of Syndrome and Disease. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Winokur, G. and Clayton, P. (1967). Family history studies I. Two types of affective disorders separated according to genetic and clinical factors. In Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry, ed. Wortis, J., pp. 25–30. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar

Further Reading

For professionals: Phelps, J. (2016). A Spectrum Approach to Mood Disorders: Not Fully Bipolar but Not Unipolar – Practical Management. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
For patients: Aiken, C. and Phelps, J. (2017). Bipolar, Not So Much: Understanding Your Mood Swings and Depression. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Online: www.psycheducation.orgGoogle Scholar

References

Aiken, C. B. (2007). Pramipexole in psychiatry: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 1230–6.Google Scholar
Aiken, C. B., Weisler, R. H. and Sachs, G. S. (2015). The Bipolarity Index: a clinician-rated measure of diagnostic confidence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 177, 59–64.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. (2005). Searching for behavioral indicators of bipolar II in patients presenting with major depressive episodes: the ‘red sign,’ the ‘rule of three’ and other biographic signs of temperamental extravagance, activation and hypomania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 84, 279–90.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. and Akiskal, K. K. (2011). Overview of principles of caring for bipolar patients. In Bipolar Psychopharmacotherapy: Caring for the Patient, 2nd ed., ed. Akiskal, H. S. and Tohen, M., pp. 487–508. West Sussex, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. and Benazzi, F. (2003). Family history validation of the bipolar nature of depressive mixed states. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 113–22.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. and Pinto, O. (1999). The evolving bipolar spectrum. Prototypes I, II, III, and IV. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22, 517–34.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., Hantouche, E. G. and Allilaire, J. F. (2003). Bipolar II with and without cyclothymic temperament: ‘dark’ and ‘sunny’ expressions of soft bipolarity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 49–57.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., Maser, J. D., Zeller, P. et al. (1995). Switching from ‘unipolar’ to bipolar II: an 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 114–23.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., Walker, P., Puzantian, V. R. et al. (1983). Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness. Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 5, 115–28.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. revised. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Angst, J. and Dobler-Mikola, A. (1984). The Zurich study. II. The continuum from normal to pathological depressive mood swings. European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 234, 21–9.Google Scholar
Angst, J. and Marneros, A. (2001). Bipolarity from ancient to modern times: conception, birth and rebirth. Journal of Affective Disorders, 67, 3–19.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Azorin, J. M., Bowden, C. L., Perugi, G. et al. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of undiagnosed bipolar disorders in patients with a major depressive episode: the BRIDGE study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 791–8.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Gamma, A., Benazzi, F. et al. (2003). Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar–II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 133–46.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Gamma, A., Bowden, C. L. et al. (2012). Diagnostic criteria for bipolarity based on an international sample of 5,635 patients with DSM-IV major depressive episodes. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 262, 3–11.Google Scholar
Ansgt, J. (1978). The course of affective disorders. II. Typology of bipolar manic-depressive illness. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 226, 65–73.Google Scholar
Ansgt, J., (2006). Do many patients with depression suffer from bipolar disorder? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 3−5.Google Scholar
Apfelbaum, S., Regalado, P., Herman, L. et al. (2013). Comorbidity between bipolar disorder and Cluster B personality disorders as indicator of affective dysregulation and clinical severity. Actas Espanolas De Psiquiatria, 41, 269–78.Google Scholar
Barbuti, M., Pacchiarotti, I., Vieta, E. et al. (2017). Antidepressant-induced hypomania/mania in patients with major depression: evidence from the BRIDGE–II–MIX study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 219, 187–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benazzi, F. (2003). Bipolar II disorder and major depressive disorder: continuity or discontinuity? World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 4, 166–71.Google Scholar
Bromundt, V., Wirz-Justice, A., Kyburz, S. et al. (2013). Circadian sleep-wake cycles, well-being, and light therapy in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27, 680–96.Google Scholar
Cassano, G. B., Rucci, P., Frank, E. et al. (2004). The mood spectrum in unipolar and bipolar disorder: arguments for a unitary approach. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1264–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correa, R., Akiskal, H. S., Gilmer, W. et al. (2010). Is unrecognized bipolar disorder a frequent contributor to apparent treatment resistant depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 127, 10–18.Google Scholar
de Aguiar Ferreira, A., Vasconcelos, A. G., Neves, F. S. and Correa, H. (2014). Affective temperaments and antidepressant response in the clinical management of mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 155, 138–41.Google Scholar
de Aguiar Ferreira, A., Vasconcelos, A. G., Neves, F. S. et al. (2013). Affective temperaments: familiality and clinical use in mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148, 53–6.Google Scholar
DeGeorge, D. P., Walsh, M. A., Barrantes-Vidal, N. and Kwapil, T. R. (2014). A three-year longitudinal study of affective temperaments and risk for psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164, 94–100.Google Scholar
Del Debbio, A., Blais, M. A., Dias, R. et al. (2007). Use of factor analysis to type bipolar disorder by correspondence to classic phenotype: bipolarity index. Bipolar Disorders, 9 (Suppl.), S32–3.Google Scholar
Diler, R. S., Goldstein, T. R., Hafeman, D. et al. (2017). Characteristics of depression among offspring at high and low familial risk of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 19, 344–52.Google Scholar
Dunner, D. L., Fleiss, J. L. and Fieve, R. R. (1976), The course of development of mania in patients with recurrent depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 905–8.Google Scholar
Elias, L. R., Köhler, C.A., Stubbs, B. et al. (2017). Measuring affective temperaments: a systematic review of validation studies of the Temperament Evaluation in Memphis Pisa and San Diego (TEMPS) instruments. Journal of Affective Disorders, 212, 25–37.Google Scholar
Evans, L., Akiskal, H. S., Keck, P. E. et al. (2005). Familiality of temperament in bipolar disorder: support for a genetic spectrum. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 153–68.Google Scholar
Fassino, S., Amianto, F., Gastaldi, F. et al. (2009). Personality trait interactions in parents of patients with borderline personality disorder: a controlled study using the Temperament and Character Inventory. Psychiatry Research, 165, 128–36.Google Scholar
Fava, G. A., Rafanelli, C., Tomba, E. et al. (2011). The sequential combination of cognitive behavioral treatment and well-being therapy in cyclothymic disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80, 136–43.Google Scholar
Ferentinos, P., Fountoulakis, K. N., Lewis, C. M. et al. (2017). Validating a two-dimensional bipolar spectrum model integrating DSM-5's mixed features specifier for Major Depressive Disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77, 89–99.Google Scholar
Fleischer, M., Schäfer, M., Coogan, A. et al. (2012). Sleep disturbances and circadian CLOCK genes in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna), 119, 1105–10.Google Scholar
Fornaro, M., Orsolini, L., Marini, S. et al. (2016). The prevalence and predictors of bipolar and borderline personality disorders comorbidity: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 195, 105–18.Google Scholar
Gamma, A., Angst, J., Ajdacic-Gross, V. and Rössler, W. (2008). Are hypomanics the happier normals? Journal of Affective Disorders, 111, 235–43.Google Scholar
Gandotra, S., Ram, D., Kour, J. and Praharaj, S. K. (2011). Association between affective temperaments and bipolar spectrum disorders: preliminary perspectives from a controlled family study. Psychopathology, 44, 216–24.Google Scholar
Gassab, L., Mechri, A., Bacha, M. et al. (2008). Affective temperaments in the bipolar and unipolar disorders: distinctive profiles and relationship with clinical features. Encephale, 34, 477–82.Google Scholar
Ghaemi, S. N., Ko, J. Y. and Goodwin, F. K. (2001). The bipolar spectrum and the antidepressant view of the world. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 7, 287–97.Google Scholar
Gonda, X. and Vázquez, G. H. (2014). Theoretical and clinical overview of affective temperaments in mood disorders. Psicodebate, 14, 39–57.Google Scholar
Guerreiro, D. F., Sampaio, D., Rihmer, Z. et al. (2013). Affective temperaments and self-harm in adolescents: a cross-sectional study from a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 891–8.Google Scholar
Hafeman, D. M., Merranko, J., Goldstein, T. R. et al. (2017). Assessment of a person-level risk calculator to predict new-onset bipolar spectrum disorder in youth at familial risk. JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 841–7.Google Scholar
Hancock-Johnson, E., Griffiths, C. and Picchioni, M. (2017). A focused systematic review of pharmacological treatment for borderline personality disorder. CNS Drugs, 31, 345–56.Google Scholar
Henry, C., Lacoste, J., Bellivier, F. et al. (1999). Temperament in bipolar illness: impact on prognosis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 56, 103–8.Google Scholar
Henry, C., Sorbara, F., Lacoste, J. et al. (2001). Antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar patients: identification of risk factors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 249–55.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M., Lewis, L. and Vornik, L. A. (2003). Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 161–74.Google Scholar
Kapczinski, F., Magalhães, P. V., Balanzá-Martinez, V. et al. (2014). Staging systems in bipolar disorder: an International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force Report. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130, 354–63.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J. and Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2011). Borderline personality disorder traits and their relationship with dimensions of normative personality: a web-based cohort and twin study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 123, 349–59.Google Scholar
Kessing, L. V., Willer, I., Andersen, P. K. and Bukh, J. D. (2017). Rate and predictors of conversion from unipolar to bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bipolar Disorders, 19, 324–35.Google Scholar
Klerman, G. L. (1981). The spectrum of mania. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 22, 11–20.Google Scholar
Koukopoulos, A., Faedda, G., Proietti, R. et al. (1992). Mixed depressive syndrome. Encephale, Spec No. 1, 19–21.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1921). Manic-depressive Insanity and Paranoia. Edinburgh: E&S Livingstone.Google Scholar
Kumar, M., Saha, P. K. and Mondal, A. (2017). The mood spectrum and temperamental instability in unipolar and bipolar disorder. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 39, 336–41.Google Scholar
Lara, D. R., Bisol, L. W., Ottoni, G. L. et al. (2015). Validation of the ‘rule of three’, the ‘red sign’ and temperament as behavioral markers of bipolar spectrum disorders in a large sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 183, 195–204.Google Scholar
Leonhard, K. (1957). Aufteilung der Endogenen Psychosen. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.Google Scholar
Links, P. S., Steiner, M., Boiago, I. and Irwin, D. (1990). Lithium therapy for borderline patients: preliminary findings. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4, 173–81.Google Scholar
Ma, Y., Gao, H., Yu, X. et al. (2016). Bipolar diagnosis in China: evaluating diagnostic confidence using the Bipolarity Index. Journal of Affective Disorders, 202, 247–53.Google Scholar
Manning, J. S., Haykal, R. F., Connor, P. D. et al. (2005). Sustained remission with lamotrigine augmentation or monotherapy in female resistant depressives with mixed cyclothymic-dysthymic temperament. Journal of Affective Disorders, 84, 259–66.Google Scholar
Maremmani, I., Akiskal, H. S., Signoretta, S. et al. (2005). The relationship of Kraepelian affective temperaments (as measured by TEMPS-I) to the tridimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ). Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 17–27.Google Scholar
McCraw, S. and Parker, G. (2016). The comparative short-term outcome of bipolar II disorder patients variably meeting or not meeting DSM-5 duration criteria following lamotrigine treatment. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30, 554–8.Google Scholar
Mendlowicz, M. V., Jean-Louis, G., Kelsoe, J. R. and Akiskal, H. S. (2005). A comparison of recovered bipolar patients, healthy relatives of bipolar probands, and normal controls using the short TEMPS-A. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 147–51.Google Scholar
Miller, S., Dennehy, E. B. and Suppes, T. (2016). The prevalence and diagnostic validity of short-duration hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18, 1–7.Google Scholar
Ng, B., Camacho, A., Lara, D. R. et al. (2008). A case series on the hypothesized connection between dementia and bipolar spectrum disorders: bipolar type VI? Journal of Affective Disorders, 107, 307–15.Google Scholar
Nusslock, R. and Frank, E. (2011). Subthreshold bipolarity: diagnostic issues and challenges. Bipolar Disorders, 13, 587–603.Google Scholar
Paris, J. (2012). The Bipolar Spectrum: Diagnosis or Fad? New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Perlis, R. H., Uher, R., Ostacher, M. et al. (2011). Association between bipolar spectrum features and treatment outcomes in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 351–61.Google Scholar
Perugi, G., Angst, J., Azorin, J. M. et al. (2015). Mixed features in patients with a major depressive episode: the BRIDGE-II-MIX study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76, e351–8.Google Scholar
Perugi, G., Hantouche, E. and Vannucchi, G. (2017). Diagnosis and treatment of cyclothymia: the ‘primacy’ of temperament. Current Neuropharmacology, 15, 372–9.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. L. and Kupfer, D. J. (2013). Bipolar disorder diagnosis: Challenges and future directions. Lancet, 381, 1663–71.Google Scholar
Regier, D. A., Narrow, W. E., Clarke, D. E. et al. (2013). DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: test–retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 59–70.Google Scholar
Reid, J. G., Gitlin, M. J. and Altshuler, L. L. (2013). Lamotrigine in psychiatric disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74, 675–84.Google Scholar
Riemann, G., Weisscher, N., Goossens, P. J. et al. (2014). The addition of STEPPS in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder and comorbid borderline personality features: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 172.Google Scholar
Ripoll, L. H. (2012). Clinical psychopharmacology of borderline personality disorder: an update on the available evidence in light of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–5. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25, 52–8.Google Scholar
Robins, E. and Guze, S. B. (1970). Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 983–7.Google Scholar
Röttig, D., Röttig, S., Brieger, P. and Marneros, A. (2007). Temperament and personality in bipolar I patients with and without mixed episodes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 104, 97–102.Google Scholar
Rózsa, S., Rihmer, Z., Gonda, X. et al. (2008). A study of affective temperaments in Hungary: internal consistency and concurrent validity of the TEMPS-A against the TCI and NEO-PI-R. Journal of Affective Disorders, 106, 45–53.Google Scholar
Schneck, C. D., Chang, K. D., Singh, M. K. et al. (2017). A pharmacologic algorithm for youth who are at high risk for bipolar disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 27, 796–805.Google Scholar
Serra, G., Koukopoulos, A., De Chiara, L. et al. (2015). Features preceding diagnosis of bipolar versus major depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 134–42.Google Scholar
Sit, D. K., McGowan, J., Wiltrout, C., et al. (2017). Adjunctive bright light therapy for bipolar depression: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16101200.Google Scholar
Soloff, P. H., George, A., Nathan, R. S. et al. (1987). Behavioral dyscontrol in borderline patients treated with amitriptyline. Psychopharmacol Bulletin, 23, 177–81.Google Scholar
Soloff, P. H., George, A., Nathan, R. S. et al. (1986). Paradoxical effects of amitriptyline on borderline patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1603–5.Google Scholar
Stahl, S. M., Morrissette, D. A., Faedda, G., et al. (2017). Guidelines for the recognition and management of mixed depression. CNS Spectrums, 22, 203–19.Google Scholar
Stoffers, J., Völlm, B. A., Rücker, G. et al. (2010). Pharmacological interventions for borderline personality disorder. The Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, 6, CD005653.Google Scholar
Strober, M. and Carlson, G. (1982). Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: clinical, genetic, and psychopharmacologic predictors in a three- to four-year prospective followup investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 549–55.Google Scholar
Takeshima, M. and Oka, T. (2013). A comprehensive analysis of features that suggest bipolarity in patients with a major depressive episode: which is the best combination to predict soft bipolarity diagnosis? Journal of Affective Disorders, 147, 150–5.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. A. and Abrams, R. (1980a). Reassessing the bipolar–unipolar dichotomy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2, 195–217.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. A., Abrams, R. and Hayman, M. A. (1980b). The classification of affective disorders – a reassessment of the bipolar–unipolar dichotomy. A clinical, laboratory, and family study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2, 95–109.Google Scholar
Tondo, L., Baldessarini, R. J., Vázquez, G. et al. (2013). Clinical responses to antidepressants among 1036 acutely depressed patients with bipolar or unipolar major affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 127, 355–64.Google Scholar
Vázquez, G. H., Kahn, C., Schiavo, C. E. et al. (2008). Bipolar disorders and affective temperaments: a national family study testing the ‘endophenotype’ and ‘subaffective’ theses using the TEMPS-A Buenos Aires. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108, 25–32.Google Scholar
Vázquez, G. H., Lolich, M., Cabrera, C. et al. (2018). Mixed symptoms in major depressive and bipolar disorders: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 756–60.Google Scholar
Vázquez, G. H., Tondo, L., Mazzarini, L. and Gonda, X. (2012). Affective temperaments in general population: a review and combined analysis from national studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 139, 18–22.Google Scholar
Vöhringer, P. A., Whitham, E. A., Thommi, S. B. et al. (2012). Affective temperaments in clinical practice: a validation study in mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 577–80.Google Scholar
Walsh, M. A., Royal, A. M., Barrantes-Vidal, N. et al. (2012). The association of affective temperaments with impairment and psychopathology in a young adult sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141, 373–81.Google Scholar
Woo, Y. S., Shim, I. H., Wang, H. R. et al. (2015). A diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder predicts diagnostic conversion from unipolar depression to bipolar disorder: a 5-year retrospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 83–8.Google Scholar
Zaravinos-Tsakos, P., Kupka, R. and Draisma, S. (2017). The Bipolarity Index: exploring the dimensional profile of diagnostic confidence. International Society of Bipolar Disorders Annual Meeting (Poster Presentation).Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Galione, J. N., Ruggero, C. J. et al. (2011). Are screening scales for bipolar disorder good enough to be used in clinical practice? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52, 600–6.Google Scholar

