Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Figures and Tables
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- I Agency and Resistance
- 1 Negotiating Power in Colonial Natal: Indentured Migrants in Natal, 1860–1911
- 2 Stewed Plums, Baked Porridge and Flavoured Tea: Poisoning by Indian Domestic Servants in Colonial Natal
- 3 Labour Resistance in Indenture Plantations in the Assam Valley
- 4 A Forgotten Narrative of the Satyagraha Campaign: The Treatment of Prisoners between 1907 and 1914
- 5 Toilers across the Seas: Racial Discrimination and Political Assertion among Sikhs in Canada
- II Remigration
- 6 The Remigration of Hindostanis from Surinam to India, 1878–1921
- 7 Not So Anchored: The Remigration of Indians within the Caribbean Region
- 8 On the Move: Remigration in the Indian Ocean, 1850–1906
- III Gender and Family
- 9 Intimate Lives on Rubber Plantations: The Textures of Indian Coolie Relations in British Malaya
- 10 Labouring under the Law: Exploring the Agency of Indian Women under Indenture in Colonial Natal, 1860–1911
- 11 Gujarati ‘Passenger Indians’ in the Eastern Cape since 1900: Business, Mobility, Caste and Community
- 12 The Eurasian Female Workforce and Imperial Britain: Harnessing Domestic Labour by People of Mixed Racial Descent
- IV Legacies
- 13 After the Long March: Colonial-Era ‘Relief’ for Burma Indian Evacuees in Visakhapatnam District, 1942–1948
- 14 Opposing the Group Areas Act and Resisting Forced Displacement in Durban, South Africa
- 15 Indo-Fijians: From Agency to Abjection
- 16 New and Old Diasporas of South South Asia: Sri Lanka and Cyber-Nationalism in Malaysia
- About the Contributors
- Index
5 - Toilers across the Seas: Racial Discrimination and Political Assertion among Sikhs in Canada
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 December 2023
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- List of Figures and Tables
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- I Agency and Resistance
- 1 Negotiating Power in Colonial Natal: Indentured Migrants in Natal, 1860–1911
- 2 Stewed Plums, Baked Porridge and Flavoured Tea: Poisoning by Indian Domestic Servants in Colonial Natal
- 3 Labour Resistance in Indenture Plantations in the Assam Valley
- 4 A Forgotten Narrative of the Satyagraha Campaign: The Treatment of Prisoners between 1907 and 1914
- 5 Toilers across the Seas: Racial Discrimination and Political Assertion among Sikhs in Canada
- II Remigration
- 6 The Remigration of Hindostanis from Surinam to India, 1878–1921
- 7 Not So Anchored: The Remigration of Indians within the Caribbean Region
- 8 On the Move: Remigration in the Indian Ocean, 1850–1906
- III Gender and Family
- 9 Intimate Lives on Rubber Plantations: The Textures of Indian Coolie Relations in British Malaya
- 10 Labouring under the Law: Exploring the Agency of Indian Women under Indenture in Colonial Natal, 1860–1911
- 11 Gujarati ‘Passenger Indians’ in the Eastern Cape since 1900: Business, Mobility, Caste and Community
- 12 The Eurasian Female Workforce and Imperial Britain: Harnessing Domestic Labour by People of Mixed Racial Descent
- IV Legacies
- 13 After the Long March: Colonial-Era ‘Relief’ for Burma Indian Evacuees in Visakhapatnam District, 1942–1948
- 14 Opposing the Group Areas Act and Resisting Forced Displacement in Durban, South Africa
- 15 Indo-Fijians: From Agency to Abjection
- 16 New and Old Diasporas of South South Asia: Sri Lanka and Cyber-Nationalism in Malaysia
- About the Contributors
- Index
Summary
New research on the workings of the ‘web of empire’ have revealed that the British Empire was not only sustained by raw materials from India but depended significantly on its manpower working as ‘coolies’, or indentured labourers, in distant plantations in Mauritius, Fiji, West Indies, East and South Africa, and the Straits Settlements. The white dominions of Canada, Australia and the United States (US) similarly depended on low-paid labourers from the East for much of their work of opening up and colonising the prairie wastes. Initially, the bulk of migrants from India in North America came from among the strong and hard-working Sikhs of the Punjab province of India, who found it lucrative to work in these places, lured by the comparatively higher wages than they could obtain at home. However, as the market for labour became saturated by the first decade of the twentieth century, these countries began to erect legal barriers to the free entry of these Indian migrants under pressure from domestic workers, unwilling to face competition from migrants. This came as a great shock to migrant Indians, who had until then been thinking of the empire as a vast field of ‘shared opportunities’.
In 1908, Canada tried to exclude Indian migrant labour by legislation, which insisted on ‘continuous passage’ for entering into the ports of the country. This would automatically disable Sikh migrants, who had to change ships to reach Canada. Gurdit Singh’s attempt to charter a Japanese ship, Komagata Maru, in June 1914 to ensure continuous passage for the Sikh migrants to Canada was a challenge to this legal barrier against the migrants. The turning back of this ship from Vancouver shattered the belief of the migrants in an equal imperial citizenship, and it became incendiary material for the revolutionary nationalist propaganda of the Ghadr conspirators, based in San Francisco. Student radicals in Canada and America, such as Lala Har Dayal, Kartar Singh Sarabha, G. D. Kumar and Husain Rahim tried to contact radicals all over the world, in India House in the United Kingdom (UK), France, Egypt, Turkey and Switzerland, and tried to spread their message through journals, like the Ghadr and the Hindustanee from San Francisco and the Al Kasas from Egypt. They even linked their efforts with German imperialist conspirators to gain funding and guidance in their common mission against British imperialism.
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- Beyond IndentureAgency and Resistance in the Colonial South Asian Diaspora, pp. 100 - 124Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2024