Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T22:09:52.376Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Antheridiogens

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2009

By
Jakob J. Schneller
Edited by
Tom A. Ranker  and
Christopher H. Haufler
Jakob J. Schneller
Affiliation:
Institut für Systematische Botanik, Universität Zürich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
Tom A. Ranker
Affiliation:
University of Colorado, Boulder
Christopher H. Haufler
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Get access

Summary

Introduction

In homosporous ferns individual gametophytes are generally able to form both antheridia and archegonia. No genetic regulation that determines the sex of the haploid generation has been demonstrated. Growth, temperature, light conditions, environmental characteristics, soil conditions, and, in many cases, antheridia-inducing substances can influence the development of antheridia and archegonia (Voeller, 1964; Miller, 1968; Voeller and Weinberg, 1969). We can therefore describe homosporous ferns as having labile sex expression (Korpelainen, 1998).

The antheridia-inducing substances are called antheridiogens, and are products (hormone-like substances) of the metabolism of prothalli. The term antheridiogen characterizes the function but not the chemical composition. In the literature there is a variety of different terms for antheridiogen, for instance, A-substance (Döpp, 1950, 1959, 1962), antheridogen (Pringle, 1961), pheromone (e.g., Näf et al., 1975; Scott and Hickok, 1987), and hormone (e.g., Näf, 1962; Näf et al., 1975; Raghavan, 1989). Schraudolf (1985) distinguished between the pheromonal (effective on neighboring individuals) and the hormonal (effective within an individual plant) phase of antheridiogens. Here, we will use antheridiogen, the term that is favored in the literature.

History of discovery

Döpp (1950) was the first to discover a naturally produced substance that induces antheridia formation in young prothalli. He showed that substrate from maturing prothallial cultures of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) induced antheridia formation in young prothalli of its own species and those of Dryopteris filix-mas. The same was true also when using aquatic extractions.

Type
Chapter
Information
Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes , pp. 134 - 158
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Banks, J. A. (1994). Sex-determining genes in the homosporous fern Ceratopteris. Development, 120, 1949–1958.Google ScholarPubMed
Banks, J. A. (1997). Sex determination in the fern Ceratopteris. Trends in Plant Science, 2, 175–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banks, J. A. (1999). Gametophyte development in ferns. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 50, 163–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banks, J. A., Hickok, L., and Webb, M. A. (1993). The programming of sexual phenotype in the homosporous fern Ceratopteris richardii. International Journal of Plant Science, 154, 522–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baroutsis, J. G. (1976). Cytology, morphology and developmental biology of the fern genus Anogramma. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
Chasan, R. (1992). Ceratopteris: a model plant for the 90s. Plant Cell, 4, 113–115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiou, W.-L. (1999). Gametophyte morphology and antheridiogen of Sphaeropteris lepifera (J. Sm.) Tryon and Alsophila spinulosa (Hook) Tryon (Cyatheaceae). XVI International Botanical Congess, Abstract Number 2530.Google Scholar
Chiou, W.-L. (2003). The reproductive biology of gametes of homosporous ferns. Taiwanese Journal of Forest Science, 18, 67–73.Google Scholar
Chiou, W.-L. and Farrar, D. R. (1997). Antheridiogen production and response in Polypodiaceae species. American Journal of Botany, 84, 633–640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiou, W.-L., Farrar, D. R., and Ranker, T. (1998). Gametophyte morphology and reproductive biology in Elaphoglossum. Canadian Journal of Botany, 77, 1967–1977.Google Scholar