References

Angst, J. (1988). The emerging epidemiology of hypomania and bipolar II disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 50, 143–51.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Gamma, A., Benazzi, F. et al. (2003). Toward a re-definition of sub-threshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for Bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 133–46.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Gamma, A. Bowden, C. L. et al. (2012). Diagnostic criteria for bipolarity based on an international sample of 5,635 patients with DSM-IV major depressive episodes. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 262, 3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Rasgon, . , N. et al. (2011). Decreasing the minimum length criterion for an episode of hypomania: evaluation using self-reported data from patients with bipolar disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 261, 341–7.Google Scholar
Bora, E. and Pantelis, C. (2012). The neurobiology of bipolar II disorder. In Bipolar II Disorder. Modelling, Measuring and Managing, ed. Parker, G. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 89–99.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. (2000). Plato versus Aristotle: categorical and dimensional models for common mental disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 8–13.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K., Jamison, K. R. (2007). Manic-depressive Illness. Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression. Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Williams, J. B. W., Spitzer, R. L. et al. (2000). Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1873–5.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J. et al. (2003). A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of bipolar II disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 261–9.Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. (1989). Clinical validity. In: The Validity of Psychiatric Diagnosis, ed. Robins, L. N. and Barrett, J. N.. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
McCaw, S. and Parker, G. (2016). The comparative short-term outcome of bipolar II disorder patients variably meeting or not meeting DSM-5 duration criteria following lamotrigine treatment. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30, 554–8.Google Scholar
Mitchell, P. B., Goodwin, G. M., Johnson, G. F. et al. (2008). Diagnostic guidelines for bipolar depression: a probabilistic approach. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 144–52.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (2000). Classifying depression: should paradigms lost be regained? American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1195–203.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (2007). How low do we go? Is duration of a ‘high’ integral to the definition of bipolar disorder? Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 19, 38–44.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (2014). The suprasensory world of bipolar II disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 614–15.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (2016). The clinical diagnosis of bipolar depression. In Bipolar Depression: Molecular Neurobiology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Pharmacotherapy, ed. Zarate, C. A. Jr and Manji, H. K.. 2nd ed. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.Google Scholar
Parker, G. and Fletcher, K. (2014). Differentiating bipolar I and II disorders and the likely contribution of DSM-5 classification to their cleavage. Journal of Affective Disorders, 152, 57–64.Google Scholar
Parker, G. and Paterson, A. (2017). Should the bipolar disorders be modelled dimensionally or categorically? In The Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Integrative Clinical Strategies and Future Directions, ed. Carvalho, A. F. and Vieta, E., Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Graham, R. and Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2016). Are the bipolar disorders best modelled categorically or dimensionally? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 134, 104–10.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. and Tully, L. (2006). Distinguishing bipolar and unipolar disorders: an isomer model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 96, 67–73.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Fletcher, K., Barrett, B. et al. (2008). Screening for bipolar disorder; the utility and comparative properties of the MSS and MDQ measures. Journal of Affective Disorders, 109, 83–9.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Graham, R., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. et al. (2012). Further examination of the utility and comparative properties of the MSQ and MDQ bipolar screening measures. Journal of Affective Disorders, 138, 104–9.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Graham, R., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. et al. (2013). Differentiation of bipolar I and II disorders by examining for differences in severity of manic/hypomanic symptoms and the presence or absence of psychosis during that phase. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150, 941–7.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Graham, R., Synnott, H. et al. (2014). Is the DSM-duration criterion valid for the definition of hypomania? Journal of Affective Disorders, 156, 87–91.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Paterson, A., Graham, R. et al. (2017). Altered sensory phenomena experienced by those with a bipolar disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 1146–50.Google Scholar

References

Akiskal, H. S., Akiskal, K. K., Lancrenon, S., et al. (2006). Validating the bipolar spectrum in the French National EPIDEP Study: overview of the phenomenology and relative prevalence of its clinical prototypes. Journal of Affective Disorders, 96, 197–205.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. and Benazzi, F. (2005). Optimizing the detection of bipolar II disorder in outpatient private practice: toward a systematization of clinical diagnostic wisdom. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 914–21.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S. and Pinto, O. (1999). The evolving bipolar spectrum. Prototypes I, II, III, and IV. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22, 517–34.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Angst, J. (2006). Do many patients with depression suffer from bipolar disorder? The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 3–5.Google Scholar
Angst, J. (2013). Bipolar disorders in DSM-5: strengths, problems and perspectives. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 1, 12.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Adolfsson, R., Benazzi, F., et al. (2005). The HCL-32: towards a self-assessment tool for hypomanic symptoms in outpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 88, 217–33.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Azorin, J. M., Bowden, C. L., et al. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of undiagnosed bipolar disorders in patients with a major depressive episode: the BRIDGE study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 791–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angst, J., Ganna, A., Benazzi, F., et al. (2003). Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 133–46.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Ganna, A., Bowden, C. L., et al. (2012). Diagnostic criteria for bipolarity based on an international sample of 5,635 patients with DSM-IV major depressive episodes. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 262, 3–11.Google Scholar
Baethge, C., Salvatore, P. and Baldessarini, R. J. (2003). Cyclothymia, a circular mood disorder. History of Psychiatry, 14, 377–99.Google Scholar
Baldessarini, R. J., Tondo, L., Floris, G. et al. (2000). Effects of rapid cycling on response to lithium maintenance treatment in 360 bipolar I and II disorder patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 13–22.Google Scholar
Benazzi, F. (2004). Bipolar II disorder family history using the family history screen: findings and clinical implications. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45, 77–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benazzi, F. (2007). Bipolar II disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs, 21, 727–40.Google Scholar
Birnbaum, H. G., Shi, L., Dial, E., et al. (2003). Economic consequences of not recognizing bipolar disorder patients: a cross-sectional descriptive analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 1201–9.Google Scholar
Bobo, W. V., Na, P. J., Geske, J. R., et al. (2018). The relative influence of individual risk factors for attempted suicide in patients with bipolar I versus bipolar II disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 489–94.Google Scholar
Bora, E., Yucel, M., Pantelis, C., et al. (2011). Meta-analytic review of neurocognition in bipolar II disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 123, 165–74.Google Scholar
Calvo-Perxas, L., Garre-Olmo, J. and Vilalta-Franch, J. (2015). Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of depressive and bipolar disorders in Catalonia (Spain) using DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Affective Disorders, 184, 97–103.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Endicott, J., Maser, J. D., et al. (1995). Long-term stability of polarity distinctions in the affective disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 385–90.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Solomon, D., Turvey, C., et al. (2003). The long-term course of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 914–20.Google Scholar
Crump, C., Sundquist, K., Winkleby, M. A. et al. (2013). Comorbidities and mortality in bipolar disorder: a Swedish national cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 931–9.Google Scholar
Dilsaver, S. C. (2011). An estimate of the minimum economic burden of bipolar I and II disorders in the United States: 2009. Journal of Affective Disorders, 129, 79–83.Google Scholar
Dunner, D. L. (1992). Differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12, 7–12.Google Scholar
Dunner, D. L., Gershon, E. S. and Goodwin, F. K. (1976). Heritable factors in the severity of affective illness. Biological Psychiatry, 11, 31–42.Google Scholar
Fassassi, S., Vandeleur, C., Aubry, J. M., et al. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 bipolar and related disorders and hyperthymic personality in the community. Journal of Affective Disorders, 167, 198–205.Google Scholar
Ferrari, A. J., Norman, R. E., Freedman, G., et al. (2014). The burden attributable to mental and substance use disorders as risk factors for suicide: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PLoS One, 9, e91936.Google Scholar
Ferrari, A. J., Stockings, E., Khoo, J. P., et al. (2016). The prevalence and burden of bipolar disorder: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Bipolar Disorders, 18, 440–50.Google Scholar
Ghaemi, S. N., Hsu, D. J., Soldani, F. et al. (2003). Antidepressants in bipolar disorder: the case for caution. Bipolar Disorders, 5, 421–33.Google Scholar
Ghaemi, S. N., Ko, J. Y. and Goodwin, F. K. (2002). ‘Cade's disease’ and beyond: misdiagnosis, antidepressant use, and a proposed definition for bipolar spectrum disorder. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 125–34.Google Scholar
Goldberg, J. F., Harrow, M. and Whitewide, J. E. (2001). Risk for bipolar illness in patients initially hospitalized for unipolar depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1265–70.Google Scholar
Goldstein, B. I., Liu, S. M., Zivkovic, N., et al. (2011). The burden of obesity among adults with bipolar disorder in the United States. Bipolar Disorders, 13, 387–95.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K. and Jamison, K.R. (1990). Manic Depressive Illness, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Greenwood, T. A. (2017). Positive traits in the bipolar spectrum: the space between madness and genius. Molecular Neuropsychiatry, 2, 198–212.Google Scholar
Hantouche, E. G., Akiskal, H. S., Lancrenon, S., et al. (1998). Systematic clinical methodology for validating bipolar-II disorder: data in mid-stream from a French national multi-site study (EPIDEP). Journal of Affective Disorders, 50, 163–73.Google Scholar
Hasin, D. S. and Grant, B. F. (2015). The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Waves 1 and 2: review and summary of findings. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50, 1609–40.Google Scholar
Hayes, J. F., Miles, J., Walters, K., et al. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis of premature mortality in bipolar affective disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 131, 417–25.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M. and Vornik, L. A. (2004). Recognition and diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65 Suppl. 15, 5–9.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M. and Vornik, L. A. (2005). Bipolar disorder – costs and comorbidity. The American Journal of Managed Care, 11, 85–90.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L. and Akiskal, H. S. (2003). The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 123–31.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J., et al. (2003a). A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of bipolar II disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 261–9.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J., et al. (2005). Psychosocial disability in the course of bipolar I and II disorders: a prospective, comparative, longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1322–30.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Schettler, P. J., Akiskal, H. S., et al. (2003b). Long-term symptomatic status of bipolar I vs. bipolar II disorders. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 6, 127–37.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Schettler, P. J., Solomon, D. A., et al. (2008). Psychosocial disability and work role function compared across the long-term course of bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar major depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108, 49–58.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., Akiskal, H. S., Ames, M., et al. (2006). Prevalence and effects of mood disorders on work performance in a nationally representative sample of U.S. workers. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1561–8.Google Scholar
Koukopoulos, A. (2003). Ewald Hecker's description of cyclothymia as a cyclical mood disorder: its relevance to the modern concept of bipolar II. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 199–205.Google Scholar
Krishnan, K. R. (2005). Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of bipolar disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 1–8.Google Scholar
Kupfer, D. J. (2005). The increasing medical burden in bipolar disorder. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 2528–30.Google Scholar
Kupka, R. W., Altshuler, L. L., Nolen, W. A., et al. (2007). Three times more days depressed than manic or hypomanic in both bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 531–5.Google Scholar
Li, J., McCombs, J. S. and Stimmel, G. L. (2002). Cost of treating bipolar disorder in the California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) program. Journal of Affective Disorders, 71, 131–9.Google Scholar
Mackinnon, D. F. and Pies, R. (2006). Affective instability as rapid cycling: theoretical and clinical implications for borderline personality and bipolar spectrum disorders. Bipolar Disorders, 8, 1–14.Google Scholar
McCombs, J. S., Ahn, J., Tencer, T., et al. (2007). The impact of unrecognized bipolar disorders among patients treated for depression with antidepressants in the fee-for-services California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) program: a 6-year retrospective analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 97, 171–9.Google Scholar
McElroy, S. L., Altshuler, L. L., Suppes, T., et al. (2001). Axis I psychiatric comorbidity and its relationship to historical illness variables in 288 patients with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 420–6.Google Scholar
McIntyre, R. S., Soczynska, J. K., Cha, D. S., et al. H. (2015). The prevalence and illness characteristics of DSM-5-defined ‘mixed feature specifier’ in adults with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: results from the International Mood Disorders Collaborative Project. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 259–64.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R., Akiskal, H. S., Angst, J., et al. (2007). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 543–52.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R., Jin, R., He, J. P., et al. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 241–51.Google Scholar
Novick, D. M., Swartz, H. A. and Frank, E. (2010). Suicide attempts in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Bipolar Disorders, 12, 1–9.Google Scholar
Pallaskorpi, S., Suominen, K., Ketokivi, M., et al. (2017). Incidence and predictors of suicide attempts in bipolar I and II disorders: a 5-year follow-up study. Bipolar Disorders, 19, 13–22.Google Scholar
Perugi, G., Angst, J., Azorin, J. M., et al. (2013). Is comorbid borderline personality disorder in patients with major depressive episode and bipolarity a developmental subtype? Findings from the international BRIDGE study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 144, 72–8.Google Scholar
Perugi, G., Angst, J., Azorin, J. M. (2016). Relationships between mixed features and borderline personality disorder in 2811 patients with major depressive episode. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 133–43.Google Scholar
Rihmer, Z. and Pestality, P. (1999). Bipolar II disorder and suicidal behaviour. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22, 667–73, ix–x.Google Scholar
Rosenbluth, M., Macqueen, G., McIntyre, R. S., et al. (2012). The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid personality disorders. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 24, 56–68.Google Scholar
Roshanaei-Moghaddam, B. and Katon, W. (2009). Premature mortality from general medical illnesses among persons with bipolar disorder: a review. Psychiatric Services, 60, 147–56.Google Scholar
Simon, N. M., Otto, M. W., Weiss, R. D., et al. (2004). Pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder and comorbid conditions: baseline data from STEP-BD. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24, 512–20.Google Scholar
Soares, O. T., Moreno, D. H., Moura, E. C., et al. (2010). Reliability and validity of a Brazilian version of the Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) compared to the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 32, 416–23.Google Scholar
Sole, B., Bonnin, C. M., Torrent, C., et al. (2012). Neurocognitive impairment and psychosocial functioning in bipolar II disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125, 309–17.Google Scholar
Sole, B., Martinez-Aran, A., Torrent, C., et al. (2011). Are bipolar II patients cognitively impaired? A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1791–1803.Google Scholar
Srivastava, S. and Ketter, T. A. (2010). The link between bipolar disorders and creativity: evidence from personality and temperament studies. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12, 522–30.Google Scholar
Suppes, T., Mintz, J., McElroy, S. L., et al. (2005). Mixed hypomania in 908 patients with bipolar disorder evaluated prospectively in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Network: a sex-specific phenomenon. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1089–96.Google Scholar
Swann, A. C. (2011). Antisocial personality and bipolar disorder: interactions in impulsivity and course of illness. Neuropsychiatry (London), 1, 599–610.Google Scholar
Tafalla, M., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Dez, T., et al. (2009). Screening for bipolar disorder in a Spanish sample of outpatients with current major depressive episode. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114, 299–304.Google Scholar
Tondo, L., Lepri, B. and Baldessarini, R. J. (2007). Suicidal risks among 2826 Sardinian major affective disorder patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 116, 419–28.Google Scholar
Torrent, C., Martinez-Aran, A., Daban, C., et al. (2006). Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 254–9.Google Scholar
Valtonen, H., Suominen, K., Mantere, O., et al. (2005). Suicidal ideation and attempts in bipolar I and II disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 1456–62.Google Scholar
Valtonen, H., Suominen, K., Haukka, J., et al. (2008). Differences in incidence of suicide attempts during phases of bipolar I and II disorders. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 588–96.Google Scholar
Vieta, E., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Bulbena, A., et al. (2007). Cross validation with the mood disorder questionnaire (MDQ) of an instrument for the detection of hypomania in Spanish: the 32 item hypomania symptom check list (HCL-32). Journal of Affective Disorders, 101, 43–55.Google Scholar
Wingo, A.P., Baldessarini, R.J., Holtzheimer, P.E., et al. (2010). Factors associated with functional recovery in bipolar disorder patients. Bipolar Disorders, 12(3), 319–26Google Scholar
Yatham, L. N. (2005). Diagnosis and management of patients with bipolar II disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66 Suppl. 1, 13–17.Google Scholar
Zhao, Z., Okusaga, O. O., Quevedo, J., et al. (2016). The potential association between obesity and bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 202, 120–3.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. and Morgan, T. A. (2013). Problematic boundaries in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder: the interface with borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15, 422.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Ruggero, C. J., Chelminski, I., et al. (2008). Is bipolar disorder overdiagnosed? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 935–40.Google Scholar

