Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T19:26:33.008Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 22 - Managing for Interpopulation Connectivity of the World’s Bear Species

from Part IV - Conservation and ManagementConservation and Management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2020

By
Michael F. Proctor ,
Trishna Dutta ,
Bruce N. McLellan ,
Shaenandhoa Garcia Rangel ,
Dave Paetkau ,
Ronald R. Swaisgood  and
Andreas Zedrosser
Edited by
Vincenzo Penteriani  and
Mario Melletti
Vincenzo Penteriani
Affiliation:
Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC)
Mario Melletti
Affiliation:
WPSG (Wild Pig Specialist Group) IUCN SSC
Get access

Summary

The interruption of animal movement by fragmentation is a major force with far-reaching ecological and conservation consequences. Understanding fragmentation processes underpins our ability to manage landscapes for connectivity, facilitating many ecological processes including gene flow interpopulation dynamics and demographic rescue. Here the current status of fragmentation, connectivity, methods, consequences, and management of the world’s eight bear species is reviewed. The metapopulation paradigm is also considered, i.e. are bears being forced into some form of functioning metapopulation or are they simply being fragmented into a series of isolated populations that, without conservation action, will likely be slowly extirpated, population by population?

Keywords

fragmentationconnectivitybearshabitatworld’s 8 bear speciesmanagement
Type
Chapter
Information
Bears of the World
Ecology, Conservation and Management
 , pp. 317 - 337
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbas, F., Bhatti, Z. I., Haider, J. & Mian, A. (2015). Bears in Pakistan: distribution, population biology and human conflicts. Journal of Bioresource Management 2: 1–13.Google Scholar
Acevedo, C., Bernal, N., Bianchi, G., et al. (2017). Conservamos la vida: Andean bear conservation at the landscape scale. 25th Conference on Bear Research and Management, Quito, Ecuador.Google Scholar
Akhtar, N., Bargali, H. & Chauhan, N. (2004). Sloth bear habitat use in disturbed and unprotected areas of Madhya Pradesh, India. Ursus 15: 203–211.Google Scholar
Almasieh, K., Kaboli, M. & Beier, P. (2016). Identifying habitat cores and corridors for the Iranian black bear in Iran. Ursus 27: 18–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apps, C., Paetkau, D., Rochetta, S., et al. (2014). Grizzly bear population abundance, distribution & connectivity across British Columbia’s southern Coastal Ranges, v. 2.2. Victoria, British Columbia: Aspen Wildlife Research and Ministry of Environment.Google Scholar
Aramilev, V. V. (2006). The conservation status of Asiatic black bears in the Russian Far East. In: Understanding Asian bears to secure their future (pp. 86–89). Ibaraki, Japan: Japan Bear Network.Google Scholar
Atwood, T. C., Young, J. K., Beckman, J. P., et al. (2011). Modeling connectivity of black bears in a desert sky island archipelago. Biological Conservation 144: 2851–2862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckmann, J. P., Waites, L. P., Hurt, A., Whitelaw, A. & Bergen, S. (2015). Using detection dogs and RSFP models to assess habitat suitability for bears in greater Yellowstone. Western North American Naturalist 75: 396–405.Google Scholar
Benson, J. F. & Chamberlain, M. J. (2007). Space use, survival, movements, and reproduction of reintroduced Louisiana black bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 2393–2403.Google Scholar
Boitani, L., Alvarez, F., Anders, O., et al. (2015). Key actions for large carnivore populations in Europe. Report to DG Environment. Brussels: European Commission.Google Scholar
Brodie, J. F., Giordano, A. J., Dickson, B., et al. (2015). Evaluating multispecies landscape connectivity in a threatened tropical mammal community. Conservation Biology 29: 122–132.Google Scholar
Brook, B. W., Sodhi, N. S. & Peter, K. L. N. (2003). Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore. Nature 424. Available from www.nature.com/articles/nature01795 (accessed April 23, 2019).Google Scholar