Chiou, W.-L., Lee, P.-H., and Ying, S.-S. (2000). Reproductive biology of gametophytes of Cyathea podophylla (Hook.) Copel. Taiwanese Journal of Forest Science, 15, 1–12.Google Scholar
Chiou, W.-L., Farrar, D. R., and Ranker, T. A. (2002). The mating systems of some Polypodiaceae species. American Fern Journal, 92, 65–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corey, E. J., Myers, A. G., Takahashi, N., Yamane, H., and Schraudolf, H. (1986). Constitution of antheridium-inducing factor of Anemia phyllitidis. Tetrahedron Letters, 27, 5083–5084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cousens, M. I. (1979). Gametophyte ontogeny, sex expression, and genetic load as measures of population divergence in Blechnum spicant. American Journal of Botany, 66, 116–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cousens, M. I. (1981). Blechnum spicant: habitat and vigour of optimal, marginal, and disjunct populations, and field observations of gametophytes. Botanical Gazette, 142, 251–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crist, K. C. and Farrar, D. F. (1982). Genetic load and long distance dispersal in Asplenium platyneuron. Canadian Journal of Botany, 61, 1809–1814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dassler, C. and Farrar, D. F. (2001). Significance of gametophyte from long-distance colonization by tropical, epiphytic ferns. Brittonia, 53, 352–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeVol, J., Rebert, A., Greer, G., and Dietrich, M. (2005). Effects of exogenous cytokinin application on morphological development of gametophytes of the fern Osmunda regalis. Botanical Society of America, Pteridological Section, Botany 2005, Abstract no. 192.
Döpp, W. (1950). Eine die Antheridienbildung bei Farnen fördernde Substanz in den Prothallien von Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 63, 139–147.Google Scholar
Döpp, W. (1959). Über eine hemmende und eine fördernde Substanz bei der Antheridienbildung in den Prothallien von Pteridium aquilinum. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 72, 11–24.Google Scholar
Döpp, W. (1962). Weitere Untersuchungen über die Physiologie der Antheridienbildung bei Pteridium aquilinum. Planta, 58, 483–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, A. F. (1979). The culture of fern gametophytes for experimental investigation. In The Experimental Biology of Ferns, ed. Dyer, A. F.. New York: Academic Press, pp. 253–305.Google Scholar
Eberle, J. R. and Banks, J. A. (1996). Genetic interactions among sex-determining genes in the fern Ceratopteris richardii. Genetics, 142, 973–985.Google ScholarPubMed
Eberle, J., Nemachek, J., Wen, C.-K., Hasebe, M., and Banks, J. A. (1995). Ceratopteris: a model system for studying sex-determining mechanisms in plants. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 156, 359–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emigh, V. D. and Farrar, D. R. (1977). Gemmae: a role in sexual reproduction in the fern genus Vittaria. Science, 198, 297–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fellenberg-Kressel, M. (1969). Untersuchungen über die Archegonien- und Antheridienbildung bei Microlepia speluncae (L.) Moore in Abhängigkeit von äusseren und inneren Faktoren. Flora, 160, 14–39.Google Scholar
Flinn, K. M. (2006). Reproductive biology of three fern species may contribute to differential colonization success in post-agricultural forests. American Journal of Botany, 93, 1289–1294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gemmrich, A. R. (1986). Antheridiogensynthesis in the fern Pteris vittata II. Hormonal control of antheridia formation. Journal of Plant Physiology, 125, 155–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greer, G. K. (1991). Sex expression and inferences on the mating systems of Aspidotis. Unpublished M.S. Thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA.