References

Amerio, A., Tonna, M., Odone, A. et al. (2016). Course of illness in comorbid bipolar disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder patients. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 20, 12–14.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Gamma, A., Bowden, C. L. et al. (2013). Evidence-based definitions of bipolar-I and bipolar-II disorders among 5,635 patients with major depressive episodes in the Bridge Study: validity and comorbidity. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 263, 663–73.Google Scholar
Bobo, W. V., Na, P. J., Geske, J. R. et al. (2018). The relative influence of individual risk factors for attempted suicide in patients with bipolar I versus bipolar II disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, S489–94.Google Scholar
Boulanger, H., Tebeka, S., Girod, C. et al. (2018). Binge eating behaviours in bipolar disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 482–8.Google Scholar
Brieger, P. (2000). Comorbidity in bipolar disorder. In ed. Marneros, A, Angst, J. Bipolar Disorders: 100 Years After Manic Depressive Insanity. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 215–19.Google Scholar
Cerullo, M. A. and Strakowski, S. M. (2007). The prevalence and significance of substance use disorders in bipolar type I and II disorder. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 2, 29.Google Scholar
Chen, M. H., Su, T. P., Chen, Y. S. et al. (2013). Higher risk of developing mood disorders among adolescents with comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behaviour disorder: a nationwide prospective study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 1019–23.Google Scholar
Etain, B., Lajnef, M., Bellivier, F. et al. (2012). Clinical expression of bipolar disorder type I as a function of age and polarity at onset: convergent findings in samples from France and the United States. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73, e561–6.Google Scholar
Etain, B., Mathieu, F., Liquet, S. et al. (2013). Clinical features associated with trait-impulsiveness in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 144, 240–7.Google Scholar
Eyers, K. and Parker, G. (2008). Mastering Bipolar Disorder: An Insider's to Managing Mood Swings and Finding Balance. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K. and Jamison, K. R. (2007). Manic-Depressive Illness. Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kutcher, S. (2000). Adolescent-onset bipolar illness. In: ed. Marneros, A., Angst, J.. Bipolar Disorders: 100 Years After Manic Depressive Insanity. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 139–52.Google Scholar
Lan, W.-H., Bai, Y.-M., Hsu, J.-W. et al. (2015). Comorbidity of ADHD and suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder: a nationwide longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders,15, S171–5.Google Scholar
Lev-Ran, S., Le Foll, B., McKenzie, K. et al. (2013). Bipolar disorder and co-occurring cannabis use disorders: characteristics, co-morbidities and clinical correlates. Psychiatry Research, 209, 459–65.Google Scholar
Luby, J. L. and Navsaria, N. (2010). Pediatric bipolar disorder: evidence for prodromal states and early markers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 459–71.Google Scholar
McElroy, S. L., Frye, M. A., Hellemann, G. et al. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in 875 patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 128, 191–8.Google Scholar
McElroy, S. L., Crow, S., Blom, T. J. et al. (2016). Clinical features of bipolar spectrum with binge eating behaviour. Journal of Affective Disorders, 201, 95–8.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R., Akiskal, H. S., Angst, J. et al. (2007). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 543–52.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R., Jin, R., He, J.-P., et al. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world health survey initiative. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 241–51.Google Scholar
Müller, D. J. and Kennedy, J. L. (2005). Recent advances in genetics of bipolar disorder. In: ed. McDonald, C., Schulze, K., Murray, R. M., and Tohen, M. Bipolar Disorder: The Upswing in Research and Treatment. London: Taylor and Francis, 77–92.Google Scholar
Paris, J., Gunderson, J. and Weinberg, I. (2007). The interface between borderline personality disorder and bipolar spectrum disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 145–54.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (2008). In high spirits. Some links between alcohol use and bipolar disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 1075–6.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1994). Comorbidity: meanings and mechanisms. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 1, 100–3.Google Scholar
Serra, G., Koukopoulos, A., De Chiara, L. et al. (2015). Features preceding diagnosis of bipolar versus major depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 134–42.Google Scholar
van Hulzen, K. J. E., Scholz, C. J., Franke, B. et al. (2017). Genetic overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder: evidence from genome-wide association study meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 82, 634–41.Google Scholar
Woldeyohannes, H. O., Soczynska, J. K., Maruschak, N. A. et al. (2016). Binge eating in adults with mood disorders: results from the International Mood Disorders Collaborative Project. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 10, 531–43.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Galione, J. N., Chelminski, I. et al. (2011). Psychiatric diagnoses in patients who screen positive on the Mood Disorders Questionnaire: implications for using the scale as a case-finding instrument for bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research, 185, 444–9.Google Scholar

References

Akiskal, H. S., Maser, J. D., Zeller, P. J. et al. (1995). Switching from ‘unipolar’ to bipolar II: an 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 114–23.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., Akiskal, K. K., Haykal, R. F. et al. (2005). TEMPS-A: progress towards validation of a self-rated clinical version of the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 3–16.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., Hirschfeld, R. M. and Yerevanian, B. I. (1983). The relationship of personality to affective disorders: a critical review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 801–10.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., Kilzieh, N., Maser, J. D. et al. (2006). The distinct temperament profiles of BP I, BP II, and UP patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 92, 19–33.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Azorin, J. M., Bowden, C. L. et al. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of undiagnosed bipolar disorders in patients with a major depressive episode: the BRIDGE study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 791–9.Google Scholar
Barnett, J. H., Huang, J., Perlis, R. H. et al. (2011). Personality and bipolar disorder: dissecting state and trait associations between mood and personality. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1593–1604.Google Scholar
Bensaeed, S., Jolfaei, A. G., Jomehri, F. et al. (2014). Comparison of temperament and character in major depressive disorder versus BP II disorder. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, 8, 28.Google Scholar
Bowden, C. L., (2005). A different depression: clinical distinctions between bipolar and UP depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 84, 117–25.Google Scholar
Boyce, P., Parker, G., Barnett, B. et al. (1991). Personality as a vulnerability factor to depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 106–14.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., Watson, D. and Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 103–16.Google Scholar
Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., Svrakic, D. M. et al. (1994). The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A guide to its development and use. St Louis, MO: Centre for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T. and MacCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Incorporated.Google Scholar
Engström, C., Brändström, S., Sigvardsson, S. et al. (2004). Bipolar disorder: I. Temperament and character. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 131–4.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. and Eysenck, S.G.B. (1965). The Eysenck Personality Inventory. British Journal of Educational Studies, 14, 140.Google Scholar
Fletcher, K., Parker, G., Barrett, M. et al. (2012). Temperament and personality in BP II disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, 304–9.Google Scholar
Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative ‘description of personality’: the big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K. and Jamison, K. R. (2007). Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression (Vol. 1). USA: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hecht, H., van Calker, D., Berger, M. et al. (1998). Personality in patients with affective disorders and their relatives. Journal of Affective Disorders, 51, 33–43.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M., Klerman, G. L., Clayton, P. J., et al. (1983). Assessing personality: effects of the depressive state on trait measurement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 695–9.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M., Klerman, G. L., Lavori, P. et al. (1989). Premorbid personality assessments of first onset of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 345–50.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Klerman, G. L., Keller, M. B. et al. (1986). Personality of recovered patients with bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 11, 81–9.Google Scholar
Izci, F., Findikli, E. K., Zincir, S. et al. (2016). The differences in temperament–character traits, suicide attempts, impulsivity, and functionality levels of patients with bipolar disorder I and II. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 177.Google Scholar
Janowsky, D. S., Morter, S., Hong, L. et al. (1999). Myers Briggs Type Indicator and Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire differences between bipolar patients and UP depressed patients. Bipolar Disorders, 1, 98–108.Google Scholar
Jylhä, P., Mantere, O., Melartin, T. et al. (2010). Differences in neuroticism and extraversion between patients with BP I or II and general population subjects or major depressive disorder patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125, 42–52.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Gatz, M., Gardner, C. O. et al. (2006). Personality and major depression: a Swedish longitudinal, population-based twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1113–20.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C. et al. (1993). A longitudinal twin study of personality and major depression in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 853–62.Google Scholar
Kim, B., Lim, J. H., Kim, S. Y. et al. (2012). Comparative study of personality traits in patients with BP I and II disorder from the five-factor model perspective. Psychiatry Investigation, 9, 347–53.Google Scholar
Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F. et al. (2010). Linking ‘big’ personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 768–821.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1921). Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia. Edinburgh: E&S Livingstone.Google Scholar
Lövdahl, H., Bøen, E., Falkum, E. et al. (2010). Temperament and character in patients with bipolar II disorder and recurrent brief depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51, 607–17.Google Scholar
Lozano, B. E. and Johnson, S. L. (2001). Can personality traits predict increases in manic and depressive symptoms? Journal of Affective Disorders, 63, 103–11.Google Scholar
McGrath, B. M., Wessels, P. H., Bell, E. C. et al. (2004). Neurobiological findings in BP II disorder compared with findings in BP I disorder. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 794–801.Google Scholar
Mitchell, P. B., Goodwin, G. M., Johnson, G. F. et al. (2008). Diagnostic guidelines for bipolar depression: a probabilistic approach. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 144–52.Google Scholar
Mula, M., Pini, S., Monteleone, P. et al. (2008). Different temperament and character dimensions correlate with panic disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 1421–6.Google Scholar
Nowakowska, C., Strong, C. M., Santosa, C. M. et al. (2005). Temperamental commonalities and differences in euthymic mood disorder patients, creative controls, and healthy controls. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 207–15.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Parker, K., Malhi, G. et al. (2004). Studying personality characteristics in bipolar depressed subjects: how comparator group selection can dictate results. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 376–82.Google Scholar
Peselow, E. D. and Fieve, R. R. (1995). Relationship between hypomania and personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1, 233.Google Scholar
Pfennig, A., Leopold, K., Ritter, P. et al. (2017). Longitudinal changes in the antecedent and early manifest course of bipolar disorder—A narrative review of prospective studies. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 509–23.Google Scholar
Rodgers, B. (1990). Behaviour and personality in childhood as predictors of adult psychiatric disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 393–414.Google Scholar
Sasayama, D., Hori, H., Teraishi, T. et al. (2011). Difference in temperament and character inventory scores between depressed patients with bipolar II and unipolar major depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132, 319–24.Google Scholar
Smillie, L. D., Bhairo, Y., Gray, J. et al. (2009). Personality and the bipolar spectrum: normative and classification data for the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 48–53.Google Scholar
Solmi, M., Zaninotto, L., Toffanin, T. et al. (2016). A comparative meta-analysis of TEMPS scores across mood disorder patients, their first-degree relatives, healthy controls, and other psychiatric disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 196, 32–46.Google Scholar
Solomon, D. A., Shea, M. T., Leon, A. C. et al. (1996). Personality traits in subjects with BP I disorder in remission. Journal of Affective Disorders, 40, 41–8.Google Scholar
Sparding, T., Pålsson, E., Joas, E. et al. (2017). Personality traits in bipolar disorder and influence on outcome. BMC Psychiatry, 17, 159–69.Google Scholar
Wu, P. J., Chang, S. M., Lu, M. K. et al. (2012). The profile and familiarity of personality traits in mood disorder families. Journal of Affective Disorders, 138, 367–74.Google Scholar
Zaninotto, L., Solmi, M., Toffanin, T. et al. (2016). A meta-analysis of temperament and character dimensions in patients with mood disorders: comparison to healthy controls and unaffected siblings. Journal of Affective Disorders, 194, 84–97.Google Scholar
Zaninotto, L., Souery, D., Calati, R. et al. (2015). Temperament and character profiles in BP I, BP II, and major depressive disorder: impact over illness course, comorbidity pattern and psychopathological features of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 184, 51–9.Google Scholar

