Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T19:18:09.587Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Studying Bilingualism Through Eye-Tracking and Brain Imaging

from Part IV - Neuroscience of Bilingual Lexical Access

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2019

By
Sayuri Hayakawa  and
Viorica Marian
Edited by
Roberto R. Heredia  and
Anna B. Cieślicka
Roberto R. Heredia
Affiliation:
Texas A & M University
Anna B. Cieślicka
Affiliation:
Texas A & M University
Get access

Summary

Language is full of ambiguities, ranging from challenging phonetic contrasts to homophones and homographs. While some ambiguity is inherent in any language, the challenge of resolving linguistic conflicts is even greater for those who speak multiple languages. The question of how bilinguals represent and control their two languages has been addressed using various methodologies ranging from case studies of multilingual aphasics to advanced neuroimaging techniques. In this chapter, we focus on two methods in particular that have contributed to the understanding of bilingual cognition. First, we review evidence from eye-tracking studies demonstrating that bilinguals activate their two languages in parallel. We follow with a discussion of fMRI research investigating whether different languages have shared or separate representations in the brain. Finally, we examine the processes underlying language control and discuss the ways in which different methodologies can contribute to our understanding of bilingual language processing.

Keywords

bilingual lexical ambiguitycognitive controlcompound-coordinate bilingualcross-linguistic conflicteye movementsfunctional magnetic resonance imaginghomographsmultivoxel pattern analysisnonselective lexical accessselective lexical accessvisual world paradigm
Type
Chapter
Information
Bilingual Lexical Ambiguity Resolution , pp. 273 - 299
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Further Reading

Chabal, S., & Marian, V. (2015). In the mind’s eye: Eye-tracking and multi-modal integration during bilingual spoken-language processing. In Mishra, R., Srinivasan, N., & Huettig, F. (Eds.), Attention and vision in language processing (pp. 147–164). New Delhi: Springer.Google Scholar
Grundy, J. G., Anderson, J. A. , & Bialystok, E. (2017). Neural correlates of cognitive processing in monolinguals and bilinguals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1396(1), 183–201.Google Scholar
Marian, V. (2008). Bilingual research methods. In Altarriba, J. & Heredia, R. R. (Eds.), An introduction to bilingualism: Principles and processes. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Pliatsikas, C., & Luk, G. (2016). Executive control in bilinguals: A concise review on fMRI studies. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(4), 699–705.Google Scholar

References

Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. W. (2008). Control mechanisms in bilingual language production: Neural evidence from language switching studies. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(4), 557–582.Google Scholar
Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. W. (2016). Neuroimaging of language control in bilinguals: neural adaptation and reserve. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(4), 689–698.Google Scholar
Abutalebi, J., Brambati, S. M., Annoni, J. M., Moro, A., Cappa, S. F., & Perani, D. (2007). The neural cost of the auditory perception of language switches: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study in bilinguals. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(50), 13762–13769.Google Scholar
Abutalebi, J., Cappa, S. F., & Perani, D. (2001). The bilingual brain as revealed by functional neuroimaging. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition,4(2), 179–190.Google Scholar
Abutalebi, J., Della Rosa, P. A., Ding, G., Weekes, B., Costa, A., & Green, D. W. (2013). Language proficiency modulates the engagement of cognitive control areas in multilinguals. Cortex, 49(3), 905–911.Google Scholar
Abutalebi, J., Miozzo, A., & Cappa, S. F. (2000). Do subcortical structures control “language selection” in polyglots? Evidence from pathological language mixing. Neurocase, 6(1), 51–56.Google Scholar