Brown, S. K., Hull, J. M., Updike, D. R., Fain, S. R. & Ernest, H. B. (2009). Black bear population genetics in California signatures of population structure, competitive release, and historical translocation. Journal of Mammalogy 90: 1066–1074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J. D., Huber, D. & Servheen, C. (2002). Bear reintroductions: lessons and challenges. Ursus 13: 335–345.Google Scholar
Clark, J. D., Laufenberg, J. S., Davidson, M. & Murrow, J. L. (2015). Connectivity among subpopulation of a Louisiana black bears as estimated by a step function. Journal of Wildlife Management 79: 1347–1360.Google Scholar
Corlett, R. T. (1992). The ecological transformation of Singapore. Journal of Biogeography 19: 411–420.Google Scholar
Cosse, M., Del Moral Sachetti, J. F., Mannise, N. & Acosta, M.M. (2014). Genetic evidence confirms presence of Andean bears in Argentina. Ursus 25: 163–171.Google Scholar
Creative Conservation Alliance. (2016). A preliminary wildlife survey in Sangu-Matamuhuri Reserve Forest, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. Unpublished report submitted to Bangladesh Forest Department, Dhaka, Bangladesh.Google Scholar
Crudge, B. N., Wilkinson, N. M., Do, V. T., et al. (2016). Status and distribution of bears in Vietnam. Technical Report. Free the Bears/Animals Asia, Vietnam.Google Scholar
Cuesta, F., Peralvo, M. F. & Manen, F. T. (2003). Andean bear habitat use in the Oyacachi River Basin, Ecuador. Ursus 14: 198–209.Google Scholar
Cushman, S. A., McKelvey, K. S., Hayden, J. & Schwartz, M. K. (2006). Gene flow in complex landscapes: testing multiple hypotheses with casual modeling. The American Naturalist 168: 486–499.Google Scholar
Cushman, S. A., McKelvey, K. S. & Schwartz, M. K. (2009). Use of empirically derived source-destination models to map regional conservation corridors. Conservation Biology 23: 368–276.Google Scholar
Cushman, S. A., Lewis, J. S. & Landguth, E. L. (2013). Evaluating the intersection of a regional wildlife connectivity network with highways. Movement Ecology 1: 1–12.Google Scholar
Cushman, S. A., Lewis, J. S. & Landguth, E. L. (2014). Why did the bear cross the road? Comparing the performance of multiple resistance surfaces and connectivity modeling methods. Diversity 6: 844–854.Google Scholar
Cushman, S. A., Macdonald, E. A., Landguth, E. L., Malhi, Y. & Macdonald, D. W. (2017). Multiple-scale prediction of forest loss risk across Borneo. Landscape Ecology 32: 1581–1598.Google Scholar
Das, S., Dutta, S., Sen, S., et al. (2014). Identifying regions for conservation of sloth bears through occupancy modelling in north-eastern Karnataka, India. Ursus 25: 111–120.Google Scholar
De Silva, M. (1998). Status and conservation of the elephant and the alleviation of man–elephant conflict in Sri Lanka. Gajah 19: 1–24.Google Scholar
Dhamorikar, A. H., Mehta, P., Bargali, H. & Gore, K. (2017). Characteristics of human–sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) encounters and the resulting human casualties in the Kanha–Pench corridor, Madhya Pradesh, India. PLoS ONE 12: e0176612.Google Scholar
Dharaiya, N, Garshelis, D. L., Sharp, T., et al. (2015). Do sloth bears live in Bhutan? International Bear News 24: 10–13.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. D., Oli, M. K., Wooten, M. C., et al. (2006). Effectiveness of a regional corridor in connecting two Florida black bear populations. Conservation Biology 20: 155–162.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. D., Oli, M. K., Wooten, M. C., et al. (2007). Genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation and loss: the case of the Florida black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus). Conservation Genetics 8: 455–464.Google Scholar
Doko, T., Fukui, H., Kooiman, A., et al. (2011). Identifying habitat patches and potential ecological corridors for remnant Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) populations in Japan. Ecological Modelling 222: 748–761.Google Scholar
Duckworth, J.W., Batters, G., Belant, J. L., et al. (2012). Why South-East Asia should be the world’s priority for averting imminent species extinctions, and a call to join a developing cross-institutional programme to tackle this urgent issue. Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment and Society 5. Available from www.researchgate.net/publication/235248971Google Scholar