References

Akiskal, H. S. (2002). The bipolar spectrum – the shaping of a new paradigm in psychiatry. Current Psychiatry Reports, 4, 1–3.Google Scholar
Akiskal, H. S., Chen, S. E., Davis, G. C. (1985). Borderline: an adjective in search of a noun. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 46, 41–8.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Gamma, A., Benazzi, F. et al. (2003). Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for BP II, minor bipolar disorders, and hypomania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 73, 133–46.Google Scholar
Baer, R. A. and Sauer, S. E. (2011). Relationships between depressive rumination, anger rumination, and borderline personality features. Personality Disorders, 2, 142–50.Google Scholar
Bateman, A. and Fonagy, P. (2004). Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: Mentalization Based Treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bateman, A. and Fonagy, P. (2010). Mentalization based treatment for borderline personality disorder. World Psychiatry, 9, 11–15.Google Scholar
Bayes, A. and Parker, G. (2017). Clinical versus DSM diagnosis of bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder and their co-occurrence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 135, 259–65.Google Scholar
Bayes, A., McClure, G., Fletcher, K. et al. (2016a). Differentiating the bipolar disorders from borderline personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 133, 187–95.Google Scholar
Bayes, A., Parker, G., Fletcher, K. (2014). Clinical differentiation of bipolar II disorder from borderline personality disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27, 14–20.Google Scholar
Bayes, A., Parker, G., McClure, G. (2016b). Emotional dysregulation in those with bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, and their comorbid expression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 204, 103–11.Google Scholar
Benazzi, F. (1999). Gender differences in bipolar II and unipolar depressed outpatients: a 557-case study. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 11, 55–9.Google Scholar
Benazzi, F. (2007). Bipolar disorder – focus on bipolar II disorder and mixed depression. Lancet, 369, 935–945.Google Scholar
Broome, M. R., He, Z., Iftikhar, M. et al. (2015). Neurobiological and behavioural studies of affective instability in clinical populations: a systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 51, 243–54.Google Scholar
Caseras, X., Murphy, K., Lawrence, N. S. et al. (2015). Emotion regulation deficits in euthymic bipolar I versus bipolar II disorder: a functional and diffusion-tensor imaging study. Bipolar Disorders, 17, 461–70.Google Scholar
Chapman, A. L., Specht, M. W., Cellucci, T. (2005). Borderline personality disorder and deliberate self-harm: does experiential avoidance play a role? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35, 388–99.Google Scholar
Coid, J., Yang, M., Tyrer, P. et al. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder in Great Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 423–31.Google Scholar
Cowdry, R. W., Gardner, D. L., O'Leary, K. M. et al. (1991). Mood variability: a study of four groups. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1505–11.Google Scholar
Cristea, I. A., Gentili, C., Cotet, C. D. et al. (2017). Efficacy of psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 319–28.Google Scholar
Das, P., Calhoun, V., Malhi, G. S. (2014). Bipolar and borderline patients display differential patterns of functional connectivity among resting state networks. NeuroImage, 98, 73–81.Google Scholar
Dunner, D. I. and Tay, K. L. (1993). Diagnostic reliability of the history of hypomania in bipolar II patients and patients with major depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 303–7.Google Scholar
Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Kuo, J., Kleindienst, N. et al. (2007). State affective instability in borderline personality disorder assessed by ambulatory monitoring. Psychological Medicine, 37, 961–70.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K. and Jamison, K. R. (2007). Manic Depressive Illness, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271–99.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G. (2011). Borderline personality disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 364, 2037–42.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G. and Links, P. S. (2008). Borderline Personality Disorder: A Clinical Guide. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G. and Phillips, K. A. (1991). A current view of the interface between borderline personality disorder and depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 967–75.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G., Weinberg, I., Daversa, M. T. et al. (2006). Descriptive and longitudinal observations on the relationship of borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1173–8.Google Scholar
Henry, C., Mitropoulou, V., New, A. S. et al. (2001). Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 35, 307–12.Google Scholar
Hollander, E., Allen, A., Lopez, R. P. et al. (2001). A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex sodium in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 199–203.Google Scholar
Hyman, S. E. (2010). The diagnosis of mental disorders: the problem of reification. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 155–79.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J. et al. (2003). A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of bipolar-II disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 261–9.Google Scholar
Kernberg, O. F. and Yeomans, F. E. (2013). Borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder: practical differential diagnosis. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 77, 1–22.Google Scholar
Koenigsberg, H. (2010). Affective instability: toward an integration of neuroscience and psychological perspectives. Journal of Personality Disorders, 24: 60–82.Google Scholar
Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 4–41.Google Scholar
Lawrence, K. A., Allen, J. S., Chanen, A. M. (2010). Impulsivity in borderline personality disorder: reward-based decision-making and its relationship to emotional distress. Journal of Personality Disorders, 24, 786–99.Google Scholar
Leible, T. L. and Snell, W. E. (2004). Borderline personality disorder and multiple aspects of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 393–404.Google Scholar
Lenzenweger, M. F., Lane, M. C., Loranger, A. W. et al. (2007). DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 553–64Google Scholar
Lieb, K., Zanarini, M. C., Schmahl, C. (2004). Borderline personality disorder. Lancet, 364, 453–61.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Dialectical Behavioral Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Links, P. S., Steiner, M., Boiago, I. et al. (1990). Lithium therapy for borderline patients: preliminary findings. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4, 173–81.Google Scholar
Livesley, W. J., Jang, K. L., Jackson, D. N. et al. (1993). Genetic and environmental contributions to dimensions of personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1826–31.Google Scholar
M'Bailara, K., Demotes-Mainard, J., Swendsen, J. et al. (2009). Emotional hyper-reactivity in normothymic bipolar patients. Bipolar Disorders, 11, 63–9.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, D. F. and Pies, R. (2006). Affective instability as rapid cycling: theoretical and clinical implications for borderline personality and bipolar spectrum disorders. Bipolar Disorders, 8, 1–14.Google Scholar
Malhi, G. S., Tanious, M., Fritz, K. et al. (2013). Differential engagement of the fronto-limbic network during emotion processing distinguishes bipolar and borderline personality disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 18, 1247–8.Google Scholar
Martino, D. J., Strejilevich, S. A., Fassi, G. et al. (2011). Theory of mind and facial emotion recognition in euthymic bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Psychiatry Research 189, 379–84Google Scholar
Mazzarini, L., Colom, F., Pacchiarotti, I. et al. (2010). Psychotic versus not psychotic bipolar II disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 126, 55–60.Google Scholar
McDermid, J. and McDermid, R. C. (2016). The complexity of bipolar and borderline personality: an expression of ‘emotional frailty’? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 29, 84–8.Google Scholar
Meares, R., Gerull, F., Stevenson, J. et al. (2011). Is self disturbance the core of borderline personality disorder? An outcome study of borderline personality factors. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 214–22.Google Scholar
Nickel, M. K., Nickel, C., Mitterlehner, F. O. (2004). Topiramate treatment of aggression in female borderline personality disorder patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 1515–19.Google Scholar
Paris, J. (2008). Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Guide to Evidence-Based Practice. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Paris, J. (2015). Overdiagnosis in Psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Paris, J., Gunderson, J. G., Weinberg, I. (2007). The interface between borderline personality disorder and bipolar spectrum disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 145–54.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (2011). Clinical differentiation of bipolar II disorder from personality-based ‘emotional dysregulation’ conditions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133, 16–21.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (2015). Borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder: commentary on Paris and Black. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203, 13–14.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Bayes, A., McClure, G. et al. (2016). Clinical status of comorbid bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 209, 209–15.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Graham, R., Synnott, H. et al. (2014). Is the DSM-5 duration criterion valid for the definition of hypomania? Journal of Affective Disorders, 156, 87–91.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Roy, K., Mitchell, P. et al. (2002). Atypical depression: a reappraisal. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1470–9.Google Scholar
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 768–74.Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S., Abbot, R., Morriss, R. et al. (2006). Sub-syndromal and syndromal symptoms in the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 118–23.Google Scholar
Perugi, G. and Akiskal, H. S. (2002). The soft bipolar spectrum redefined: focus on the cyclothymic, anxious-sensitive, impulse-dyscontrol, and binge-eating connection in bipolar II and related conditions. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25, 713–37.Google Scholar
Perugi, G., Fornaro, M., Akiskal, H. S. (2011). Are atypical depression, borderline personality disorder, and bipolar II disorder overlapping manifestations of a common cyclothymic diathesis? World Psychiatry, 10, 45–51.Google Scholar
Renaud, S., Corbalan, F., Beaulieu, S. (2012). Differential diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder type II and borderline personality disorder: analysis of the affective dimension. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 952–61.Google Scholar
Robins, E. and Guze, S. B. (1970). Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 983–7.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, M. Z., Cheavens, J. S., Lejuez, C. W. et al. (2005). Thought suppression mediates the relationship between negative affect and borderline personality disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1173–85.Google Scholar
Ruggero, C. J., Zimmerman, M., Chelminski, I. et al. (2010). Borderline personality disorder and the misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44, 405–8.Google Scholar
Russell, J., Moskowitz, D., Sookman, D. et al. (2007). Affective instability in patients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 578–88.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (2006). Genes and Behavior: Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained. London, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Selby, E. A. and Joiner, T. E. (2009). Cascades of emotion: the emergence of borderline personality disorder from emotional and behavioral dysregulation. Review of General Psychology, 13, 219.Google Scholar
Silvers, J. A., Hubbard, A. D., Biggs, E. et al. (2016). Affective lability and difficulties with regulation are differentially associated with amygdala and prefrontal response in women with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 254, 74–82.Google Scholar
Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Pfohl, B. et al. (2002). The borderline diagnosis I: psychopathology, comorbidity, and personality structure. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 936–50.Google Scholar
Smith, D. J. and Ghaemi, S. N. (2006). Hypomania in clinical practice. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 12, 110–20.Google Scholar
Stoffers, J., Völlm, B. A., Rücker, G. et al. (2010). Pharmacological interventions for borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD005653. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD005653.pub2Google Scholar
Suppes, T., Mintz, J., McElroy, S. L. et al. (2005). Mixed hypomania in 908 patients with bipolar disorder evaluated prospectively in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Network: a sex-specific phenomenon. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62,1089–96.Google Scholar
Suvak, M. K., Litz, B. T., Sloan, D. M. et al. (2011). Emotional granularity and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 414–26.Google Scholar
Swann, A. C., Anderson, J. C., Dougherty, D. M. et al. (2001). Measurement of inter-episode impulsivity in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research, 101, 195–7.Google Scholar
Tritt, K., Nickel, C., Lahmann, C. (2005). Lamotrigine treatment of aggression in female borderline patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 19, 287–91.Google Scholar
Van Rheenen, T. E., Murray, G., Rossell, S. L. (2015). Emotion regulation in bipolar disorder: profile and utility in predicting trait mania and depression propensity. Psychiatry Research, 225, 425–32.Google Scholar
White, C. N., Gunderson, J. G., Zanarini, M. C. et al. (2003). Family studies of borderline personality disorder: a review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12, 118–19.Google Scholar
Wilson, S. T., Stanley, B., Oquendo, M. A. et al. (2007). Comparing impulsiveness, hostility, and depression in borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 1533–9.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C., Frankenburg, F. R., Hennen, J. et al. (2003). The longitudinal course of borderline psychopathology: 6 year prospective follow-up of the phenomenology of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 274–83.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. (2016). Improving recognition of borderline personality disorder in a bipolar world. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30, 320–35.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. and Morgan, T. A. (2013). Problematic boundaries in the diagnosis of bipolar disorder: the interface with borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15, 422–30.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Galione, J. N., Ruggero, C. J. et al. (2010). Screening for bipolar disorder and finding borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 1212–7.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Ruggero, C. J., Chelminski, I. (2008). Is bipolar disorder overdiagnosed? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 935–40.Google Scholar