Archila-Suerte, P., Zevin, J., & Hernandez, A. E. (2015). The effect of age of acquisition, socioeducational status, and proficiency on the neural processing of second language speech sounds. Brain and Language, 141, 35–49.Google Scholar
Badre, D., Poldrack, R. A., Paré-Blagoev, E. J., Insler, R. Z., & Wagner, A. D.(2005). Dissociable controlled retrieval and generalized selection mechanisms in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron, 47(6), 907–918.Google Scholar
Bialystok, E. (2009). Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and the indifferent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(1), 3–11.Google Scholar
Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2007). Constraints on parallel activation in bilingual spoken language processing: Examining proficiency and lexical status using eye-tracking. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(5), 633–660.Google Scholar
Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2011). Bilingualism influences inhibitory control in auditory comprehension. Cognition, 118, 245–257.Google Scholar
Blumenfeld, H. K., & Marian, V. (2013). Parallel language activation and cognitive control during spoken word recognition in bilinguals. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 547–567.Google Scholar
Branzi, F. M., Calabria, M., Boscarino, M. L., & Costa, A. (2016). On the overlap between bilingual language control and domain-general executive control. Acta Psychologica, 166, 21–30.Google Scholar
Briellmann, R. S., Saling, M. M., Connell, A. B., Waites, A. B., Abbott, D. F., & Jackson, G. D. (2004). A high-field functional MRI study of quadri-lingual subjects. Brain and Language, 89(3), 531–542.Google Scholar
Buchweitz, A., Shinkareva, S. V., Mason, R. A., Mitchell, T. M., & Just, M. A.(2012). Identifying bilingual semantic neural representations across languages. Brain and Language, 120(3), 282–289.Google Scholar
Callan, D. E., Jones, J. A., Callan, A. M., & Akahane-Yamada, R. (2004). Phonetic perceptual identification by native-and second-language speakers differentially activates brain regions involved with acoustic phonetic processing and those involved with articulatory–auditory/orosensory internal models. NeuroImage, 22(3), 1182–1194.Google Scholar
Carrasco‐Ortiz, H., Midgley, K. J., & Frenck‐Mestre, C.(2012). Are phonological representations in bilinguals language specific? An ERP study on interlingual homophones. Psychophysiology, 49(4), 531–543.Google Scholar
Chee, M. W. L., Caplan, D., Soon, C. S., Sriram, N., Tan, E. W. L., Thiel, T., Weekes, B.(1999 ). Processing of visually presented sentences in Mandarin and English studied with fMRI. Neuron, 23, 127–137.Google Scholar
Chee, M. W. L., Hon, N., Lee, H. L., Soon, C.S.(2001). Relative language proficiency modulates BOLD signal change when bilinguals perform semantic judgments. NeuroImage, 13, 1155–1163.Google Scholar
Chee, M. W., Soon, C. S., & Lee, H. L. (2003). Common and segregated neuronal networks for different languages revealed using functional magnetic resonance adaptation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(1), 85–97.Google Scholar
Chee, M. W., Tan, E. W., & Thiel, T.(1999). Mandarin and English single word processing studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neuroscience, 19(8), 3050–3056.Google Scholar
Chee, M. W. L., Weekes, B., Lee, K. M., Soon, C. S., Schreiber, A., Hoon, J. J., Chee, M.(2000). Overlap and dissociation of semantic processing of Chinese characters, English words, and pictures: Evidence from fMRI. NeuroImage, 12, 392–403.Google Scholar
Christoffels, I. K., de Groot, A. M., & Kroll, J. F. (2006). Memory and language skills in simultaneous interpreters: The role of expertise and language proficiency. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(3), 324–345.Google Scholar
Consonni, M., Cafiero, R., Marin, D., Tettamanti, M., Iadanza, A., Fabbro, F., & Perani, D.(2013). Neural convergence for language comprehension and grammatical class production in highly proficient bilinguals is independent of age of acquisition. Cortex, 49(5), 1252–1258.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1283.Google Scholar
Crinion, J., Turner, R., Grogan, A., Hanakawa, T., Noppeney, U., Devlin, J. T., Aso, T., Urayama, S., Fukuyama, H., Stockton, K., Usui, K., Green, D. W., & Price, C. J. (2006). Language control in the bilingual brain. Science, 312(5779), 1537–1540.Google Scholar