Greer, G. K. (1993). The influence of soil topography and spore-rain density on gender expression in gametophyte populations of the homosporous fern Aspidotis densa (Brack. in Wilkes) Lellinger. American Fern Journal, 84, 54–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greer, G. K. and McCarthy, B. C. (1997). The antheridiogen neighborhood of Polystichum acrostichoides (Dryopteridaceae) on a native substrate. International Journal of Plant Science, 158, 764–768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greer, G. K. and McCarthy, B. C. (1999). Gametophytic plasticity among four species of ferns with contrasting ecological distributions. International Journal of Plant Science, 160, 879–886.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, R. G. and Lloyd, R. M. (1991). Antheridiogen in the wild. The development of fern gametophyte communities. Functional Ecology, 6, 804–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haufler, C. H. and Gastony, G. J. (1978). Antheridiogen and the breeding system in the fern genus Bommeria. Canadian Journal of Botany, 36, 1594–1601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haufler, C. H. and Ranker, T. A. (1985). Differential antheridiogen responses and evolutionary mechanisms in Cystopteris. American Journal of Botany, 72, 659–665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haufler, C. H. and Soltis, D. E. (1984). Obligate outcrossing in a homosporous fern: field observation of a laboratory prediction. American Journal of Botany, 71, 878–881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haufler, C. H. and Welling, C. B. (1994). Antheridiogen, dark germination, and outcrossing mechanisms in Bommeria (Adiantaceae). American Journal of Botany, 81, 616–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickok, L. G. (1983). Abscisic acid blocks antheridiogen – induced antheridium formation in gametophytes of Ceratopteris. Canadian Journal of Botany, 61, 888–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickok, L. G. and Warne, T. R. (1998). C-Fern Manual. University of Tennessee Research Foundation. Burlington, NC: Carolina Biological Supply Company.Google Scholar
Hock, Z., Szövényi, P., and Tóth, Z. (2004). Seasonal variation in the bryophyte diaspore bank of open grasslands on dolomite rock. Journal of Bryology, 26, 285–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holbrook-Walker, S. G., and Lloyd, R. M. (1973). Reproductive biology and gametophyte morphology of the Hawaiian fern genus Sadleria (Blechnaceae) relative to habitat diversity and propensity for colonization. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 67, 157–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooper, E. A. and Haufler, C. H. 1997. Genetic diversity and breeding system in a group of neotropical epiphytic ferns (Pleopeltis; Polypodiaceae). American Journal of Botany, 84, 1664–1674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, J. E. N. (ed.) (1999). Texas Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting. www.shsu.edu/~bio_jxn.
Kazmierczak, A. (2003). Induction of cell division and cell expansion at the beginning of gibberellin A3-induced precocious antheridia formation in Anemia phyllitidis gametophytes. Plant Science, 165, 933–939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khare, P. B., Behera, S. K., Srivastava, R., and Shukla, S. P. (2006). Studies on reproductive biology of a threatened tree fern, Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hool. Current Science, 89, 173–176.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, R. E. B. and Soltis, P. S. (1992). Antheridiogen production and response in Gymnocarpium dryopteris ssp. disjunctum. Plant Species Biology, 7, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klekowski, E. J. Jr. (1969). Reproductive biology of the Pteridophyta II. Theoretical considerations. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 62, 347–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klekowski, E. J., Jr. (1979). The genetics and reproductive biology in ferns. In The Experimental Biology of Ferns, ed. Dyer, A. F.. New York: Academic Press, pp. 133–170.Google Scholar