References

Abé, C., Ekman, C. J., Sellgren, C. et al. (2016). Cortical thickness, volume, and surface area in patients with bipolar disorder types I and II. Journal Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 41, 240–50.Google Scholar
Altshuler, L. L., Curran, J. G., Hauser, P. et al. (1995). T2 hyperintensities in bipolar disorder: magnetic resonance imaging comparison and literature meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1139–44.Google Scholar
Ambrosi, E., Rossi-Espagnet, M. C., Kotzalidis, G. D. et al. (2013). Structural brain alterations in bipolar disorder II: a combined voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150, 610–15.Google Scholar
Ambrosi, E., Chiapponi, C., Sani, G. et al (2016). White matter microstructural characteristics in Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 189, 176–83.Google Scholar
Arts, B., Jabben, N., Krabbendam, L. et al. (2008). Meta-analyses of cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives. Psychological Medicine, 38, 771–85.Google Scholar
Atagün, M. İ., Şıkoğlu, E. M., Soykan, Ç. et al. (2017). Perisylvian GABA levels in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuroscience Letters, 637, 70–74.Google Scholar
Bai, Y. M., Su, T. P., Tsai, S. J. et al. (2014). Comparison of inflammatory cytokine levels among type I/type II and manic/hypomanic/euthymic/depressive states of bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 166, 187–92.Google Scholar
Berk, M., Conus, P., Kapczinski, F. et al. (2010). From neuroprogression to neuroprotection: implications for clinical care. Medical Journal of Australia, 193, S36–40.Google Scholar
Berns, G. S., Martin, M., and Proper, S. M. (2002). Limbic hyperreactivity in bipolar II disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 304–6.Google Scholar
Bersani, F. S., Minichino, A., Fattapposta, F. et al. (2015). P300 component in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder type I, bipolar disorder type II and healthy controls: a preliminary event-related potential study. Neuroreport, 26, 206–10.Google Scholar
Beyer, J. L., Young, R., Kuchibhatla, M., Krishnan, K. R. (2009). Hyperintense MRI lesions in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis and review. International Review of Psychiatry, 21, 394–409.Google Scholar
Bora, E. (2015). Developmental trajectory of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: comparison with schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 158–68.Google Scholar
Bora, E. (2018). Neurocognitive features in clinical subgroups of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 229, 125–34.Google Scholar
Bora, E. and Pantelis, C. (2011). Structural trait markers of bipolar disorder: disruption of white matter integrity and localized gray matter abnormalities in anterior fronto-limbic regions. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 299–300.Google Scholar
Bora, E., Bartholomeusz, C. and Pantelis, C. (2016b). Meta-analysis of Theory of Mind (ToM) impairment in bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine, 46, 253–64.Google Scholar
Bora, E., Fornito, A., Yücel, M. et al. (2010). Voxelwise meta-analysis of gray matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 1097–105.Google Scholar
Bora, E., Hıdıroğlu, C., Özerdem, A. et al. (2016a). Executive dysfunction and cognitive subgroups in a large sample of euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 26, 1338–47.Google Scholar
Bora, E., Yücel, M., and Pantelis, C. (2009). Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives. Journal of Affective Disorders, 113, 1–20.Google Scholar
Bora, E., Yücel, M., and Pantelis, C. (2010). Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and affective psychoses: implications for DSM-V criteria and beyond. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 36–42.Google Scholar
Bora, E., Yücel, M., Pantelis, C. et al. (2011). Meta-analytic review of neurocognition in bipolar II disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanivica, 123, 165–74.Google Scholar
Bourne, C., Aydemir, Ö., Balanzá-Martínez, V. et al. (2013) Neuropsychological testing of cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar disorder: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 128, 149–62.Google Scholar
Brambilla, P., Bellani, M., Yeh, P. H. et al. (2009). White matter connectivity in bipolar disorder. International Review of Psychiatry, 21, 380–6.Google Scholar
Brandt, C. L., Eichele, T., Melle, I. et al. (2014). Working memory networks and activation patterns in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: comparison with healthy controls. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204, 290–8.Google Scholar
Brooks, J. O. 3rd, Vizueta, N., Penfold, C. et al (2015). Prefrontal hypoactivation during working memory in bipolar II depression. Psychological Medicine, 45, 1731–40.Google Scholar
Brooks, J. O. 3rd., Bearden, C. E., Hoblyn, J. C. et al. (2010). Prefrontal and paralimbic metabolic dysregulation related to sustained attention in euthymic older adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 12, 866–74.Google Scholar
Brown, N. C., Andreazza, A. C. and Young, L. T. (2014). An updated meta-analysis of oxidative stress markers in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research, 218, 61–8.Google Scholar
Cabranes, J. A., Ancín, I., Santos, J. L. et al. (2013). P50 sensory gating is a trait marker of the bipolar spectrum. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 721–7.Google Scholar
Cannon, D. M., Ichise, M., Fromm, S. J. et al. (2006). Serotonin transporter binding in bipolar disorder assessed using [11C]DASB and positron emission tomography. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 207–17.Google Scholar
Caseras, X., Lawrence, N. S., Murphy, K. et al. (2013). Ventral striatum activity in response to reward: differences between bipolar I and II disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 533–41.Google Scholar
Caseras, X., Murphy, K., Lawrence, N. S. et al. (2015). Emotion regulation deficits in euthymic bipolar I versus bipolar II disorder: a functional and diffusion-tensor imaging study. Bipolar Disorders, 17, 461–70.Google Scholar
Charney, A. W., Ruderfer, D. M., Stahl, E. A. et al. (2017). Evidence for genetic heterogeneity between clinical subtypes of bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry, 7, e993.Google Scholar
Chen, C. H., Suckling, J., Lennox, B. R. et al. (2011). A quantitative meta-analysis of fMRI studies in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 13, 1–15.Google Scholar
Cheng, C. H., Chan, P. S., Liu, C. Y. et al. (2016). Auditory sensory gating in patients with bipolar disorders: a meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 199–03.Google Scholar
Chitty, K. M., Lagopoulos, J., Lee, R. S. et al. (2013) A systematic review and meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mismatch negativity in bipolar disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 1348–63.Google Scholar
Chou, Y. H., Wang, S. J., Lin, C. L. et al. (2010). Decreased brain serotonin transporter binding in the euthymic state of bipolar I but not bipolar II disorder: a SPECT study. Bipolar Disorders, 12, 312–18.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Endicott, J., Reich, T. et al. (1984). A family study of bipolar II disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 49–54.Google Scholar
Cropley, V., Wood, S. J. and Pantelis, C. (2013). Brain structural, neurochemical and neuroinflammatory markers of psychosis onset and relapse: is there evidence for a psychosis relapse signature? International Clinical Psychopharmacology, doi:10.1097/YIC.0b013e32835ab37c.Google Scholar
Dager, S. R., Friedman, S. D., Parow, A. et al. (2004). Brain metabolic alterations in medication-free patients with bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 450–8.Google Scholar
Dargél, A. A., Godin, O., Kapczinski, F. et al. (2015). C-reactive protein alterations in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76, 142–50.Google Scholar
de Sousa, R. T., Zarate, C. A. Jr, Zanetti, M. V. et al. (2014). Oxidative stress in early stage Bipolar Disorder and the association with response to lithium. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 50, 36–41.Google Scholar
Dell'Osso, B., Cinnante, C., Di Giorgio, A. et al. (2015). Altered prefrontal cortex activity during working memory task in Bipolar Disorder: a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging study in euthymic bipolar I and II patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 184, 116–22.Google Scholar
Dittmann, S., Hennig-Fast, K., Gerber, S. et al. (2008). Cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar I and bipolar II patients. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 877–87.Google Scholar
Elvsåshagen, T., Westlye, L. T., Bøen, E. et al. (2013). Bipolar II disorder is associated with thinning of prefrontal and temporal cortices involved in affect regulation. Bipolar Disorders, 15, 855–64.Google Scholar
Elvsåshagen, T., Zuzarte, P., Westlye, L. T. et al. (2016). Dentate gyrus-cornu ammonis (CA) 4 volume is decreased and associated with depressive episodes and lipid peroxidation in bipolar II disorder: longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses. Bipolar Disorders, 18, 657–68.Google Scholar
Fernandes, B. S., Molendijk, M. L., Köhler, C. A. et al. (2015). Peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a biomarker in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of 52 studies. BMC Medicine, 13, 289.Google Scholar
Fernandes, B. S., Steiner, J., Molendijk, M. L. et al. (2016). C-reactive protein concentrations across the mood spectrum in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 3, 1147–56.Google Scholar
Grangeon, M. C., Seixas, C., Quarantini, L. C. et al. (2010). White matter hyperintensities and their association with suicidality in major affective disorders: a meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. CNS Spectrum, 15, 375–81.Google Scholar
Ha, T. H., Ha, K., Kim, J. H. et al. (2009). Regional brain gray matter abnormalities in patients with bipolar II disorder: a comparison study with bipolar I patients and healthy controls. Neuroscience Letters, 456, 44–8.Google Scholar
Ha, T. H., Her, J. Y., Kim, J. H. et al. (2011). Similarities and differences of white matter connectivity and water diffusivity in bipolar I and II disorder. Neuroscience Letters, 505, 150–4.Google Scholar
Hajek, T., Alda, M., Hajek, E. et al. (2013). Functional neuroanatomy of response inhibition in bipolar disorders-combined voxel based and cognitive performance meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 1955–66.Google Scholar
Hajek, T., Bernier, D., Slaney, C. et al. (2008). A comparison of affected and unaffected relatives of patients with bipolar disorder using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience, 33, 531–40.Google Scholar
Hallahan, B., Newell, J., Soares, J. C. et al. (2011). Structural magnetic resonance imaging in bipolar disorder: an international collaborative mega-analysis of individual adult patient data. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 326–35.Google Scholar
Hamakawa, H., Kato, T., Murashita, J. et al. (1998). Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the basal ganglia in patients with affective disorders. European Archives Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 248, 53–8.Google Scholar
Hamakawa, H., Kato, T., Shioiri, T. et al. (1999). Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the bilateral frontal lobes in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine, 29, 639–44.Google Scholar
Hauser, P., Matochik, J., Altshuler, L. L. et al. (2000). MRI-based measurements of temporal lobe and ventricular structures in patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 60, 25–32.Google Scholar
Hibar, D. P., Westlye, L. T., Doan, N. T. et al. (2017). Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder: an MRI analysis of 6503 individuals from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Molecular Psychiatry, doi:10.1038/mp.2017.73.Google Scholar
Hibar, D. P., Westlye, L. T., van Erp, T. G. et al. (2016). Subcortical volumetric abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 21, 1710–16.Google Scholar
Hsiao, Y. L., Wu, Y. S., Wu, J. Y. et al. (2009). Neuropsychological functions in patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 11, 547–54.Google Scholar
Huang, C. C., Chang, Y. H., Lee, S. Y. et al. (2012). The interaction between BDNF and DRD2 in bipolar II disorder but not in bipolar I disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 159B, 501–7.Google Scholar
Huang, J., Perlis, R. H., Lee, P. H. et al. (2010). Cross-disorder genome wide analysis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 1254–63.Google Scholar
Jahshan, C., Wynn, J. K., Mathis, K. I. et al. (2012). Cross-diagnostic comparison of duration mismatch negativity and P3a in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disorders, 14, 239–48.Google Scholar
Joe, E. J., Lee, . Y., Jeong, S. H. et al. (2007). Dysbindin gene variants are associated with bipolar I disorder in a Korean population. Neuroscience Letters, 418, 272–5.Google Scholar
Kapczinski, F., Dal-Pizzol, F., Teixeira, A.L. et al. (2011). Peripheral biomarkers and illness activity in bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 45, 156–61.Google Scholar
Kato, T., Takahashi, S., Shioiri, T. et al. (1994). Reduction of brain phosphocreatine in bipolar II disorder detected by phosphorus-31magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 31, 125–33.Google Scholar
Kempton, M. J., Geddes, J. R., Ettinger, U. et al. (2008). Meta-analysis, database, and meta-regression of 98 structural imaging studies in bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 1017–32.Google Scholar
Ketter, T. A., Kimbrell, T. A., George, M. S. et al. (2001). Effects of mood and subtype on cerebral glucose metabolism in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 97–109.Google Scholar
Kieseppä, T., Mäntylä, R., Tuulio-Henriksson, A. et al. (2014). White matter hyperintensities and cognitive performance in adult patients with bipolar I, bipolar II, and major depressive disorders. European Psychiatry, 29, 226–32.Google Scholar
Langan, C., McDonald, C. (2009). Neurobiological trait abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 833–46.Google Scholar
Laskaris, L. E., Di Biase, M. A., Everall, I. et al. (2016). Microglial activation and progressive brain changes in schizophrenia. British Journal of Pharmacology, 173, 666–80.Google Scholar
Lee, S. Y., Chen, S. L., Chen, S. H. et al. (2011). The COMT and DRD3 genes interacted in bipolar I but not bipolar II disorder. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 12, 385–91.Google Scholar
Lee, S. Y., Chen, S. L., Chen, S. H. et al. (2012). Interaction of the DRD3 and BDNF gene variants in subtyped bipolar disorder. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 39, 382–7.Google Scholar
Li, C. T., Hsieh, J. C., Wang, S. J. et al. (2012). Differential relations between fronto-limbic metabolism and executive function in patients with remitted bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disorders 14, 831–42.Google Scholar
Liberg, B., Rahm, C., Panayiotou, A. et al. (2016). Brain change trajectories that differentiate the major psychoses. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 46, 658-74.Google Scholar
Liu, J. X., Chen, Y. S., Hsieh, J. C. et al. (2010). Differences in white matter abnormalities between bipolar I and II disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 127, 309–15.Google Scholar
Maggioni, E., Bianchi, A. M., Altamura, A. C. et al. (2017). The putative role of neuronal network synchronization as a potential biomarker for bipolar disorder: a review of EEG studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 212, 167–70.Google Scholar
Mah, L., Zarate, C. A. Jr, Singh, J. et al (2007). Regional cerebral glucose metabolic abnormalities in bipolar II depression. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 765–75.Google Scholar
Mahon, K., Burdick, K. E., Szeszko, P. R. (2010). A role for white matter abnormalities in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 34, 533–54.Google Scholar
Maller, J. J., Thaveenthiran, P., Thomson, R. H. et al. (2014). Volumetric, cortical thickness and white matter integrity alterations in bipolar disorder type I and II. Journal of Affective Disorders, 169, 118–27.Google Scholar
Marchand, W. R., Lee, J. N., Garn, C. et al. (2011a). Aberrant emotional processing in posterior cortical midline structures in bipolar II depression. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 35, 1729–37.Google Scholar
Marchand, W. R., Lee, J. N., Garn, C. et al. (2011b). Striatal and cortical midline activation and connectivity associated with suicidal ideation and depression in bipolar II disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 133, 638–45.Google Scholar
Marchand, W. R., Lee, J. N., Johnson, S. et al. (2014). Abnormal functional connectivity of the medial cortex in euthymic bipolar II disorder. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 51, 28–33.Google Scholar
Michael, N., Erfurth, A. and Pfleiderer, B. (2009). Elevated metabolites within dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research, 172, 78–81.Google Scholar
Miller, J. M., Everett, B. A., Oquendo, M. A. et al. (2016). Positron emission tomography quantification of serotonin transporter binding in medication-free bipolar disorder. Synapse, 70, 24–32.Google Scholar
Monteleone, P., Serritella, C., Martiadis, V. et al. (2008). Decreased levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor in both depressed and euthymic patients with unipolar depression and in euthymic patients with bipolar I and II disorders. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 95–100.Google Scholar
Munkholm, K., Vinberg, M., Kessing, K. Y. (2016). Peripheral blood brain-derived neurotrophic factor in bipolar disorder: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 21, 216–28.Google Scholar
Narita, K., Suda, M., Takei, Y. et al. (2011). Volume reduction of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in bipolar II patients with rapid cycling: a voxel-based morphometric study. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 35, 439–45.Google Scholar
Nwulia, E. A., Miao, K., Zandi, P. P. et al. (2007). Genome-wide scan of bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 580–8.Google Scholar
Onitsuka, T., Oribe, N. and Kanba, S. (2013). Neurophysiological findings in patients with bipolar disorder. Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology, 62, 197–206.Google Scholar
Pan, L., Keener, M. T., Hassel, S. et al. (2009). Functional neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder: examining the wide clinical spectrum in the search for disease endophenotypes. International Review of Psychiatry, 21, 368–79.Google Scholar
Pantelis, C., Wannan, C., Bartholomeusz, C. F. et al. (2015). Cognitive Intervention in Early Psychosis – preserving abilities versus remediating deficits. Current Opinion in Behavioural Sciences, 4, 63–72.Google Scholar
Pantelis, C., Yucel, M., Bora, E. et al. (2009a). Neurobiological markers of illness onset in psychosis and schizophrenia: the search for a moving target. Neuropsychological Review, 19, 385–98.Google Scholar
Pantelis, C., Yücel, M., Wood, S. J. et al. (2009b). Neurobiological endophenotypes of psychosis and schizophrenia: are there biological markers of illness onset? In The Recognition and Management of EarlyPsychosis: A Preventive Approach (ed. Jackson, H. J. and McGorry, P. D.), pp. 61–80. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
Pearlson, G. D., Wong, D. F., Tune, L. E. et al. (1995). In vivo D2 dopamine receptor density in psychotic and nonpsychotic patients with bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 471–7.Google Scholar
Penfold, C., Vizueta, N., Townsend, J. D. et al. (2015). Frontal lobe hypoactivation in medication-free adults with bipolar II depression during response inhibition. Psychiatry Research, 231, 202–9.Google Scholar
Raffa, M., Barhoumi, S., Atig, F. et al. (2012). Reduced antioxidant defense systems in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 39, 371–5.Google Scholar
Rimol, L. M., Hartberg, C. B., Nesvåg, R. et al. (2010). Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 41–50.Google Scholar
Russo, M., Van Rheenen, T. E., Shanahan, M. et al. (2017). Neurocognitive subtypes in patients with bipolar disorder and their unaffected siblings. Psychological Medicine, 47, 2892–905.Google Scholar
Samamé, C., Martino, D. J. and Strejilevich, S. A. (2015). An individual task meta-analysis of social cognition in euthymic bipolar disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 146–53.Google Scholar
Sayana, P., Colpo, G. D., Simões, L. R. et al. (2017). A systematic review of evidence for the role of inflammatory biomarkers in bipolar patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 92, 160–82.Google Scholar
Serafini, G., Pompili, M., Innamorati, M. et al. (2010). Deep white matter hyperintensities as possible predictor of poor prognosis in a sample of patients with late-onset bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 12, 755–6.Google Scholar
Silverstone, P. H. and McGrath, B. M. (2009). Lithium and valproate and their possible effects on themyo-inositol second messenger system in healthy volunteers and bipolar patients. International Review of Psychiatry, 21, 414–23.Google Scholar
Simonsen, C., Sundet, K., Vaskinn, A. et al. (2008). Neurocognitive profiles in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: differences in pattern and magnitude of dysfunction. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 245–55.Google Scholar
Simpson, S., Baldwin, R. C., Jackson, A. et al. (1998). Is subcortical disease associated with a poor response to antidepressants? Neurological, neuropsychological and neuroradiological findings in late-life depression. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1015–26.Google Scholar
Soares, A. T., Andreazza, A. C., Rej, S. et al. (2016). Decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor in older adults with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24, 596–601.Google Scholar
Song, J., Kuja-Halkola, R., Sjölander, A., et al. (2017). Specificity in etiology of subtypes of bipolar disorder: evidence from a Swedish population-based family study. Biological Psychiatry, doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.014.Google Scholar
Stahl, E., Forstner, A., McQuillin, A. et al. (2017). Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder, bioRxiv, doi.org/10.1101/173062.Google Scholar
Suhara, T., Nakayama, K., Inoue, O. et al. (1992). D1dopamine receptor binding in mood disorders measured by positron emission tomography. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 106, 14–18.Google Scholar
Tighe, S. K., Reading, S. A., Rivkin, P. et al. (2012). Total white matter hyperintensity volume in bipolar disorder patients and their healthy relatives. Bipolar Disorders, 14, 888–93.Google Scholar
Torrent, C., Martinez-Aran, A., Daban, C. et al. (2006). Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 254–9.Google Scholar
Tost, H., Ruf, M., Schmäl, C. et al. (2010). Prefrontal-temporal gray matter deficits in bipolar disorder patients with persecutory delusions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 120, 54–61.Google Scholar
Uemura, T., Green, M. and Warsh, J. J. (2016). CACNA1C SNP rs1006737 associates with bipolar I disorder independent of the Bcl-2 SNP rs956572 variant and its associated effect on intracellular calcium homeostasis. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 17, 525–34.Google Scholar
Velakoulis, D., Wood, S. J., Wong, M. T. et al. (2006). Hippocampal and amygdala volumes according to psychosis stage and diagnosis: a magnetic resonance imaging study of chronic schizophrenia, first-episode psychosis, and ultra-high-risk individuals. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 139–49.Google Scholar
Vizueta, N., Rudie, J. D., Townsend, J. D. et al. (2012). Regional fMRI hypoactivation and altered functional connectivity during emotion processing in nonmedicated depressed patients with bipolar II disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 169,831–40.Google Scholar
Wang, J. F. (2007). Defects of mitochondrial electron transport chain in bipolar disorder: implications for mood-stabilizing treatment. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 753–62.Google Scholar
Wang, T. Y., Lee, S. Y., Chen, S. L. et al. (2016b). The differential levels of inflammatory cytokines and BDNF among bipolar spectrum disorders. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 19. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw012Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Zhong, S., Jia, Y. et al. (2015). Reduced interhemispheric resting-state functional connectivity in unmedicated bipolar II disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 132, 400–7.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Zhong, S., Jia, Y. et al. (2016a). Disrupted resting-state functional connectivity in nonmedicated bipolar disorder, Radiology. 280, 529–36.Google Scholar
Welander-Vatn, A. S., Jensen, J., Lycke, C. et al. (2009). No altered dorsal anterior cingulate activation in bipolar II disorder patients during a Go/No-go task: an fMRI study. Bipolar Disorders, 11, 270–9.Google Scholar
Winsberg, M. E., Sachs, N., Tate, D. L. et al. (2000). Decreased dorsolateral prefrontal N-acetyl aspartate in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 475–81.Google Scholar
Yildiz-Yesiloglu, A. and Ankerst, D. P. (2006). Neurochemical alterations of the brain in bipolar disorder and their implications for pathophysiology: a systematic review of the in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 30, 969–95.Google Scholar
Yip, S. W., Chandler, R. A., Rogers, R. D. et al. (2013). White matter alterations in antipsychotic- and mood stabilizer-naïve individuals with bipolar II/NOS disorder. Neuroimage Clinical, 3, 271–8.Google Scholar
Yip, S. W., Mackay, C. E. and Goodwin, G. M. (2014). Increased temporo-insular engagement in unmedicated bipolar II disorder: an exploratory resting state study using independent component analysis. Bipolar Disorders, 16, 748–55.Google Scholar
Yip, S. W., Worhunsky, P. D., Rogers, R. D. et al. (2015). Hypoactivation of the ventral and dorsal striatum during reward and loss anticipation in antipsychotic and mood stabilizer-naive bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 658–66.Google Scholar
Yüksel, C. and Öngür, D. (2010). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of glutamate-related abnormalities in mood disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 785–94.Google Scholar
Yumru, M., Savas, H. A., Kalenderoglu, A. et al. (2009). Oxidative imbalance in bipolar disorder subtypes: a comparative study. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 33, 1070–4.Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Sha, W. et al. (2010). Effect of treatment on serum glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in bipolar patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 126, 326–9.Google Scholar
Zubieta, J. K., Taylor, S. F., Huguelet, P. et al. (2001). Vesicular monoamine transporter concentrations in bipolar disorder type I, schizophrenia, and healthy subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 110–16.Google Scholar

References

Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Goodwin, G. M., et al. (2010). The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: update 2010 on the treatment of acute bipolar depression. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 11, 81–109.Google Scholar
Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Goodwin, G. M., et al. (2013). The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: update 2012 on the long-term treatment of bipolar depression. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 14, 154–219.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23, 56–62.Google Scholar
Montgomery, S. A. and Asberg, M., (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 382–9.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (2016). The clinical diagnosis of bipolar depression. In Bipolar Depression: Molecular Neurobiology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Pharmacotherapy, 2nd ed., ed. Zarate, C.A. Jr. and Manji, H.K.. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.Google Scholar
Parker, G. and McCraw, S. (2015). The ‘disconnect’ between initial judgments of lamotrigine vs. its real-world effectiveness in managing bipolar disorder: a tale with wider ramifications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 132, 345–54.Google Scholar
Parker, G. and Tavella, G. (2018). Design limitations to bipolar II treatment efficacy studies: a challenge and a revisionist strategy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 229, 334–41.Google Scholar
Young, R. C., Biggs, J. T., Ziegler, V. E., et al. (1978). A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 429–35.Google Scholar