Durner, G. M. & Amstrup, S. C. (1995). Movements of a polar bear from northern Alaska to northern Greenland. ARCTIC 48: 338–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durner, G. M., Laidre, K. L. & York, G. S. (Eds.). (2018). Polar bears: Proceedings of the 18th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, 7–11 June 2016, Anchorage, Alaska. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN.Google Scholar
Dutta, T., Sharma, S., Maldonado, J. E., Panwar, H. S., Seidensticker, J. (2015). Genetic variation, structure, and gene flow in a sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) meta-population in the Satpura-Maikal landscape of Central India. PLoS ONE 10: e0123384.Google Scholar
Dutta, T., Sharma, S., McRae, B. H., Roy, P. S. & DeFries, R. (2016). Connecting the dots: mapping habitat connectivity for tigers in central India. Regional Environmental Change 16: 53–67.Google Scholar
Eraso Mera, E. (2014). Landscape connectivity between protected areas in Ecuador, identifying potential corridors for large mammals. Final Report EV5914-EV5915. JMES Cook University. http://repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/2680/1/T-SENESCYT-00863.pdfGoogle Scholar
Escobar, L. E., Awan, M. N. & Qiao, H. (2015). Anthropogenic disturbance and habitat loss for the red-listed Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus): using ecological niche modeling and nighttime light satellite imagery. Biological Conservation 191: 400–407.Google Scholar
Fahrig, L. (2002). Effects of habitat fragmentation on the extinction threshold: a synthesis. Ecological Applications 12: 246–353.Google Scholar
Farashi, A. & Erfani, M. (2018). Modeling of habitat suitability on Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus) in Iran in future. Acta Ecologica Sinica 38: 9–14.Google Scholar
Gantchoff, M. G. & Belant, J. L. (2017). Regional connectivity for recolonizing American black bears (Ursus americanus) in southcentral USA. Biological Conservation 214: 66–75.Google Scholar
García-Rangel, S. (2011). Ecology and conservation of the Andean bear in Venezuela. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
García-Rangel, S. (2012) Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus natural history and conservation. Mammal Review 42(2): 85–119.Google Scholar
Garshelis, D. & Steinmetz, R. (2016). Ursus thibetanus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22824A114252336. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20163.RLTS.T22824A45034242.enGoogle Scholar
Garshelis, D. L., Joshi, A. R. & Smith, J. L. D. (1999). Estimating density and relative abundance of sloth bears. Ursus 11: 87–98.Google Scholar
Garshelis, D. L., Scheick, B. K., Doan-Crider, D. L., Beecham, J. J. & Obbard, M. E. (2016). Ursus americanus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T41687A114251609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41687A45034604.enGoogle Scholar
Gong, J. & Harris, R. B. (2013). The status of bears in China. In: Understanding Asian bears to secure their future (pp. 96–101). Ibaraki: Japan Bear Network.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, E. G., Blanco, J. C., Ballersteros, F., et al. (2016). Genetic and demographic recovery of an isolated population of brown bear Ursus arctos L., 1758. PeerJ 4: e1928. DOI 10.7717/peerj.1928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guharajan, R., Arnold, T. W., Bolongon, G., et al. (2018). Survival strategies of a frugivore, the sun bear, in a forest–oil palm landscape. Biodiversity and Conservation 27: 3657–3677.Google Scholar
Guharajan, R., Abram, N. K., Magguna, M. A., et al. (2019). Does the Vulnerable sun bear Helarctos malayanus damage crops and threaten people in oil palm plantations? Oryx 53: 611–619. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317001089.Google Scholar
Han, H., Wei, W., Hu, Y., et al. (2019). Diet evolution and habitat contraction of giant pandas via stable isotope analysis. Current Biology 29: 664–669.Google Scholar