Korpelainen, H. (1994). Growth, sex determination and reproduction of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott gametophytes under varying nutritional conditions. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 114, 357–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korpelainen, H. (1998). Labile sex expression in plants. Biological Reviews, 73, 157–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, R. M. (1974). Mating system and genetic load in pioneer and non-pioneer Hawaiian Pteridophyta. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 69, 23–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lott, M. S., Volin, J. C., Pemberton, R. W., and Austin, D. F. (2003). The reproductive biology of the invasive ferns Lygodium microphyllum and L. japonicum (Schizaeaceae): implications for invasive potential. American Journal of Botany, 90, 1144–1152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mander, L. N. (2003). Twenty years of gibberellin research. Natural Products Report, 20, 49–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masuyama, S, and Watano, Y. (1990). Trend for inbreeding in polyploid pteridophytes. Plant Species Biology, 5, 13–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendenez, V., Revilla, M. A., and Fernandez, H. (2006a). Growth and gender in the gametophyte of Blechnum spicant. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture, 86, 47–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendenez, V., Revilla, M. A., Bernard, P., Gotor, V., and Fernandez, H. (2006b). Gibberellins and antheridiogen on sex in Blechnum spicant. Plant Cell Report, 25, 1104–1110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J. H. (1968). Fern gametophytes as experimental material. Botanical Revue, 34, 361–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Näf, U. (1956). The demonstration of a factor concerned with the initiation of antheridia in polypodiaceous ferns. Growth, 20, 91–105.Google ScholarPubMed
Näf, U. (1959). Control of antheridium formation in the fern species Anemia phyllitidis. Nature, 184, 798–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Näf, U. (1960). On the control of antheridium formation in the fern species Lygodium japonicum. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 105, 82–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Näf, U. (1962). Developmental physiology of lower archegoniates. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 13, 507–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Näf, U. (1965). On antheridial metabolism in the fern species Onoclea sensibilis L. Plant Physiology, 40, 888–890CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Näf, U. (1966). On dark germination and antheridium formation in Anemia phyllitidis. Physiologia Plantarum, 19, 1079–1088.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Näf, U. (1969). On the control of antheridium formation in ferns. In Current Topics in Plant Science, ed. Gunckel, J. E.. New York: Academic Press, pp. 1357–1360.Google Scholar
Näf, U. (1979). Antheridiogens and antheridial development. In The Experimental Biology of Ferns, ed. Dyer, A. F.. New York: Academic Press, pp. 436–470.Google Scholar
Näf, U., Sullivan, J., and Cummins, M. (1962). New antheridiogen from the fern Onoclea sensibilis. Science, 163, 1357–1358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Näf, U., Nakanishi, K., and Endo, M. (1975). On the physiology and chemistry of fern antheridiogens. Botanical. Review, 41, 315–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakanishi, K., Endo, M., and Näf, U. (1971). Structure of antheridium-inducing factor of the fern Anemia phyllitidis. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 93, 5579–5581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nester-Hudson, J. E., Ladas, C., and McClurd, A. (1997). Gametophyte development and antheridiogen activity in Thelypteris ovata var. lindheimeri. American Fern Journal, 87, 131–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pajaron, S., Pangua, E., and Garcia-Alvarez, L. (1999). Sexual expression and genetic diversity in populations of Cryptogramma crispa (Pteridaceae). American Journal of Botany, 86, 964–973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pour, M., King, G. R., Monck, N. J. T., Morris, J. C., Zhang, H., and Mander, L. N. (1998). Synthetic and structural studies on novel gibberellins. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 70, 351–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pringle, R. B. (1961). Chemical nature of antheridiogen-A, a specific inducer of male sex organ in certain fern species. Science, 133, 284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pringle, R. B., Näf, U., and Braun, A. C. (1960). Purification of a specific inducer of the male sex organ in certain fern species. Nature, 186, 1066–1067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quintanilla, L., Pangua, E., Amigo, J., and Pajarom, S. (2005). Comparative study of the sympatric ferns Culcita macrocarpa and Woodwardia radicans: sexual phenotype. Flora, 200, 187–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raghavan, V. (1989). Developmental Biology of Fern Gametophytes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranker, T. A. (1987). Experimental systematics and population biology of the fern genus Hemionitis and Gymnopteris with reference to Bommeria. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS.