References

Altshuler, L.L, Sugar, C.A., McElroy, S.L., et al. (2017) Switch rates during acute treatment for bipolar II depression with lithium, sertraline, or the two combined: a randomized double-blind comparison. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 266–76.Google Scholar
Altshuler, L.L., Post, R.M., Hellemann, G., et al. (2009). Impact of antidepressant continuation after acute positive or partial treatment response for bipolar depression: a blinded, randomized study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70, 450–7.Google Scholar
Altshuler, L.L., Suppes, T., Black, D., et al. (2003). Impact of antidepressant discontinuation after acute bipolar depression remission on rates of depressive relapse at one-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1252–62.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D. and Shults, J. (2010a) Efficacy and safety of long-term fluoxetine versus lithium monotherapy of bipolar II disorder: a randomised, double-blind, placebo substitution study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 792–800.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D. and Shults, J. (2010b). Efficacy and mood conversion rate of short-term fluoxetine monotherapy of bipolar II major depressive episode. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 30, 306–11.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D., Brunswick, D.J. (2003). Antidepressant monotherapy for Bipolar Type II major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 5, 388–95.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D., Lorenzo-Luaces, L., DeRubeis, R.J. (2016b). Step-wise loss of antidepressant effectiveness with repeated antidepressant trials in bipolar II depression. Bipolar Disorders, 18, 563–70.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D., Lorenzo-Luaces, L., Soeller, I., et al. (2016a). Short-term venlafaxine v. lithium monotherapy for bipolar type II major depressive episodes: effectiveness and mood conversion rate. British Journal of Psychiatry, 208, 359–65.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D., Luo, L., Shults, J. (2013). Efficacy and mood conversion rate during long term fluoxetine v. lithium monotherapy in rapid- and non-rapid-cycling bipolar II disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202, 301–6.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D., Shults, J. (2005a). Fluoxetine monotherapy for Bipolar II and Bipolar NOS major depression: a double-blind, placebo-substitution, continuation study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 257–64.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D., Shults, J. (2005b). Comparison of fluoxetine, olanzapine, and combined fluoxetine plus olanzapine initial therapy of Bipolar Type I and Type II major depression – lack of manic induction. Journal of Affective Disorders, 87, 121–30.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D., Shults, J., Brunswick, D.J. and Hundert, M. (2004). Short-term fluoxetine monotherapy for Bipolar Type II or Bipolar NOS major depression – low manic switch rate. Bipolar Disorders, 6, 75–81.Google Scholar
Bauer, M.S., Wisniewski, S.R., Marangell, L.B., et al. for the STEP-BD Investigators (2006). Are antidepressants associated with new-onset suicidality in bipolar disorder? A prospective study of participants in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 48–55.Google Scholar
Bond, D.J., Noronha, M.M., Kauer-Sant'Anna, M., Lam, R.W. and Yatham, L.N. (2008). Antidepressant-associated mood elevations in bipolar II disorder compared with bipolar I disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 1589–601.Google Scholar
Calabrese, J.R., Ketter, T.A., Youakim, J.M., Tiller, J.M., Yang, R. and Frye, M.A. (2010) Adjunctive armodafinil for major depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 1363–70.Google Scholar
Daray, F.M., Thommi, S.B. and Ghaemi, S.N. (2010). The pharmacogenetics of antidepressant-induced mania: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bipolar Disorders, 12, 702–6.Google Scholar
Diazgranados, N., Ibrahim, L., Brutsche, N.E., et al. (2010). A randomized add-on trial of an N methyl-d-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 793–802.Google Scholar
Fava, M., Rush, A.J., Alpert, J.E., et al. (2008). Differences in treatment outcome in outpatients with anxious versus nonanxious depression: a STAR*D report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 342–51.Google Scholar
Frye, M.A., Grunze, H., Suppes, T. et al. (2007). A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1242–9.Google Scholar
Frye, M.A., Helleman, G., McElroy, S.L., et al. (2009). Correlates of treatment-emergent mania associated with antidepressant treatment in bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 164–72.Google Scholar
Ghaemi, S.N., Ostacher, M.M., El-Mallakh, R.S., et al. (2010). Antidepressant discontinuation in bipolar depression: a Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) randomized clinical trial of long-term effectiveness and safety. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 372–80.Google Scholar
Ghaemi, S.N., Rosenquist, K.J., Ko, J.Y., et al. (2004). Antidepressant treatment in bipolar versus unipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 163–5.Google Scholar
Goldberg, J.F. and Truman, C.J. (2003). Antidepressant-induced mania: an overview of current controversies. Bipolar Disorders, 5, 407–20.Google Scholar
Goldberg, J.F. and Whiteside, J.E. (2002). The association between substance abuse and antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar disorder: a preliminary study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 791–5.Google Scholar
Goldberg, J.F., Burdick, K.E., Endick, C.J. (2004). Preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pramipexole for treatment-resistant bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 564–6.Google Scholar
Goldberg, J.F., Garno, J.L., Callahan, A.M., et al. (2008). Overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder among substance use disorder inpatients with mood instability. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 1751–7.Google Scholar
Goldberg, J.F., Perlis, R.H., Bowden, C.L., et al. (2009). Mania symptoms during depressive episodes in 1,380 patients with bipolar disorder: findings from the STEP-BD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 173–81.Google Scholar
Goldberg, J.F., Perlis, R.H., Ghaemi, S.N., et al. (2007) Adjunctive antidepressant use and symptomatic recovery among bipolar depressed patients with concomitant manic symptoms: findings from the STEP-BD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1348–55.Google Scholar
Himmelhoch, J.M., Thase, M.E., Mallinger, A.G. and Houck, P. (1991). Tranylcypromine versus imipramine in anergic bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 910–6.Google Scholar
Ionescu, D.F., Luckenbaugh, D.A., Niciu, M.J., et al. (2015). A single infusion of ketamine improves depression scores in patients with anxious bipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders, 17, 438–43.Google Scholar
Judd, L.L., Akiskal, H.S., Schettler, P.J., et al. (2003). A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of Bipolar II Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 261–9.Google Scholar
Kelly, T.F. and Lieberman, D.Z. (2014). The utility of the combination of dextromethorphan and quinidine in the treatment of bipolar II and bipolar NOS. Journal of Affective Disorders, 167, 333–5.Google Scholar
Leon, A.C., Fiedorowicz, J.G., Solomon, D.A., et al. (2015). Risk of suicidal behavior with antidepressants in bipolar and unipolar disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75, 720–7.Google Scholar
Leverich, G.S., Altshuler, L.L., Frye, M.A., et al. (2006). Risk of switch in mood polarity to hypomania or mania in patients with bipolar depression during acute and continuation trials of venlafaxine, sertraline, and bupropion as adjuncts to mood stabilisers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 232–9.Google Scholar
MacQueen, G.M., Young, L.T., Marriott, M., et al. (2002). Previous mood state predicts response and switch rates in patients with bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105, 414–18.Google Scholar
Manwani, S.G., Pardo, T.B., Albanese, M.J., et al. (2006). Substance use disorder and other predictors of antidepressant-induced mania: a retrospective chart review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 1341–5.Google Scholar
Mathew, S.J., Gueorguieva, R., Brandt, C., et al. (2017). A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, sequential parallel comparison design trial of adjunctive riluzole for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, doi:10.1038/npp.2017.106. [Epub ahead of print].Google Scholar
Mathew, S.J., Murrough, J.W., aan het Rot, M., et al. (2010). Riluzole for relapse prevention following intravenous ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: a pilot randomized placebo-controlled continuation trial. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 13, 71–82.Google Scholar
McElroy, S.L., Martens, B.E., Mori, N., et al. (2015). Adjunctive lisdexamfetamine in bipolar depression: a preliminary randomized, placebo-controlled trial. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 30, 6–13.Google Scholar
McElroy, S.L., Weisler, R.H., Chang, W., et al. (2010). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and paroxetine as monotherapy in adults with bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN II). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 163–74.Google Scholar
Möller, H.J., Bottlender, R., Grunze, H., Strauss, A. and Wittmann, J. (2001). Are antidepressants less effective in the acute treatment of Bipolar I compared to unipolar depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 67, 141–6.Google Scholar
Nemeroff, C.B., Evans, D.L., Gyulai, L., et al. (2001). Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of imipramine and paroxetine in the treatment of bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 906–12.Google Scholar
Pacchiarotti, I., Bond, D.J., Baldessarini, R.J., et al. (2013). The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) task force report on antidepressant use in bipolar disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 1249–62.Google Scholar
Parker, G. and Brotchie, H. (2010). Do the old psychostimulant drugs have a role in managing treatment-resistant depression? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 121, 308–14.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Tully, L., Olley, A. and Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2006). SSRIs as mood stabilizers for Bipolar II Disorder? A proof of concept study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 92, 205–14.Google Scholar
Peet, M. (1994). Induction of mania with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 549–50.Google Scholar
Post, R.M., Altshuler, L.L., Leverich, G.S. et al. (2006). Mood switch in bipolar depression: comparison of adjunctive venlafaxine, bupropion and sertraline. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 124–31.Google Scholar
Prien, R.F., Himmelhoch, J.M. and Kupfer, D.J. (1988). Treatment of mixed mania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 9–15.Google Scholar
Rihmer, Z. and Pestality, P. (1999). Bipolar II disorder and suicidal behavior. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22, 667–73.Google Scholar
Sachs, G.S., Nierenberg, A.A., Calabrese, J.R., et al. (2007). Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 1711–22.Google Scholar
Schneck, C.D., Miklowitz, D.J., Miyahara, S., et al. (2008). The prospective course of rapid cycling bipolar disorder: findings from the STEP-BD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 370–7.Google Scholar
Schumann, G., Binder, E.B., Holte, A., et al. (2013). Stratified medicine for mental disorders. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 5–50.Google Scholar
Sidor, M.M. and MacQueen, G.M. (2011). Antidepressants for the acute treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 156–67.Google Scholar
Soczynska, J.K., Kennedy, S.H., Alsuwaidan, M., et al. (2017). A pilot, open-label, 8-week study evaluating the efficacy, safety and tolerability of adjunctive minocycline for the treatment of bipolar I/II depression. Bipolar Disorders, 19, 198–213.Google Scholar
Stoll, A.L., Mayer, P.V., Kolbrener, M., et al. (1994). Antidepressant-associated mania: a controlled comparison with spontaneous mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1642–5.Google Scholar
Tohen, M., Frank, E., Bowden, C.L., et al. (2009). The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Task Force report on the nomenclature of course and outcome in bipolar disorders. Bipolar Disorders, 11, 453–73.Google Scholar
Tondo, L., Vazquez, G. and Baldessarini, R.J. (2010). Mania associated with antidepressant treatment: comprehensive meta-analytic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 121, 404–14.Google Scholar
Truman, C.J., Goldberg, J.F., Ghaemi, S.N., et al. (2007). Self-reported history of manic/hypomanic switch associated with antidepressant use: data from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 1472–9.Google Scholar
Vieta, E., Martinez-Aran, A, Goikolea, J.M. et al. (2002). A randomized trial comparing paroxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of bipolar depressed patients taking mood stabilizers. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 508–12.Google Scholar
Vinberg, M., Mikkelsen, R.L., Kirkegaard, T., et al. (2017). Differences in clinical presentation between bipolar I and II disorders in the early stages of bipolar disorder: a naturalistic study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 521–7.Google Scholar
Vöhringer, P.A., Ostacher, M.J., El-Mallakh, R.S., et al. (2015). Antidepressants in type II versus type I bipolar depression: a randomized discontinuation trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 35, 605–8.Google Scholar
Young, L.T., Joffe, R.T., Robb, J.C. et al. (2000). Double-blind comparison of addition of a second mood stabilizer versus an antidepressant to an initial mood stabilizer for treatment of patients with bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 124–6.Google Scholar
Zarate, C.A. Jr., Brutsche, N.E., Ibrahim, L., et al. (2012). Replication of ketamine's antidepressant efficacy in bipolar depression: a randomized controlled add-on trial. Biological Psychiatry, 71, 939–46.Google Scholar
Zarate, C.A. Jr., Payne, J.L., Singh, J. et al. (2004). Pramipexole for Bipolar II depression: a placebo-controlled proof of concept study. Biological Psychiatry, 56, 54–60.Google Scholar
Zarate, C.A. Jr., Quiroz, J.A., Singh, J.B., et al. (2005). An open-label trial of the glutamate modulating agent riluzole in combination with lithium for the treatment of bipolar depression. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 430–2.Google Scholar

References

Altshuler, L.L., Sugar, C.A., McElroy, S.L., et al. (2017). Switch rates during acute treatment for bipolar II depression with lithium, sertraline, or the two combined: a randomized double-blind comparison. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 266–76.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D., Shults, J. (2010). Efficacy and safety of long-term fluoxetine versus lithium monotherapy of bipolar II disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-substitution study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 792–800.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D., Shults, J.. (2008). Comparison of short-term venlafaxine versus lithium monotherapy for bipolar II major depressive episode: a randomized open-label study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 28, 171–81.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D., Lorenzo-Luaces, L., Soeller, I., et al. (2015). Safety and effectiveness of continuation antidepressant versus mood stabilizer monotherapy for relapse-prevention of bipolar II depression: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 185, 31–7.Google Scholar
Amsterdam, J.D., Lorenzo-Luaces, L., Soeller, I., et al. (2016). Short-term venlafaxine v. lithium monotherapy for bipolar type II major depressive episodes: effectiveness and mood conversion rate. British Journal of Psychiatry, 208, 359–65.Google Scholar
Angst, J. (1998). The emerging epidemiology of hypomania and bipolar II disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 50, 143–51.Google Scholar
Baron, M., Gershon, E.S., Rudy, V., et al. (1975). Lithium carbonate response in depression: prediction by unipolar/bipolar illness, average-evoked response, catechol-O-methyl transferase, and family history. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1107–11.Google Scholar
Bond, D.J., Lam, R.W., Yatham, L.N. (2010). Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 124, 228–34.Google Scholar
Bowden, C.L., Singh, V., Weisler, R., et al. (2012). Lamotrigine vs. lamotrigine plus divalproex in randomized, placebo-controlled maintenance treatment for bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 126, 342–50.Google Scholar
Calabrese, J.R., Huffman, R.F., White, R.L., et al. (2008). Lamotrigine in the acute treatment of bipolar depression: results of five double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 323–33.Google Scholar
Calabrese, J.R., Shelton, M.D., Rapport, D.J., et al. (2005). A 20-month, double-blind, maintenance trial of lithium versus divalproex in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2152–61.Google Scholar
Calabrese, J.R., Suppes, T., Bowden, C.L., et al. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled, prophylaxis study of lamotrigine in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 841–50.Google Scholar
Carney, S.M., and Goodwin, G.M. (2005). Lithium – a continuing story in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica.Supplementum, 426, 7–12.Google Scholar
Datto, C., Pottorf, W.J., Feeley, L., et al. (2016). Bipolar II compared with bipolar I disorder: baseline characteristics and treatment response to quetiapine in a pooled analysis of five placebo-controlled clinical trials of acute bipolar depression. Annals of General Psychiatry, 15, 9.Google Scholar
Donnelly, E.F., Goodwin, F.K., Waldman, I.N., and Murphy, D.L. (1978). Prediction of antidepressant responses to lithium. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 552–6.Google Scholar
Dunner, D.L., Stallone, F., Fieve, R.R. (1982). Prophylaxis with lithium carbonate: an update. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1344–5.Google Scholar
El-Mallakh, R.S., Salem, M.R., Chopra, A., et al. (2010). A blinded, randomized comparison of immediate-release and extended-release carbamazepine capsules in manic and depressed bipolar subjects. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 22, 3–8.Google Scholar
Fieve, R.R., Kumbaraci, T., Dunner, D.L. (1976). Lithium prophylaxis of depression in bipolar I, bipolar II, and unipolar patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 747–52.Google Scholar
Frankenburg, F.R., and Zanarini, M.C. (2002). Divalproex sodium treatment of women with borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 63, 442–6.Google Scholar
Frye, M.A., Ketter, T.A., Kinbrell, T.A., et al. (2000). A placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory mood disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 20, 607–14.Google Scholar
Geddes, J.R., Calabrese, J.R., Goodwin, G.M. (2009). Lamotrigine for treatment of bipolar depression: independent meta-analysis and meta-regression of individual patient data from five randomised trials. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 4–9.Google Scholar
Geddes, J.R., Gardiner, A., Rendell, J., et al. (2016). Comparative evaluation of quetiapine plus lamotrigine combination versus quetiapine monotherapy (and folic acid versus placebo) in bipolar depression (CEQUEL): a 2×2 factorial randomised trial. Lancet Psychiatry, 3, 31–9.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F.K., Fireman, B., Simon, G.E., et al. (2003). Suicide risk in bipolar disorder during treatment with lithium and divalproex. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 1467–73.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F.K., Murphy, D.L., Bunney, W.E. Jr. (1969). Lithium-carbonate treatment in depression and mania: a longitudinal double-blind study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 21, 486–96.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F.K., Murphy, D.L., Dunner, D.L., Bunney, WE Jr. (1972). Lithium response in unipolar versus bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 44–7.Google Scholar
Greil, W., Kleindienst, N. (1999). Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar II disorder and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified. International Clinical Psychopharmacololgy, 14, 283–5.Google Scholar
Grunze, H.C. (2010). Anticonvulsants in bipolar disorder. Journal of Mental Health, 19, 127–41.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, F. M. (1993). Low-dose valproate: a new treatment for cyclothymia, mild rapid cycling disorders, and premenstrual syndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54, 229–34.Google Scholar
Judd, L.L., Akiskal, H.S., Schettler, P.J., et al. (2002). The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 530–7.Google Scholar
Judd, L.L., Akiskal, H.S., Schettler, P.J., et al. (2003). A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of bipolar II disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 261–9.Google Scholar
Judd, L.L., Akiskal, H.S., Schettler, P.J., et al. (2005). Psychosocial disability in the course of bipolar I and II disorders: a prospective, comparative, longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1322–30.Google Scholar
Judd, L.L., Akiskal, H.S., Schettler, P.J., et al. (2008). Psychosocial disability and work role function compared across the long-term course of bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar major depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108, 49–58.Google Scholar
Juruena, M.F., Ottoni, G.L., Machado-Vieira, R., et al. (2009). Bipolar I and II disorder residual symptoms: oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine as add-on treatment to lithium in a double-blind, randomized trial. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 33, 94–9.Google Scholar
Kane, J.M., Quitkin, F.M., Rifkin, A., et al. (1982). Lithium carbonate and imipramine in the prophylaxis of unipolar and bipolar II illness: a prospective, placebo-controlled comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1065–9.Google Scholar
Kupka, R.W., Altshuler, L.L., Nolen, W.A., et al. (2007). Three times more days depressed than manic or hypomanic in both bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 531–5.Google Scholar
Malhi, G.S., Mitchell, P.B., Berk, M., Goodwin, G. M. (2005). Mood stabilizers: a labile label. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica.Supplementum, 426, 5–6.Google Scholar
McElroy, S.L., Martens, B.E., Creech, R.S., et al. (2010a). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of divalproex extended release loading monotherapy in ambulatory bipolar spectrum disorder patients with moderate-to-severe hypomania or mild mania. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 557–65.Google Scholar
McElroy, S.L., Weisler, R.H., Chang, W., et al. (2010b) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and paroxetine as monotherapy in adults with bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN II). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 163–74.Google Scholar
McIntyre, R.S., Mancini, D.A., McCann, S., et al. (2002). Topiramate versus bupropion SR when added to mood stabilizer therapy for the depressive phase of bipolar disorder: a preliminary single-blind study. Bipolar Disorders, 4, 207–13.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K.R., Akiskal, H.S., Angst, J., et al. (2007). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 543–52.Google Scholar
Muzina, D.J., Gao, K., Kemp, D.E., et al. (2011). Acute efficacy of divalproex sodium versus placebo in mood stabilizer-naive bipolar I or II depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 813–19.Google Scholar
Nemeroff, C.B., Evans, D.L., Gyulai, L., et al. (2001). Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of imipramine and paroxetine in the treatment of bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 906–12.Google Scholar
Nierenberg, A.A., McElroy, S.L., Friedman, E.S., et al. (2016). Bipolar CHOICE (Clinical Health Outcomes Initiative in Comparative Effectiveness): a pragmatic 6-month trial of lithium versus quetiapine for bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77, 90–9.Google Scholar
Pacchiarotti, I., Bond, DJ., Baldessarini, R.J., et al. (2013). The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) task force report on antidepressant use in bipolar disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 1249–62.Google Scholar
Parikh, S.V., Hawke, L.D., Velyvis, V., et al. (2015). Combined treatment: impact of optimal psychotherapy and medication in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 17, 86–96.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Tully, L., Olley, A., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2006). SSRIs as mood stabilizers for bipolar II disorder? A proof of concept study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 92, 205–14.Google Scholar
Sachs, G.S., Collins, M.A., Altsguler, L.L., et al. (2001). Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of bipolar depression. Presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, December 8.Google Scholar
Sachs, G.S., Nierenberg, A.A., Calabrese, J.R., et al. (2007) Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 1711–22.Google Scholar
Schaffer, A., Isometsa, E.T., Tondo, L., et al. (2015). Epidemiology, neurobiology and pharmacological interventions related to suicide deaths and suicide attempts in bipolar disorder: Part I of a report of the international society for bipolar disorders task force on suicide in bipolar disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 785–802.Google Scholar
Singh, J., Chen, G., Canuso, C.M. (2012). Antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 212, 187–212.Google Scholar
Suppes, T., Marangell, L.B., Bernstein, I.H., et al. (2008). A single blind comparison of lithium and lamotrigine for the treatment of bipolar II depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 111, 334–43.Google Scholar
Tondo, L., Baldessarini, R.J., Hennen, J., Floris, G. (1998). Lithium maintenance treatment of depression and mania in bipolar I and bipolar II disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 638–45.Google Scholar
Unholzer, S., and Haen, E. (2015). Retrospective analysis of therapeutic drug monitoring data for treatment of bipolar disorder with lamotrigine. Pharmacopsychiatry, 48, 211–14.Google Scholar
van der Loos, M.L., Mulder, P.G., Hartong, E.G., et al. (2009). Efficacy and safety of lamotrigine as add-on treatment to lithium in bipolar depression: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70, 223–31.Google Scholar
Yatham, L.N. (2005). Diagnosis and management of patients with bipolar II disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66 Suppl. 1, 13–17.Google Scholar
Yatham, L.N., Beaulieu, S., Schaffer, A., et al. (2016). Optimal duration of risperidone or olanzapine adjunctive therapy to mood stabilizer following remission of a manic episode: a CANMAT randomized double-blind trial. Molecular Psychiatry, 21, 1050–6.Google Scholar
Young, A.H., Calabrese, J.R., Gustafsson, U., et al. (2013). Quetiapine monotherapy in bipolar II depression: combined data from four large, randomized studies. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 1, 10.Google Scholar
Young, A.H., McElroy, S.L., Bauer, M., et al. (2010). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and lithium monotherapy in adults in the acute phase of bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN I). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 150–62.Google Scholar
Young, A.H., McElroy, S.L., Olausson, B., et al. (2014). A randomised, placebo-controlled 52-week trial of continued quetiapine treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15, 96–112.Google Scholar
Young, L.T., Joffe, R.T., Robb, J.C., et al. (2000). Double-blind comparison of addition of a second mood stabilizer versus an antidepressant to an initial mood stabilizer for treatment of patients with bipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 124–6.Google Scholar
Young, L.T., Robb, J.C., Hasey, G.M., et al. (1999). Gabapentin as an adjunctive treatment in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 55, 73–7.Google Scholar