Hellgren, E. C., Onorato, D. P. & Skiles, J. R. (2005). Dynamics of a black bear population within a desert metapopulation. Biological Conservation 122: 131–140.Google Scholar
Horino, S. & Miura, S. 2000. Population viability analysis of a Japanese black bear population. Population Ecology 42: 37–44.Google Scholar
Hu, Y., Nie, Y., Wei, W., et al. (2017). Inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance in wild giant pandas. Molecular Ecology 26: 5793–5806.Google Scholar
Imai, N., Samejima, H., Langner, A., et al. (2009). Co-benefits of sustainable forest management in biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. PLoS ONE 4: e8267.Google Scholar
Islam, M. A., Uddin, M., Aziz, M. A. & Muzaffar, S. B. (2013). Status of bears in Bangladesh: going, going, gone? Ursus 24: 83–90.Google Scholar
Jhala, Y., Gopal, R. & Qureshi, Q. (2008). Status of tigers, co-predators, and prey in India. Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Ministry of Environment & Forests, and Wildlife Institute of India. Available from http://projecttiger.nic.in/WriteReadData/PublicationFile/Tiger_Status_oct_2010.pdf.Google Scholar
Jhala, Y. V., Qureshi, Q., Gopal, R. & Sinha, P. R. (2011). Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India (p. 302). TR 2011/003. Dehradun, Dehradun and New Delhi, India: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India and Wildlife Institute of India.Google Scholar
Jhala, Y. V., Qureshi, Q. & Gopal, R. (2015). The status of tigers, co-predators & prey in India 2014. Dehradun, Dehradun and New Delhi, India: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, and Wildlife Institute of India.Google Scholar
Kaczensky, P., Gossow, H., Knauer, F., et al. (2003). The impact of high speed, high volume traffic axes on brown bears in Slovenia. Biological Conservation 111: 191–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaczensky, P., Jerina, K., Jonozovic, M., et al. (2011). Illegal killings may hamper brown bear recovery in the Eastern Alps. Ursus 22: 37–46.Google Scholar
Kanchanasakha, B., Tanhikorn, S., Vinitpornsawan, V., Prayoon, A. & Paengphupha, G. (2010). Status of large mammals in Thailand. Bangkok: Department of National Parks, Wildlife, and Plant Conservation.Google Scholar
Karamanlidis, A. A., Straka, M., Drosopoulou, E., et al. (2012). Genetic diversity, structure, and size of an endangered brown bear population threatened by highway construction in the Pindos Mountains, Greece. European Journal of Wildlife Research 58: 511–522.Google Scholar
Kattan, G., Hernandez, O. L., Goldstein, I., et al. (2004). Range fragmentation in the spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus in the northern Andes. Oryx 38: 155–163.Google Scholar
Khan, M., Rosen, T. & Zahler, P. (2012). Status and conservation of Asiatic black bears in Diamer District, Pakistan. International Bear News 21: 13–14.Google Scholar
Kopatz, A., Eiken, H. K., Hagen, S. B., et al. (2012). Connectivity and population subdivision at the fringe of a large brown bear (Ursus arctos) population in North Western Europe. Conservation Genetics 13: 681–692.Google Scholar
Kusak, J., Huber, D., Gomerčić, T., Schwaderer, G. & Gužvica, G. (2009). The permeability of highway in Gorski kotar (Croatia) for large mammals. European Journal of Wildlife Research 55: 7–21.Google Scholar
Lackey, C. W., Beckmann, J. P. & Sedinger, J. (2013). Bear historical ranges revisited: documenting the increase of a once-extirpated population in Nevada. Journal of Wildlife Management 77: 812–820.Google Scholar
Larkin, J. L., Maehr, D. S., Orlando, M. A., Hoctor, T. S. & Whitney, K. (2004). Landscape linkages and conservation planning for the black bear in west-central Florida. Animal Conservation 7: 23–34.Google Scholar
Laufenberg, J. S. & Clark, J. D. (2014). Population viability and connectivity of the Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteolus). U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. S., Rachlow, J. L., Horne, J. S., et al. (2011). Identifying habitat characteristics to predict highway crossing areas for black bears within a human-modified landscape. Landscape and Urban Planning 101: 99–107.Google Scholar