Ranker, T. A. and Houston, H. A. (2002). Is gametophyte sexuality in the laboratory a good predictor of sexuality in nature?American Fern Journal, 92, 112–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranker, T. A., Gemmill, C. E. C., Trapp, P. G., Hambleton, A., and Ha, K. (1996). Population genetics and reproductive biology of lava-flow colonising species of Hawaiian Sadleria (Blechnaceae). In Pteridology in Perspective, ed. Camus, J. M., Gibby, M., and John, R. J.. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, pp. 591–598.Google Scholar
Rubin, G. and Paolillo, D. J. (1983). Sexual development of Onoclea sensibilis on agar and soil media without the addition of antheridiogen. American Journal of Botany, 70, 811–815.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, G. and Paolillo, D. J. (1984). Obtaining sterilized soil for the growth of Onoclea gametophytes. New Phytologist, 97, 621–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, G., Robson, D. S., and Paolillo, D. J. (1985). Effects of population density on sex expression in Onoclea sensibilis L. on agar and ashed soil. Annals of Botany, 55, 201–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schedlbauer, M. D. (1974). Biological specifity of the antheridiogen from Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brogn.). Planta, 116, 39–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schedlbauer, M. D. and Klekowski, E. J. (1972). Antheridiogen activity in the fern Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brogn. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 65, 399–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneller, J. J. (1979). Biosystematic investigation on the lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina). Plant Systematics and Evolution, 132, 255–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneller, J. J. (1981). Bemerkungen zur Biologie der Wurmfarngruppe. Farnblätter, 7, 9–17.Google Scholar
Schneller, J. J. (1988). Spore bank, dark germination and gender determination in Athyrium and Dryopteris. Results and implications for population biology of Pteridophyta. Botanica Helvetica, 98, 77–86.Google Scholar
Schneller, J. J. (1996). Outbreeding depression in the fern Asplenium ruta-muraria L.: evidence from enzyme electrophoresis, meiotic irregularities and reduced spore viability. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 59, 281–295.Google Scholar
Schneller, J. J. and Hess, A. (1995). Antheridiogen system in the fern Asplenium ruta-muraria (Aspleniaceae; Pteridophyta). Fern Gazette, 15, 64–70.Google Scholar
Schneller, J. J. and Holderegger, R. (1996a). Genetic variation in small, isolated fern populations. Journal of Vegetation Science, 7, 113–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneller, J. J. and Holderegger, R. (1996b). Colonisation events and genetic variability within populations of Asplenium ruta-muraria L. In Pteridology in Perspective, ed. Camus, J. M., Gibby, M., and Johns, R. J.. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, pp. 571–580.Google Scholar
Schneller, J. J., Haufler, C. H., and Ranker, T. A. (1990). Antheridiogen and natural gametophyte populations. American Fern Journal, 80, 143–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schraudolf, H. (1962). Die Wirkung von Phytohormonen auf Keimung und Entwicklung von Farnprothallien. I. Auslösung der Antheridienbildung und Dunkelkeimung bei Schizaeaceen durch Gibberellinsäure. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 6, 731–740Google Scholar
Schraudolf, H. (1964). Relative activity of gibberellins in the antheridium induction in Anemia phyllititdis. Nature, 201, 98–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schraudolf, H. (1966). Die Wirkung von Phytohormonen auf Keimung und Entwicklung von Farnprothallien. IV. Die Wirkung von unterschiedlichen Gibberellinsäuren und von Allo-Gibberellinsäure auf die Auslösung der Anteridienbildung einiger Polypodiaceen. Plant Cell Physiology, 7, 277–289.Google Scholar
Schraudolf, H. (1967). Die Steuerung ders Antheridienbildung in Polypodium crassifolium L. durch Licht. Planta, 76, 37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schraudolf, H. (1985). Action and phylogeny of antheridiogens, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 86B, 75–80.Google Scholar
Schraudolf, H. (1987). Antagonistic effects of abscisic acid and ABA analogous on hormone induces antheridium formation. Journal of Plant Physiology, 131, 433–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, R. J. and Hickok, L. G. (1987). Genetic analysis of antheridiogen sensitivity in Ceratopteris richardii. American Journal of Botany, 74, 1872–1877.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soltis, D. E. and Soltis, P. E. (1992). The distribution of selfing rates in homosporous ferns. American Journal of Botany, 76, 97–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soltis, P. S. and Soltis, D. E. (1990). Evolution of inbreeding and outcrossing in ferns and fern-allies. Plant Species Biology, 5, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soltis, P. S. and Soltis, D. E. (2000). The role of genetic and genomic attributes in the success of polyploids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 7051–7057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, R. D. and Werth, C. W. (1999). Interpopulational comparison of dose-mediated antheridiogen response in Onoclea sensibilis. American Fern Journal, 89, 221–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugai, M., Nakamura, K., Yamane, H., Sato, Y., and Takahashi, N. (1987). Effects of gibberellins and their methyl esters on dark germination and antheridium formation in Lygodium japonicum and Anemia phyllitidis. Plant Cell Physiology, 28, 199–202.Google Scholar