References

Altshuler, L. L., Post, R. M., Leverich, G. S. et al. (1995). Antidepressant-induced mania and cycle acceleration: a controversy revisited. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1130–8.Google Scholar
Brugue, E. and Vieta, E. (2007). Atypical antipsychotics in bipolar depression: neurobiological basis and clinical implications. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacological and Biological Psychiatry, 31, 275–82.Google Scholar
Calabrese, J. R., Pikalov, A., Streicher, C., et al. (2017) Lurasidone in combination with lithium or valproate for the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 27, 865–76.Google Scholar
Catalá-López, F., Gènova-Maleras, R., Vieta, E. et al. (2013) The increasing burden of mental and neurological disorders. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 1337–9.Google Scholar
Colom, F., Vieta, E., Daban, C. et al. (2006). Clinical and therapeutic implications of predominant polarity in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders 93, 13–17.Google Scholar
Cruz, N., Sanchez-Moreno, J., Torres, F. et al. (2010). Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 13, 5–14.Google Scholar
Cruz, N., Vieta, E., Comes, M. et al. (2008). EMBLEM Advisory Board. Rapid-cycling bipolar I disorder: course and treatment outcome of a large sample across Europe. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 42, 1068–75.Google Scholar
De Dios, C., Ezquiaga, E., García, A. et al. (2010). Time spent with symptoms in a cohort of bipolar disorder outpatients in Spain: a prospective, 18-month study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125, 74–81.Google Scholar
Dunner, D. (1979). Rapid-cycling manic depressive illness. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 2, 461–7.Google Scholar
Durgam, S., Earley, W., Lipschitz, A., et al. (2016) An 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of cariprazine in patients with bipolar I depression. American Journal of Psychiatry. 173, 271–81.Google Scholar
El-Mallakh, R., Weisler, R. H., Townsend, M. et al. (2006). Bipolar II disorder: current and future treatment options. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 18, 259–66.Google Scholar
García-Amador, M., Pacchiarotti, I., Valenti, M. et al. (2006). Role of aripiprazole in treating mood disorders. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 6, 1777–83.Google Scholar
Garriga, M., Solé, E., González-Pinto, A., et al. (2017). Efficacy of quetiapine XR vs. placebo as concomitant treatment to mood stabilizers in the control of subthreshold symptoms of bipolar disorder: results from a pilot, randomized controlled trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology 27, 959–69.Google Scholar
Ghaemi, N. S., Hsu, D. J., Soldani, F. and Goodwin, F. K. (2003). Antidepressants in bipolar disorder: the case for caution. Bipolar Disorders, 5, 421–33.Google Scholar
Ghaemi, S. N., Boiman, E. and Goodwin, F. K. (2000). Diagnosing bipolar disorder and the effect of antidepressants: a naturalistic study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 804–8.Google Scholar
Grande, I., Berk, M., Birmaher, B. and Vieta, E. (2016). Bipolar disorder. Lancet. 387, 1561–72.Google Scholar
Hadjipavlou, G., Mok, H. and Yatham, L.N. (2004). Pharmacotherapy of Bipolar II disorder: a critical review of current evidence. Bipolar Disorders, 6, 14–25.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M. A. (2004). Bipolar depression: the real challenge. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 14, 83–8.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M., Weisler, R. H., Raines, S. R. and Macfadden, W. for the BOLDER Study Group (2006). Quetiapine in the treatment of anxiety in patients with Bipolar I or II depression: a secondary analysis from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 355–62.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schetter, P. J. et al. (2002). The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of Bipolar I Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 530–7.Google Scholar
Khanna, S., Vieta, E., Lyons, B. et al. (2005). Risperidone in the treatment of acute mania: double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 87, 229–34.Google Scholar
Kupka, R. W., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Post, R. M. et al. (2003). Rapid-and non-rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of clinical studies. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 1483–94.Google Scholar
Kuyler, P. L. (1988). Rapid-cycling Bipolar II illness in three closely related individuals. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 114–15.Google Scholar
Loebel, A., Cucchiaro, J., Silva, R., et al. (2014a). Lurasidone as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate for the treatment of bipolar I depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 171, 169–77.Google Scholar
Loebel, A., Cucchiaro, J., Silva, R., et al. (2014b). Lurasidone monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar I depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 160–8.Google Scholar
McElroy, S. L., Weisler, R. H., Chang, W. et al. (2010). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and paroxetine as monotherapy in adults with bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN II). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 163–74.Google Scholar
McIntyre, R. S., Mancini, D. A., Srinivasan, J. et al. (2004). The antidepressant effects of risperidone and olanzapine in bipolar disorder. Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 11, e218–26.Google Scholar
Muzina, D. J. and Calabrese, J. R. (2005). Maintenance therapies in bipolar disorder: focus on randomised controlled trials. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 652–61.Google Scholar
Quiroz, J. A., Yatham, L. N., Palumbo, J. M. et al. (2010). Risperidone long-acting injectable monotherapy in the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68,156–62.Google Scholar
Sachs, G. S., Ice, K. S., Chappell, P. B. et al. (2011). Efficacy and safety of adjunctive oral ziprasidone for acute treatment of depression in patients with bipolar I disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 1413–22.Google Scholar
Solé, B., Martinez-Arán, A., Torrent, C. et al. (2011). Are bipolar II patients cognitively impaired? A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1–13.Google Scholar
Suppes, T., Hirschfeld, R. M., Vieta, E. et al. (2006). Quetiapine monotherapy for depressive episodes in Bipolar II Disorder: combined results from two placebo-controlled studies. Bipolar Disorders, 8, S34–35.Google Scholar
Suppes, T., Kroger, H., Pikalov, A. and Loebel, A. (2016a). Lurasidone adjunctive with lithium or valproate for bipolar depression: a placebo-controlled trial utilizing prospective and retrospective enrolment cohorts. Journal of Psychiatry Research., 78, 86–93.Google Scholar
Suppes, T., Silva, R., Cucchiaro, J. et al. (2016b). Lurasidone for the treatment of major depressive disorder with mixed features: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 400–7.Google Scholar
Thase, M. E., Jonas, A., Khan, A. et al (2008). Aripiprazole monotherapy in nonpsychotic bipolar I depression: results of 2 randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacolgy, 28, 13–20.Google Scholar
Tohen, M., Vieta, E., Calabrese, J. et al. (2003). Efficacy of olanzapine and olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in the treatment of Bipolar I depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1079–88.Google Scholar
Tohen, M., Vieta, E., Goodwin, G. M. et al. (2008). Olanzapine versus divalproex versus placebo in the treatment of mild to moderate mania: a randomized, 12-week, double-blind study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 1776–89.Google Scholar
Torrent, C., Martinez-Aran, A., Daban, C. et al. (2006). Cognitive impairment in bipolar II disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 254–9.Google Scholar
Vieta, E. (2003). Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of mood disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 16, 23–7.Google Scholar
Vieta, E. (2009). Managing Bipolar Disorder in Clinical Practice. 2nd ed. London: Current Medicine Group.Google Scholar
Vieta, E. and Goikolea, J. M. (2005). Atypical antipsychotics: newer options for mania and maintenance therapy. Bipolar Disorders, 7, S1–S13.Google Scholar
Vieta, E., Calabrese, J. R., Goikolea, J. M. et al. (2007). Quetiapine monotherapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar I or II depression and a rapid-cycling disease course: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disorders, 9, 413–25.Google Scholar
Vieta, E., Colom, F., Martínez-Arán, A. et al. (2000). Bipolar II disorder and comorbidity. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 339–43.Google Scholar
Vieta, E., Gasto, C., Colom, F. et al. (2001). Role of risperidone in Bipolar II: an open six-month study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 67, 213–19.Google Scholar
Vieta, E., Gastó, C., Otero, A. et al. (1997). Differential features between Bipolar I and Bipolar II disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 38, 98–101.Google Scholar
Vieta, E., Grunze, H. (2011). Bipolar disorder: a focus on depression. New England Journal of Medicine, 364, 1581.Google Scholar
Vieta, E., Günther, O., Locklear, J. et al. (2011). Effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 22, 1–21.Google Scholar
Vieta, E., Montgomery, S., Sulaiman, A. H., et al. (2012). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess prevention of mood episodes with risperidone long-acting injectable in patients with bipolar I disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 22, 825–35.Google Scholar
Vieta, E. and Suppes, T. (2008). Bipolar II disorder: arguments for and against a distinct diagnostic entity. Bipolar Disorders, 10, 163–78.Google Scholar
Yatham, L. N., Goldstein, J. M., Vieta, E. et al. (2005). Atypical antipsychotics in bipolar depression: potential mechanisms of action. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 40–8.Google Scholar
Yildiz, A., Vieta, E., Leucht, S. et al. (2011). Efficacy of antimanic treatments: meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 375–89.Google Scholar
Young, A. H., McElroy, S. L., Bauer, M. et al. (2010). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and lithium monotherapy in adults in the acute phase of bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN I). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71, 150–62.Google Scholar
Young, A. H., McElroy, S. L., Olausson, B. et al. (2014) A randomised, placebo-controlled 52-week trial of continued quetiapine treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15, 96–112.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2002). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1–50.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2005). Guideline Watch for the Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Bipolar Disorder. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.Google Scholar
Bassett, D., Mulder, R., Outhred, T., et al. (2017). Defining disorders with permeable borders: you say bipolar, I say borderline! Bipolar disorders, 19, 320–3.Google Scholar
Bayes, A., Parker, G. and Fletcher, K. (2014) Clinical differentiation of bipolar II disorder from borderline personality disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27, 14–20.Google Scholar
Bérard, A., Sheehy, O., Zhao, J. P., et al. (2017). SSRI and SNRI use during pregnancy and the risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 83, 1126–33.Google Scholar
Boyce, P. and Buist, A. (2016). Management of bipolar disorder over the perinatal period. Australian Family Physician, 45, 890–3.Google Scholar
Christensen, J., Grønborg, T. K., Sørensen, M. J., et al. (2013). Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism. JAMA, 309, 1696–703.Google Scholar
Clark, C. T., Klein, A. M., Perel, J. M., et al. (2013). Lamotrigine dosing for pregnant patients with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 1240–7.Google Scholar
Diav‐Citrin, O., Shechtman, S., Zvi, N., et al. (2017). Is it safe to use lamotrigine during pregnancy? A prospective comparative observational study. Birth Defects Research, 109, 1196–03Google Scholar
Doyle, K., Heron, J., Berrisford, G., et al. (2012). The management of bipolar disorder in the perinatal period and risk factors for postpartum relapse. European Psychiatry, 27, 563–9.Google Scholar
Eyden, J., Winsper, C., Wolke, D., et al. (2016) A systematic review of the parenting and outcomes experienced by offspring of mothers with borderline personality pathology: potential mechanisms and clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 85–105.Google Scholar
Fountoulakis, K. N., Grunze, H., Vieta, E., et al. (2016). The International College of Neuro-Psychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for Bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BD-2017), part 3: the clinical guidelines. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 20, 180–95.Google Scholar
Galbally, M., Snellen, M., Walker, S., et al. (2010). Management of antipsychotic and mood stabilizer medication in pregnancy: recommendations for antenatal care. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 99–108.Google Scholar
Goodwin, G. M. and Consensus Group of the British Association for Psychopharmacology (2009). Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder, revised second edition: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 23, 346–88.Google Scholar
Goodwin, G. M., Haddad, P. M., Ferrier, I. N., et al. (2016). Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30, 495–553.Google Scholar
Graham, R., Tavella, G. and Parker, G. (2018). Is there consensus across international evidence-based guidelines for the psychotropic drug management of bipolar disorder during the perinatal period? Journal of Affective Disorders, 228, 216–21.Google Scholar
Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Goodwin, G. M., et al. (2009). The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: update 2009 on the treatment of acute mania. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 10, 85–116.Google Scholar
Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Goodwin, G. M., et al. (2010). The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: update 2010 on the treatment of acute bipolar depression. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 11, 81–109.Google Scholar
Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Goodwin, G. M., et al. (2013). The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: update 2012 on the long-term treatment of bipolar depression. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 14, 154–219.Google Scholar
Hunt, N. and Silverstone, T. (1995). Does puerperal illness distinguish a subgroup of bipolar patients? Journal of Affective Disorders, 34, 101–7.Google Scholar
Huybrechts, K. F., Hernández-Díaz, S., Patorno, E., et al. (2016). Antipsychotic use in pregnancy and the risk for congenital malformations. JAMA Psychiatry, 73, 938–46.Google Scholar
Kanba, S., Kato, T., Terao, T., et al. (2013). Guideline for treatment of bipolar disorder by the Japanese Society of Mood Disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 67, 285–300.Google Scholar
Khan, S. J., Fersh, M. E., Ernst, C., et al. (2016). Bipolar disorder in pregnancy and postpartum: principles of management. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18, 13.Google Scholar
Malhi, G. S., Bassett, D., Boyce, P., et al. (2015). Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 1087–206.Google Scholar
Management of Bipolar Disorder Working Group (2010). VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Bipolar Disorder in Adults. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense.Google Scholar
Morriss, R. (2004) The early warning symptom intervention for patients with bipolar affective disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 10, 18–26.Google Scholar
Muzik, M. and Hamilton, S. E. (2016). Use of antidepressants during pregnancy?: What to consider when weighing treatment with antidepressants against untreated depression. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20, 2268–79.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2014). Antenatal and Postnatal Mental Health: Clinical Management and Service Guidance. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Google Scholar
Ornoy, A., Weinstein‐Fudim, L. and Ergaz, Z. (2017). Antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers in pregnancy: what do we know and how should we treat pregnant women with depression. Birth Defects Research, 109, 933–56.Google Scholar
Ostacher, M. J., Tandon, R. and Suppes, T. (2016). Florida Best Practice psychotherapeutic medication guidelines for adults with bipolar disorder: a novel, practical, patient-centered guide for clinicians. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77, 920–6.Google Scholar
Ozturk, Z., Olmez, E., Gurpinar, T., et al. (2016). Safety of psychotropic medications in pregnancy: an observational cohort study. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26, 229–37.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Eyers, K. and Boyce, P. (2014). Overcoming Baby Blues. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Patorno, E., Huybrechts, K. F., Bateman, B. T., et al. (2017). Lithium use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac malformations. New England Journal of Medicine, 376, 2245–54.Google Scholar
Perry, A., Tarrier, N., Morriss, R., et al. (1999) Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of teaching patients with bipolar disorder to identify early symptoms of relapse and obtain treatment. BMJ, 318, 149–53.Google Scholar
Shah, N., Grover, S. and Rao, G. P. (2017). Clinical practice guidelines for management of bipolar disorder. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 59, S51–66.Google Scholar
Sharma, V. and Mazmanian, D. (2003) Sleep loss and postpartum psychosis. Bipolar Disorders, 5, 98–105.Google Scholar
Snellen, M. and Malhi, G. S. (2014) Bipolar disorder, psychopharmacology, and pregnancy. In: Galbally, M., Snellen, M. and Lewis, A. (eds) Psychopharmacology and Pregnancy: Treatment Efficacy, Risks, and Guidelines. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag Publishing, 103–17.Google Scholar
Snellen, M., Thompson, G. and Murdoch, N. (2014) The process of obtaining informed consent when prescribing psychopharmacology in pregnancy. In: Galbally, M, Snellen, M and Lewis, A (eds) Psychopharmacology and Pregnancy – Treatment Efficacy, Risks, and Guidelines. Treatment Efficacy, Risks, and Guidelines. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 5–18.Google Scholar
Soussan, C., Gouraud, A., Portolan, G., et al. (2014). Drug-induced adverse reactions via breastfeeding: a descriptive study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 70, 1361–6.Google Scholar
Viguera, A. C., Nonacs, R., Cohen, L. S., et al. (2000) Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 179–84.Google Scholar
Viguera, A. C., Tondo, L., Koukopoulos, A. E., et al. (2011). Episodes of mood disorders in 2,252 pregnancies and postpartum periods. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1179–85.Google Scholar
Viguera, A. C., Whitfield, T., Baldessarini, R. J., et al. (2007). Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1817–24.Google Scholar
Vitale, S. G., Laganà, A. S., Muscatello, M. R. A., et al. (2016). Psychopharmacotherapy in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 71, 721–33.Google Scholar
Wesseloo, R., Kamperman, A. M., Munk-Olsen, T., et al. (2015). Risk of postpartum relapse in bipolar disorder and postpartum psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 117–27.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2009). Pharmacological Treatment of Mental Disorders in Primary Health Care. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health OrganizationGoogle Scholar
Yatham, L. N., Kennedy, S. H., Parikh, S. V., et al. (2013). Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2013. Bipolar Disorders, 15, 1–44.Google Scholar
Yonkers, K. A., Wisner, K. L., Stowe, Z., et al. (2004). Management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 608–20.Google Scholar