Li, F., Zheng, X., Jiang, X. L. & Chan, B. P. L. (2017). Rediscovery of the sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) in Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province, China. Zoological Research 38: 206–207.Google ScholarPubMed
Li, R., Xu, M., Wong, M. H. G., et al. (2015). Climate change threatens giant panda protection in the 21st century. Biological Conservation 182: 93–101.Google Scholar
Linkie, M., Dinata, Y., Nugroho, A. & Haidir, I. A. (2007). Estimating occupancy of a data deficient mammalian species living in tropical rainforests: sun bears in the Kerinci Seblat region, Sumatra. Biological Conservation 137: 20–27.Google Scholar
Loucks, C. J., Lu, Z., Dinerstein, E., et al. (2001). Giant pandas in a changing landscape. Science 294: 1465.Google Scholar
Malenfant, R. M., Davis, C. S., Cullingham, C. I. & Coltman, D. W. (2016). Circumpolar genetic structure and recent gene flow of polar bears: a reanalysis. PLoS ONE 11: e0148967. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148967.Google Scholar
Margono, B., Potapov, P. V., Turubanova, S. A., et al. (2014). Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000–2012. Nature Climate Change 4: 730–735.Google Scholar
Mateo-Sanchez, M. C., Cushman, S. A. & Saura, S. (2014). Connecting endangered brown bear subpopulations in the Cantabrian Range (north-western Spain). Animal Conservation 17: 430–440.Google Scholar
Mattson, D. J. & Merrill, T. (2002). Extirpations of grizzly bears in the contiguous United States, 1850–2000. Conservation Biology 16: 1123–1136.Google Scholar
McCullough, D. R. (1996). Introduction. In: Metapopulations and wildlife conservation (pp. 1–10). Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
McLellan, B. N. (1998). Maintaining viability of brown bears along the southern fringe of their distribution. Ursus 10: 607–611.Google Scholar
McLellan, B. N. & Hovey, F. W. (2001). Natal dispersal of grizzly bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 838–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLellan, B. N., Proctor, M. F., Huber, S. & Michel, S. (2017). Ursus arctos (amended version of 2017 assessment). International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. www.iucnredlist.org/details/41688.Google Scholar
McLellan, M. L. (2018). Habitat Connectivity Mapping between the Stein-Nahatlatch and Southern Chilcotin Grizzly Bear Populations. 28 pp. Conservation Northwest, Bellingham, USA.Google Scholar
Merriam, C. H. (1922). Distribution of grizzly bears in U.S. Outdoor Life 50: 405–406.Google Scholar
Miettinen, J., Shi, C. & Liew, S. C. (2011). Deforestation rates in insular Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2010. Global Change Biology 17: 2261–2270.Google Scholar
Molina, S., Fuller, A. K., Morin, D. J. & Royle, J. A. (2017). Use of spatial capture–recapture to estimate density of Andean bears in northern Ecuador. Ursus 28: 117–126.Google Scholar
Monsalve Dam, D., Sánchez-Mercado, A., Yerena, E., García-Rangel, S. & Torres, D. (2010). Efectividad de las áreas protegidas para la conservación del oso andino, Tremarctos ornatus, en los Andes suramericanos. In: De Oliveira-Miranda, R., Lessman, J., Rodríguez-Ferraro, A. & Rojas-Suárez, F. (Eds.), Ciencia y conservación de especies amenazadas en Venezuela: Conservación basada en evidencias e intervenciones estratégicas (pp. 127–136). Caracas, Venezuela: Provita.Google Scholar
Nazeri, M., Jusoff, K., Madani, N., et al. (2012). Predictive modeling and mapping of Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) distribution using maximum entropy. PLoS ONE 7: e48104.Google Scholar
Ngoprasert, D., Steinmetz, R., Reed, D. H., Savini, T. & Gale, G. A. (2011). Influence of fruit on habitat selection of Asian bears in a tropical forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 75: 588–595.Google Scholar
Ngoprasert, D., Reed, D. H., Steinmetz, R. & Gale, G. A. (2012). Density estimation of Asian bears using photographic capture–recapture sampling based on chest marks. Ursus 23: 117–133.Google Scholar
Normua, F., Higashi, S., Ambu, L. & Mohamed, M. (2004). Notes on oil palm plantation use and seasonal spatial relationships of sun bears in Sabah, Malaysia. Ursus 15: 227–231.Google Scholar