Suter, M., Schneller, J. J., and Vogel, J. C. (2000). Investigations into the genetic variation, population structure and breeding systems of the fern Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens. International Journal of Plant Science, 161, 233–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tryon, R. M. and Vitale, G. (1977). Evidence for antheridiogen production and its mediation of a mating system in natural populations of fern gametophytes. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 74, 243–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voeller, B. R. (1964). Antheridiogens in ferns. In Régulateurs Naturels de la Croissance Végétale. Gif-sur-Yvette: Editions du CNRS, pp. 665–684.Google Scholar
Voeller, B. R. and Weinberg, E. S. (1969). Evolutionary and physiological aspects of antheridium induction in ferns. In Current Topics in Plant Science, ed. Gunckel, J. E.. New York: Academic Press, pp. 77–93.Google Scholar
Vogel, J. C., Rumsey, F. J., Schneller, J. J., Barett, J. A., and Gibby, M. (1999a). Where are the glacial refugia in Europe? Evidence from pteridophytes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 66, 23–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogel, J. C., Rumsey, F. J., Russel, S. J., Cox, S. J., Holmes, J. S., Bujnoch, W., Stark, C.Battet, J. A., and Gibby, M. (1999b). Genetic structure, reproductive biology and ecology of isolated populations of Asplenium csikii (Aspleniaceae, Pteridophyta). Heredity, 83, 604–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aderkas, P. (1983). Studies of gametophytes of Matteuccia struthiopteris, ostrich fern in nature and culture. Canadian Journal of Botany, 61, 3267–3270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warne, T. R. and Hickok, L. G. (1989). Evidence of a gibberellin biosynthetic origin of Ceratopteris antheridiogen. Plant Physiology, 89, 535–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watano, Y. and Masuyama, S. (1991). Inbreeding in natural populations of the annual polyploid fern Ceratopteris thalictroides (Parkeriaceae). Systematic Botany, 16, 705–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, E. S. and Voeller, B. R. (1969). External factors inducing germination on fern spores. American Fern Journal, 59, 153–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willson, M. F. (1981). Sex expression in fern gametophytes: Some evolutionary possibilities. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 93, 403–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynne, G. M., Mander, L. M., Goto, M., Yamane, H., and Omori, T. (1998). Biosynthetic origin of the antheridiogen, gibberellin A73 methylester, in ferns of the Lygodium genus. Tetrahedron Letters, 39, 3877–3880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yamane, H. (1998). Fern antheridiogens. International Revue of Cytology, 184, 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yatskievych, G. (1993). Antheridiogen response in Phanerophlebia and related genera. American Fern Journal, 83, 30–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Antheridiogens
    • By Jakob J. Schneller, Institut für Systematische Botanik, Universität Zürich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
  • Edited by Tom A. Ranker, University of Colorado, Boulder, Christopher H. Haufler, University of Kansas
  • Book: Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes
  • Online publication: 11 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541827.006
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Antheridiogens
    • By Jakob J. Schneller, Institut für Systematische Botanik, Universität Zürich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
  • Edited by Tom A. Ranker, University of Colorado, Boulder, Christopher H. Haufler, University of Kansas
  • Book: Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes
  • Online publication: 11 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541827.006
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Antheridiogens
    • By Jakob J. Schneller, Institut für Systematische Botanik, Universität Zürich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
  • Edited by Tom A. Ranker, University of Colorado, Boulder, Christopher H. Haufler, University of Kansas
  • Book: Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes
  • Online publication: 11 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541827.006
Available formats
×