Cutler, A., Weber, A., & Otake, T. (2006). Asymmetric mapping from phonetic to lexical representations in second-language listening. Journal of Phonetics, 34(2), 269–284.Google Scholar
Davis, T., & Poldrack, R. A. (2013). Measuring neural representations with fMRI: practices and pitfalls. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1296(1), 108–134.Google Scholar
de Bruin, A., Roelofs, A., Dijkstra, T., & FitzPatrick, I. (2014). Domain-general inhibition areas of the brain are involved in language switching: FMRI evidence from trilingual speakers. NeuroImage, 90, 348–359.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5(3), 175–197.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, T., van Hell, J. G., & Brenders, P. (2015). Sentence context effects in bilingual word recognition: Cognate status, sentence language, and semantic constraint. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(4), 597–613.Google Scholar
Dussias, P. E., & Sagarra, N. (2007). The effect of exposure on syntactic parsing in Spanish–English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(1), 101–116.Google Scholar
Duyck, W., van Assche, E., Drieghe, D., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2007). Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: evidence for nonselective lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(4), 663–679.Google Scholar
Fabbro, F. (2001). The bilingual brain: Cerebral representation of languages. Brain and Language, 79(2), 211–222.Google Scholar
Frenck-Mestre, C., Anton, J. L., Roth, M., Vaid, J., & Viallet, F. (2005). Articulation in early and late bilinguals’ two languages: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroreport, 16(7), 761–765.Google Scholar
Gandour, J., Tong, Y., Talavage, T., Wong, D., Dzemidzic, M., Xu, Y., Li, X., & Lowe, M.(2007). Neural basis of first and second language processing of sentence‐level linguistic prosody. Human Brain Mapping, 28(2), 94–108.Google Scholar
Giezen, M. R., Blumenfeld, H. K., Shook, A., Marian, V., & Emmorey, K.(2015). Parallel language activation and inhibitory control in bimodal bilinguals. Cognition, 141, 9–25.Google Scholar
Gold, B. T., & Buckner, R. L.(2002). Common prefrontal regions coactivate with dissociable posterior regions during controlled semantic and phonological tasks. Neuron, 35(4), 803–812.Google Scholar
Golestani, N.(2016). Neuroimaging of phonetic perception in bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(4), 674–682.Google Scholar
Golestani, N., Alario, F. X., Meriaux, S., Le Bihan, D., Dehaene, S., & Pallier, C.(2006). Syntax production in bilinguals. Neuropsychologia, 44(7), 1029–1040.Google Scholar
Golestani, N., & Zatorre, R. J.(2004). Learning new sounds of speech: reallocation of neural substrates. NeuroImage, 21(2), 494–506.Google Scholar
Green, D. W.(1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(2), 67–81.Google Scholar
Green, D. W.(2005). The neurocognition of recovery patterns in bilingual aphasics. In Kroll, J. F. & de Groot, A. M. B. (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches (pp. 516–530). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, M., Carpenter, P. A., & Just, M. A.(2002). An fMRI study of bilingual sentence comprehension and workload. NeuroImage, 15(3), 647–660.Google Scholar
Hernandez, A. E.(2009). Language switching in the bilingual brain: What’s next?. Brain and Language, 109(2–3), 133–140.Google Scholar
Hernandez, A. E., & Meschyan, G.(2006). Executive function is necessary to enhance lexical processing in a less proficient L2: Evidence from fMRI during picture naming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9(2), 177–188.Google Scholar
Hernandez, A. E., Dapretto, M., Mazziotta, J., & Bookheimer, S.(2001). Language switching and language representation in Spanish–English bilinguals: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 14(2), 510–520.Google Scholar
Hopp, H.(2017a). The processing of English which-questions in adult L2 learners: Effects of L1 transfer and proficiency. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft, 36(1), 107–134.Google Scholar
Hopp, H.(2017b). Cross-linguistic lexical and syntactic co-activation in L2 sentence processing. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 7(1), 96–130.Google Scholar