Obbard, M. E., Stapleton, S., Middel, K. R., et al. (2015). Estimating the abundance of the Southern Hudson Bay polar bear subpopulation with aerial surveys. Polar Biology 38: 1713–1725.Google Scholar
Obbard, M. E., Cattet, M. R. L., Howe, E. J., et al. (2016). Trends in body condition in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Southern Hudson Bay subpopulation in relation to changes in sea ice. Arctic Science 2: 15–32.Google Scholar
Ohnishi, N., Saitoh, T. & Ishibashi, Y. T. (2007). Low genetic diversities in isolated population of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Japan, in comparison with large stable populations. Conservation Genetics 8: 1331–1337.Google Scholar
Onorato, D. P., Hellgren, E. C., Van Den Bussche, R. A., et al. (2007). Genetic structure of American black bears in the desert southwest of North America: conservation implications for recolonization. Conservation Genetics 8: 565–576.Google Scholar
Ostrowski, S., Zahler, P., Dehgan, A., et al. (2009). The Asiatic black bear still survives in Nuristan, Afghanistan. International Bear News 18: 14–15.Google Scholar
Paetkau, D. & Strobeck, C. (1996). Mitochondrial DNA and the phylogeography of Newfoundland black bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 192–196.Google Scholar
Paetkau, D., Amstrup, S. C., Born, E. W., et al. (1999). Genetic structure of the world’s polar bear populations. Molecular Ecology 8: 1571–1584.Google Scholar
Paetkau, D., Slade, R., Burden, M. & Estoup, A. (2004). Genetic assignment methods for the direct, real-time estimation of migration rate: a simulation based exploration of accuracy and power. Molecular Ecology 13: 55–65.Google Scholar
Peck, C. P., van Manen, F. T., Costello, C. M., et al. (2017). Potential paths for male-mediated gene flow to and from an isolated grizzly bear population. Ecosphere 8(10): e01969. 10.1002/ecs2.1969.Google Scholar
Pelletier, A., Obbard, M. E., Harnden, M., et al. (2017). Determining causes of genetic isolation in a large carnivore (Ursus americanus) population to direct contemporary conservation measures. PLoS ONE 12(2): e0172319. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172319.Google Scholar
Peralvo, M., Cuesta, F. & van Manen, F. (2005). Delineating priority habitat areas for the conservation of Andean bears in northern Ecuador. Ursus 162: 222–233.Google Scholar
Peters, W., Hebblewhite, M., Cavedon, M., et al. (2015). Resource selection and connectivity reveal conservation challenges for reintroduced brown bears in the Italian Alps. Biological Conservation 186: 123–133.Google Scholar
Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. (2000). Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155: 945–959.Google Scholar
Proctor, M. F., McLellan, B. N. & Strobeck, C. (2002). Population fragmentation of grizzly bears in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. Ursus 13: 153–160.Google Scholar
Proctor, M. F, McLellan, B. N., Strobeck, C. & Barclay, R. (2004). Gender specific dispersal distances for grizzly bears analysis revealed by genetic analysis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82: 1108–1118.Google Scholar
Proctor, M. F., McLellan, B. N., Strobeck, C. & Barclay, R. M. R. (2005). Genetic analysis reveals demographic fragmentation of grizzly bears yielding vulnerably small populations. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 272: 2409–2416.Google Scholar
Proctor, M. F., Paetkau, D., Mclellan, B. N., et al. (2012). Population fragmentation and inter-ecosystem movements of grizzly bears in Western Canada and the Northern United States. Wildlife Monographs 180: 1–46.Google Scholar
Proctor, M. F., Nielsen, S. E., Kasworm, W. F., et al. (2015). Grizzly bear connectivity mapping in the Canada–US trans-border region. Journal of Wildlife Management 79: 544–555.Google Scholar
Proctor, M. F., Kasworm, W. F., Annis, K. M., et al. (2018). Conservation of threatened Canada–USA trans-border grizzly bears linked to comprehensive conflict reduction. Human Wildlife Interactions 12: 348–372.Google Scholar
Proctor, M. F., McLellan, B. N., Stenhouse, G. B., et al. (2020a). The effects of roads and motorized human access on grizzly bear populations in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. Ursus 2019(30e2): 16–39.Google Scholar