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2002). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (revision). American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, S1–S50.Google Scholar
Ball, J., Mitchell, P., Corry, J., et al. (2006). A randomised controlled trial of cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: focus on long-term change. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 277–86.Google Scholar
Bird, V., Premkumar, P., Kendall, T. et al. (2010). Early intervention services, cognitive–behavioural therapy and family intervention in early psychosis: systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197, 350–6.Google Scholar
Colom, F., Vieta, E., Martinez-Aran, A. et al. (2003). A randomized trial on the efficacy of group psychoeducation in the prophylaxis of recurrences in bipolar patients whose disease is in remission. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 402–7.Google Scholar
Colom, F., Vieta, E., Sánchez-Moreno, J. et al. (2009). Group psychoeducation for stabilised bipolar disorders: 5-year outcome of a randomised clinical trial British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 571.Google Scholar
Copeland, M. E. (1994). Living Without Depression and Manic Depression: A Workbook for Maintaining Mood Stability. Oakland: New Harbiner.Google Scholar
Dodd, A. L., Mezes, B., Labban, F. et al. (2017). Psychological mechanisms and the ups and downs of personal recovery in bipolar. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 310–28.Google Scholar
Eisendrath, S. J., Delucchi, K., Bitner, R. et al. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treatment-resistant depression: a pilot study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77, 319–20.Google Scholar
Frank, E. and Swartz, H. (2004). Interpersonal and social rhythm. In Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder, ed. Johnson, S. L. and Leahy, R. L.. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K. and Jamison, K. R. (2007). Manic-Depressive Illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goodwin, G. and the Consensus Group of the British Association for Psychopharmacology. (2009). Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: revised second edition – recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 23, 346.Google Scholar
Inder, M. L., Crowe, M. T., Moor, S. et al. (2008). ‘I actually don't know who I am’: The impact of bipolar disorder on the development of self. Psychiatry, 71, 123–4.Google Scholar
Jamison, K. (1995). An Unquiet Mind. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J. et al. (2002). The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 59, 530–7.Google Scholar
Kim, E. Y. and Miklowitz, D.J. (2004). Expressed emotion as a predictor of outcome among bipolar patients undergoing family therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 343–52.Google Scholar
Klerman, G. L., Weissman, M. M., Rounsaville, B. et al. (1984). Interpersonal Psychotherapy of Depression. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Kyrios, M., Moulding, R., Doron, G. et al. (2016). The Self in Understanding and Treating Psychological Disorders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lam, D., Watkins, E., Hayward, P. et al. (2003). A randomised controlled study of cognitive therapy of relapse prevention for bipolar affective disorder: outcome of the first year. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 145–52.Google Scholar
Lee, A. M. R. and Glaykner, I. I. (2010). Violence in bipolar: what role does childhood trauma play? Psychiatric Times, 27, 32.Google Scholar
Lobban, F., Solis-Trapala, I., Tyler, E. et al. (2013). The role of beliefs about mood swings in determining outcome in bipolar disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 51–60.Google Scholar
McManamy, J. (2006). Living Well with Depression and Bipolar Disorder. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Miklowitz, D. J., George, E. L., Richards, J. A. et al. (2003). A randomised study of family-focused psychoeducation and pharmacotherapy in the outpatient management of bipolar disorder. disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 904–12.Google Scholar
Miklowitz, D. J. (2004). Family therapy. In Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder, ed. Johnson, S. L. and Leahy, R. L.. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Miklowitz, D. J., Wisniewski, S. R., Miyahara, S. et al. (2005). Perceived criticism from family members as a predictor of the one-year course of bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research, 136, 101–11.Google Scholar
Murray, G., Suto, M., Hole, R. et al. (2011). Self-management strategies used by ‘high functioning’ individuals with bipolar disorder: from research to clinical practice. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18, 95.Google Scholar
Perich, T., Manicavasagar, V., Mitchell, P. B. et al. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 127, 333–43.Google Scholar
Perry, A., Tarrier, N., Morriss, R. et al. (1999). Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of teaching patients with bipolar disorder to identify early symptoms of relapse and obtain treatment. British Medical Journal, 318, 149–53.Google Scholar
Pompili, M. Gonda, X., Serafini, G. et al. (2013). Epidemiology of suicide in bipolar disorders: a systematic review of the literature: Bipolar Disorders, 15, 457–90.Google Scholar
Russell, S. (2008). Role of a ‘stay well’ approach in the management of bipolar disorder. The Royal Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 551–4.Google Scholar
Scott, J., Garland, A., Moorhead, S. (2001). A pilot study of cognitive therapy in bipolar disorders. Psychological Medicine, 31, 459–67.Google Scholar
Scott, J., Paykel, E., Morriss, R. et al. (2006). Cognitive-behaviour therapy for bipolar disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 313–20.Google Scholar
Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G. and Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse. New York: Guildford Publications.Google Scholar
Stange, J. P., Sylvia, L. G., Magalhaes, P. V. et al. (2013). Extreme attributions predict transition from depression to mania or hypomania in bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47, 1329–36.Google Scholar
Yan, L. J., Hammen, C., Cohen, A. N. et al. (2004). Expressed emotion versus relationship quality variables in the prediction of recurrence in bipolar patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 83, 199–206.Google Scholar

References

Harris, R (2007). The Happiness Trap. Wollombi, Australia: Exisle Publishing.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D. and Wilson, K. G. (2003). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach to Behaviour Change. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain and Illness. New York: Delta.Google Scholar
Miklowitz, D. J. (2002). The Bipolar Disorder Survival Guide: What You and Your Family Need to Know. London: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Miller, W. R. and Rollnick, S. (1991). Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behavior. New York: Guildford Press.Google Scholar
Miller, W. R., Benefield, R. G. and Tonigan, J. S. (1993). Enhancing motivation for change in problem drinking: a controlled comparison of two therapist styles. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 455–61.Google Scholar
Prochaska, J and DiClemente, C (1986). Toward a comprehensive model of change. In W. Miller and N. Heather (eds). Treating Addictive Behaviors: Processes of Change, Applied Clinical Psychology, New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Russell, S. (2005). A Lifelong Journey: Staying Well with Manic Depression/Bipolar Disorder. Melbourne: Michelle Anderson Publishing.Google Scholar
Russell, S. J. and Browne, J. L. (2005). Staying well with bipolar disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 187–93.Google Scholar
Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G. and Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic Happiness. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Yahne, C. E and Miller, W. R. (1999). Enhancing motivation for treatment and change. In B. S. McCrady and E. E. Epstein (eds.), Addictions: A Comprehensive Guidebook, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

References

Access Economics: SANE Australia, . (2003). Bipolar Disorder: Costs: An Analysis of the Burden of Bipolar Disorder and Related Suicide in Australia, Melbourne, SANE Australia.Google Scholar
Andresen, R., Oades, L. and Caputi, P. (2003). The experience of recovery from schizophrenia: towards an empirically validated stage model. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 586–94.Google Scholar
Baek, J., Park, D., Choi, J. et al. (2011). Differences between bipolar I and bipolar II disorders in clinical features, comorbidity, and family history. Journal of Affective Disorders, 131, 59–67.Google Scholar
Bendelow, G. and Williams, S. (1995). Transcending the dualisms – towards a sociology of pain. Sociology of Health & Illness, 17, 139–65.Google Scholar
Biddle, L., Donovan, J., Sharp, D. and Gunnell, D. (2007). Explaining non-help-seeking amongst young adults with mental distress: a dynamic interpretive model of illness behaviour. Sociology of Health & Illness, 29, 983–1002.Google Scholar
Charmaz, K. (1997). Good Days, Bad Days: the Self in Chronic Illness and Time, New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Coryell, W., Scheftner, W., Keller, M. et al. (1993). The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression The American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 720–7.Google Scholar
Crowe, M., Inder, M., Carlyle, D. et al. (2012). Feeling out of control: a qualitative analysis of the impact of bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19, 294–302.Google Scholar
Delmas, K., Proudfoot, J., Parker, G. et al. (2011). Recoding past experiences: a qualitative study of how patients and family members adjust to the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 136–9.Google Scholar
Goldberg, J. and Harrow, M. (2005). Subjective life satisfaction and objective functional outcome in bipolar and unipolar mood disorders: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 89, 79–89.Google Scholar
Inder, M., Crowe, M., Joyce, P. et al. (2010). “I really don't know whether it is still there”: ambivalent acceptance of a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Quarterly, 81, 157–65.Google Scholar
Jamison, K.R. (2004). Exuberance: The Passion for Life, New York, Random House.Google Scholar
Kelly, G., Lawrence, J.A. and Dodds, A.E. (2005). Women's developmental experiences of living with Type 1 diabetes. Qualitative Social Research, 6. Doi: 10.17169/fqs-6.1.521Google Scholar
Laing, R. (1960). The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness, London, Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Lim, L., Nathan, P., O'brien-malone, A. et al. (2004). A qualitative approach to identifying psychosocial issues faced by bipolar patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 810–17.Google Scholar
Little, M., Jordens, C., Paul, K. et al. (1998). Liminality: a major category of the experience of cancer illness Social Science and Medicine, 47, 1485–94.Google Scholar
Lohne, V. and Severinsson, E. (2005). Patients' experiences of hope and suffering during the first year following acute spinal cord injury. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14, 285–93.Google Scholar
Macqueen, M., Young, L. and Joffe, R. (2001). A review of psychosocial outcome in patients with bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 103, 163–70.Google Scholar
Mansell, W., Powell, S., Pedley, R. et al. (2010). The process of recovery from bipolar I disorder: a qualitative analysis of personal accounts in relation to an integrative cognitive model. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 193–215.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. and Femke, L. (2012). The true prevalence of bipolar II disorder. Current Opinion on Psychiatry, 25, 19–23.Google Scholar
Michalak, E., Livingston, J., Hole, R. et al. (2011). ‘It's something that I manage but it is not who I am’: reflections on internalized stigma in individuals with bipolar disorder. Chronic Illness, 7, 209–24.Google Scholar
Murray, G., Suto, M., Hole, R. et al. (2011). Self-management strategies used by ‘high functioning’ individuals with bipolar disorder: from research to clinical practice. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 18, 95–109.Google Scholar
Olley, A., Malhi, G. S., Mitchell, P. B. et al. (2005). When euthymia is just not good enough: the neuropsychology of bipolar disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 323–30.Google Scholar
Parker, G. and Fletcher, K. (2008). Is bipolar II disorder increasing in prevalence? In Parker, G.E., Kerrie, (Ed.) Bipolar II Disorder: Modelling, Measuring and Managing. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pollack, L. E. (1995). Striving for stability with bipolar disorder despite barriers. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 9, 122–9.Google Scholar
Power, M. J. (2005) Psychological approaches to bipolar disorders: a theoretical critique. Clinical Psychology Review, 25 (8), 1101–22.Google Scholar
Proudfoot, J., Parker, G., Benoit, M. et al. (2009). What happens after diagnosis? Understanding the experiences of patients with newly-diagnosed bipolar disorder. Health Expectations, 12, 120–9.Google Scholar
Reeves, P. M., Merriam, S. B. and Courtenay, B. C. (1999). Adaptation to HIV infection: the development of coping strategies over time. Qualitative Health Research, 9, 344–61.Google Scholar
Russell, L. and Moss, D. (2013). A meta-study of qualitative research into the experience of ‘symptoms’ and ‘having a diagnosis’ for people who have been given a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 9, 643–63.Google Scholar
Skjelstad, D., Malt, U. and Holte, A. (2011). Symptoms and behaviors prior to the first major affective episode of bipolar II disorder. An exploratory study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132, 333–43.Google Scholar
Suto, M., Murray, G., Hale, S. et al. (2009). What works for people with bipolar disorder? Tips from the experts. Journal of Affective Disorders, 124, 76–84.Google Scholar
Todd, N., Jones, S. and Lobban, F. (2011). “Recovery” in bipolar disorder: how can service users be supported through a self-management intervention? A qualitative focus group study. Journal of Mental Health, 21, 114–26.Google Scholar
Veseth, M., Binder, P. E., Borg, M. et al. (2012). Toward caring for oneself in a life of intense ups and downs: a reflexive-collaborative exploration of recovery in bipolar disorder. Qualitative Health Research, 22, 119–33.Google Scholar
Vieta, E. and Colom, F. (2004). Psychological interventions in bipolar disorder: from wishful thinking to an evidence-based approach. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110, 34–8.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Domain Chapters
  • Edited by Gordon Parker, University of New South Wales, Sydney
  • Book: Bipolar II Disorder
  • Online publication: 17 December 2018
Available formats No formats are currently available for this content.
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Domain Chapters
  • Edited by Gordon Parker, University of New South Wales, Sydney
  • Book: Bipolar II Disorder
  • Online publication: 17 December 2018
Available formats No formats are currently available for this content.
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Domain Chapters
  • Edited by Gordon Parker, University of New South Wales, Sydney
  • Book: Bipolar II Disorder
  • Online publication: 17 December 2018
Available formats No formats are currently available for this content.
×