Hoshino, N., & Thierry, G.(2011). Language selection in bilingual word production: electrophysiological evidence for cross-language competition. Brain Research, 1371, 100–109.Google Scholar
Huettig, F., Rommers, J., & Meyer, A. S.(2011). Using the visual world paradigm to study language processing: A review and critical evaluation. Acta Psychologica, 137, 151–171.Google Scholar
Ip, K. I., Hsu, L. S. J., Arredondo, M. M., Tardif, T., & Kovelman, I.(2017). Brain bases of morphological processing in Chinese‐English bilingual children. Developmental Science, 20(5), e12449.Google Scholar
Jeong, H., Sugiura, M., Sassa, Y., Yokoyama, S., Horie, K., Sato, S., Taira, M., & Kawashima, R.(2007). Cross-linguistic influence on brain activation during second language processing: An fMRI study. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(2), 175–187.Google Scholar
Johnson, L., Yi, Y., Mickelsen, S., Fitzhugh, M. C., Baxter, L. C., Howard, P., & Rogalsky, C.(2018). Functional neuroanatomy of second language sentence comprehension: An fMRI study of late learners of American Sign Language. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1626.Google Scholar
Ju, M., & Luce, P. A.(2004). Falling on sensitive ears: Constraints on bilingual lexical activation. Psychological Science, 15(5), 314–318.Google Scholar
Just, M. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Aryal, S., & Mitchell, T. M.(2010). A neurosemantic theory of concrete noun representation based on the underlying brain codes. PloS ONE, 5(1), e8622.Google Scholar
Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., Cho, R. Y., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S.(2004). Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science, 303(5660), 1023–1026.Google Scholar
Kim, K. H., Relkin, N. R., Lee, K. M., & Hirsch, J.(1997). Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature, 388(6638), 171–174.Google Scholar
Klein, D., Zatorre, R. J., Chen, J. K., Milner, B., Crane, J., Belin, P., & Bouffard, M.(2006). Bilingual brain organization: A functional magnetic resonance adaptation study. NeuroImage, 31(1), 366–375.Google Scholar
Kotz, S. A.(2009). A critical review of ERP and fMRI evidence on L2 syntactic processing. Brain and Language, 109(2–3), 68–74.Google Scholar
Kovelman, I., Baker, S. A., & Petitto, L. A.(2008). Bilingual and monolingual brains compared: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of syntactic processing and a possible “neural signature” of bilingualism. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(1), 153–169.Google Scholar
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E.(1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(2), 149–174.Google Scholar
Lagrou, E., Hartsuiker, R. J., & Duyck, W.(2013). Interlingual lexical competition in a spoken sentence context: Evidence from the visual world paradigm. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 20(5), 963–972.Google Scholar
Lemhöfer, K., Huestegge, L., & Mulder, K.(2018). Another cup of TEE? The processing of second language near-cognates in first language reading. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33(8), 968–991.Google Scholar
Libben, M. R., & Titone, D. A.(2009). Bilingual lexical access in context: Evidence from eye movements during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(2), 381–390.Google Scholar
Liu, H., Hu, Z., Guo, T., & Peng, D.(2010). Speaking words in two languages with one brain: Neural overlap and dissociation. Brain Research, 1316, 75–82.Google Scholar
Macnamara, J., & Kushnir, S. L.(1971). Linguistic independence of bilinguals: The input switch. Journal of Memory and Language, 10(5), 480–487.Google Scholar
Marian, V., & Spivey, M.(2003a). Competing activation in bilingual language processing: Within-and between-language competition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(2), 97–115.Google Scholar
Marian, V., & Spivey, M.(2003b). Bilingual and monolingual processing of competing lexical items. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24(2), 173–193.Google Scholar
Marian, V., Bartolotti, J., Rochanavibhata, S., Bradley, K., & Hernandez, A. E.(2017). Bilingual cortical control of between- and within-language competition. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 11763.Google Scholar
