Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Tables
- Notes on Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- Table of Abbreviations
- Table of Cases
- Table of Treaties and International Agreements
- Introduction
- 1 Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement
- 2 Central American–Dominican Republic–United States Free Trade Agreement
- 3 Chile–China Free Trade Agreement
- 4 European Union–Mexico Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement
- 5 European Free Trade Association–Southern African Customs Union Free Trade Agreement
- 6 Japan–Mexico Economic Partnership Agreement
- 7 United States–Morocco Free Trade Agreement
- 8 Association of Southeast Asian Nations–China Free Trade Agreement
- Index
Introduction
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 December 2009
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Tables
- Notes on Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- Table of Abbreviations
- Table of Cases
- Table of Treaties and International Agreements
- Introduction
- 1 Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement
- 2 Central American–Dominican Republic–United States Free Trade Agreement
- 3 Chile–China Free Trade Agreement
- 4 European Union–Mexico Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement
- 5 European Free Trade Association–Southern African Customs Union Free Trade Agreement
- 6 Japan–Mexico Economic Partnership Agreement
- 7 United States–Morocco Free Trade Agreement
- 8 Association of Southeast Asian Nations–China Free Trade Agreement
- Index
Summary
The modern history of the world trading system, and in particular international trade agreements, is evidenced by shifts among bilateralism, regionalism and multilateralism. In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, bilateralism was clearly dominant. Trade agreements were negotiated on a bilateral basis between individual countries. In the 1860s and 1870s, England initiated much of this activity, pushing its trading partners to sign trade agreements that reciprocally lowered tariff rates. In the 1930s, it was the United States that made a big push in this area, through its Reciprocal Trade Agreements program, although a number of other countries were also active in negotiating bilateral agreements to lower tariff rates.
However, immediately after World War II, multilateralism and regionalism had replaced bilateralism as the dominant approach. From the late 1940s through the mid-1990s, multilateralism grew in strength as more and more nations joined the GATT or its successor the WTO. The GATT, which began with twenty-three countries, unquestionably came to dominate the world trading scene. It did not, however, completely replace regional and bilateral trade agreements. Regionalism remained a competing model, as nations in Europe, North America, South America and elsewhere all formed trading blocs during this period. East Asia was the only region to eschew regionalism, while Western Europe was the clear leader in terms of both the timing and the scope of its economic integration, with other regions following a bit behind. Bilateralism, on the other hand, diminished considerably during this period.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Bilateral and Regional Trade AgreementsCase Studies, pp. 1 - 5Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2009