Marian, V., Chabal, S., Bartolotti, J., Bradley, K., & Hernandez, A. E.(2014). Differential recruitment of executive control regions during phonological competition in monolinguals and bilinguals. Brain and Language, 139, 108–117.Google Scholar
Marian, V., Shildkrot, Y., Blumenfeld, H., Kaushanskaya, M., Faroqi-Shah, Y., & Hirsch, J.(2007). Cortical activation during word processing in late bilinguals: Similarities and differences as revealed by fMRI. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29(3), 247–265.Google Scholar
Marian, V., Spivey, M., & Hirsch, J.(2003). Shared and separate systems in bilingual language processing: Converging evidence from eyetracking and brain imaging. Brain and Language, 86(1), 70–82.Google Scholar
Mechelli, A., Crinion, J. T., Noppeney, U., O’ Doherty, J., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., & Price, C. J.(2004). Neurolinguistics: Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain. Nature, 431(7010), 757.Google Scholar
Mercier, J., Pivneva, I., & Titone, D.(2014). Individual differences in inhibitory control relate to bilingual spoken word processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(1), 89–117.Google Scholar
Meschyan, G., & Hernandez, A. E.(2006). Impact of language proficiency and orthographic transparency on bilingual word reading: An fMRI investigation. NeuroImage, 29(4), 1135–1140.Google Scholar
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D.(2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24(1), 167–202.Google Scholar
Mishra, R. K., & Singh, N.(2014). Language non-selective activation of orthography during spoken word processing in Hindi–English sequential bilinguals: An eye tracking visual world study. Reading and Writing, 27(1), 129–151.Google Scholar
Mohades, S. G., Struys, E., van Schuerbeek, P., Mondt, K., van De Craen, P., & Luypaert, R.(2012). DTI reveals structural differences in white matter tracts between bilingual and monolingual children. Brain Research, 1435, 72–80.Google Scholar
Momenian, M., Nilipour, R., Samar, R. G., Cappa, S. F., & Golestani, N.(2018). Morpho-syntactic complexity modulates brain activation in Persian-English bilinguals: An fMRI study. Brain and Language, 185, 9–18.Google Scholar
Morales, L., Paolieri, D., Dussias, P. E., Kroff, J. R. V., Gerfen, C., & Bajo, M. T.(2016). The gender congruency effect during bilingual spoken-word recognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(2), 294–310.Google Scholar
Ojemann, G. A., & Whitaker, H. A.(1978). The bilingual brain. Archives of Neurology, 35(7), 409–412.Google Scholar
Paradis, M., Goldblum, M. C., & Abidi, R.(1982). Alternate antagonism with paradoxical translation behavior in two bilingual aphasic patients. Brain and Language, 15(1), 55–69.Google Scholar
Pasupathy, A., & Miller, E. K.(2005). Different time courses of learning-related activity in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Nature, 433(7028), 873–876.Google Scholar
Perani, D., Abutalebi, J., Paulesu, E., Brambati, S., Scifo, P., Cappa, S. F., & Fazio, F.(2003). The role of age of acquisition and language usage in early, high‐proficient bilinguals: An fMRI study during verbal fluency. Human Brain Mapping, 19(3), 170–182.Google Scholar
Pivneva, I., Mercier, J., & Titone, D.(2014). Executive control modulates cross-language lexical activation during L2 reading: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(3), 787–796.Google Scholar
Rapport, R. L., Tan, C. T., & Whitaker, H. A.(1983). Language function and dysfunction among Chinese-and English-speaking polyglots: Cortical stimulation, Wada testing, and clinical studies. Brain and Language, 18(2), 342–366.Google Scholar
Rüschemeyer, S. A., Fiebach, C. J., Kempe, V., & Friederici, A. D.(2005). Processing lexical semantic and syntactic information in first and second language: fMRI evidence from German and Russian. Human Brain Mapping, 25(2), 266–286.Google Scholar
Seo, R., Stocco, A., & Prat, C. S.(2018). The bilingual language network: Differential involvement of anterior cingulate, basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex in preparation, monitoring, and execution. NeuroImage, 174, 44–56.Google Scholar
Shook, A., & Marian, V.(2012). Bimodal bilinguals coactivate both languages during spoken comprehension. Cognition, 124, 314–324.Google Scholar
Shook, A., & Marian, V.(2013). The Bilingual Language Interaction Network for Comprehension of Speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 304–324.Google Scholar
Shook, A., & Marian, V.(2016). The influence of native-language tones on lexical access in the second language. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 139(6), 3102–3109.Google Scholar
Shook, A., & Marian, V.(2017). Covert co-activation of bilinguals’ non-target language: Phonological competition from translations. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 9(2), 228–252.Google Scholar
Spivey, M. J., & Marian, V.(1999). Cross talk between native and second languages: Partial activation of an irrelevant lexicon. Psychological Science, 10(3), 281–284.Google Scholar
Stocco, A., Lebiere, C., & Anderson, J. R.(2010). Conditional routing of information to the cortex: A model of the basal ganglia’s role in cognitive coordination. Psychological Review, 117(2), 541–574.Google Scholar
Tanenhaus, M. K., & Spivey-Knowlton, M. J.(1996). Eye-tracking. Language and Cognitive Processes, 11(6), 583–588.Google Scholar
Tham, W. W., Liow, S. J. R., Rajapakse, J. C., Leong, T. C., Ng, S. E., Lim, W. E., & Ho, L. G.(2005). Phonological processing in Chinese–English bilingual biscriptals: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 28(3), 579–587.Google Scholar
Titone, D., Libben, M., Mercier, J., Whitford, V., & Pivneva, I.(2011). Bilingual lexical access during L1 sentence reading: The effects of L2 knowledge, semantic constraint, and L1–L2 intermixing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(6), 1412–1431.Google Scholar
Ullman, M. T.(2001). The declarative/procedural model of lexicon and grammar. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30(1), 37–69.Google Scholar
Ullsperger, M., & Von Cramon, D. Y.(2001). Subprocesses of performance monitoring: A dissociation of error processing and response competition revealed by event-related fMRI and ERPs. NeuroImage, 14(6), 1387–1401.Google Scholar
van de Putte, E., De Baene, W., Brass, M., & Duyck, W.(2017). Neural overlap of L1 and L2 semantic representations in speech: A decoding approach. NeuroImage, 162, 106–116.Google Scholar
van Heuven, W. J., & Dijkstra, T.(2010). Language comprehension in the bilingual brain: fMRI and ERP support for psycholinguistic models. Brain Research Reviews, 64(1), 104–122.Google Scholar
van Heuven, W. J., Schriefers, H., Dijkstra, T., & Hagoort, P.(2008). Language conflict in the bilingual brain. Cerebral Cortex, 18(11), 2706–2716.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Xue, G., Chen, C., Xue, F., & Dong, Q.(2007). Neural bases of asymmetric language switching in second-language learners: An ER-fMRI study. NeuroImage, 35(2), 862–870.Google Scholar
Wartenburger, I., Heekeren, H. R., Abutalebi, J., Cappa, S. F., Villringer, A., & Perani, D.(2003). Early setting of grammatical processing in the bilingual brain. Neuron, 37(1), 159–170.Google Scholar
Weber, A., & Cutler, A.(2004). Lexical competition in non-native spoken-word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 50(1), 1–25.Google Scholar
Weber, A., & Paris, G.(2004). The origin of the linguistic gender effect in spoken-word recognition: Evidence from non-native listening. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 26(26), 1446–1451.Google Scholar
Weinreich, U.(1953). Languages in contact: Findings and problems. New York: Linguistic Circle of New York.Google Scholar
Williams, J. T., Darcy, I., & Newman, S. D.(2018). Neural substrates of sign language vocabulary processing in less-skilled hearing M2L2 signers: Evidence for difficult phonological movement perception. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(3), 550–562.Google Scholar
Xu, M., Baldauf, D., Chang, C. Q., Desimone, R., & Tan, L. H.(2017). Distinct distributed patterns of neural activity are associated with two languages in the bilingual brain. Science Advances, 3(7), e1603309.Google Scholar
Zinszer, B., Anderson, A. J., Kang, O., Wheatley, T., & Raizada, R. D.(2015). You say potato, I say tŭdòu: How speakers of different languages share the same concept. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 2829–2834.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×