Proctor, M. F., Kasworm, W. F., Teisberg, J. E., et al. (2020b). American black bear population fragmentation detected with pedigrees in the transborder Canada–United States region. Ursus 2020(31e1): 1–15.Google Scholar
Ratnayeke, S., van Manen, F. T., Pieris, R. & Pragash, V. S. J. (2007). Landscape characteristics of sloth bear range in Sri Lanka. Ursus 18: 189–202.Google Scholar
Ratnayeke, S., van Manen, F. T., Pieris, R. & Pragash, V. S. J. (2014). Challenges of large carnivore conservation: sloth bear attacks in Sri Lanka. Human Ecology 42: 467–479.Google Scholar
Regehr, E., Laidre, K., Akçakaya, H. R., et al. (2016). Conservation status of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in relation to projected sea-ice declines. Biology Letters 12: 20160556.Google Scholar
Regehr, E. V., Hostetter, N. J., Rode, K. D., et al. (2018). Integrated population modeling provides the first empirical estimates of vital rates and abundance for polar bears in the Chukchi Sea. Scientific Reports 8: 16780; doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34824-7Google Scholar
Reza, M. I. H., Abdullah, S. A., Nor, S. B. M. & Ismail, M. H. (2013). Integrating GIS and expert judgment in a multi-criteria analysis to map and develop a habitat suitability index: a case study of large mammals on the Malayan Peninsula. Ecological Indicators 34: 149–158.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, D., Cuesta, F., Goldstein, I., et al. (2003). Ecoregional strategy for the conservation of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in the northern Andes. WWF Colombia, Fundación Wii, EcoCiencia, Wildlife Conservation Society, and Red Tremarctos.Google Scholar
Ruiz-García, M. (2003). Molecular population genetic analysis of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in the northern Andean área. Hereditas 138: 81–93.Google Scholar
Ruiz-García, M., Orozco-ter Wengel, P., Castellanos, A. & Arias, L. (2005). Microsatellite analysis of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) across its range distribution. Genes & Genetic Systems 80: 57–69.Google Scholar
Saitoh, T., Ishibashi, Y., Kanamori, H. & Kitahara, E. (2001). Genetic status of fragmented populations of the Asian black bear Ursus thibetanus in western Japan. Population Ecology 43: 221–227.Google Scholar
Sakurai, R. & Jacobson, S. K. (2011). Public perception of bears and management interventions in Japan. Human Wildlife Interactions 5: 123–134.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Mercado, A., Ferrer-Paris, J. R., Garcia-Rangel, S., et al. (2014). Combining threat and occurrence models to predict potential ecological traps for Andean bears in the Cordillerade Merida, Venezuela. Animal Conservation 17: 388–398.Google Scholar
Sathyakumar, S. & Choudhury, A. (2007). Distribution and status on the Asiatic back bear Ursus thibetanus in India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 104: 316–323.Google Scholar
Sathyakumar, S., Kaul, R., Ashraf, N. V. K., Mookerjee, A. & Menon, V. (2012). National bear conservation and welfare action plan 2012. Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India.Google Scholar
Scheick, B. K. & McCown, W. (2014). Geographic distribution of American black bears in North America. Ursus 25: 24–33.Google Scholar
Schregel, J., Kopatz, A., Hagen, S. B., et al. (2012). Limited gene flow among brown bear populations in far Northern Europe? Genetic analysis of the east–west border population in the Pasvik Valley. Molecular Ecology 21: 3474–3488.Google Scholar
Scotson, L. (2019). Exploring potential range connectivity of sun bear (Carnivora: Ursidae: Ursinae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 67–76.Google Scholar
Scotson, L., Fredriksson, G., Augeri, D., et al. (2017a). Helarctos malayanus (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T9760A123798233. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9760A45033547.en (accessed April 23, 2019).Google Scholar
Scotson, L., Fredriksson, G., Ngoprasert, D., Wong, W-M. & Fieberg, J. (2017b). Projecting range-wide sun bear population trends using tree cover and camera-trap bycatch data. PLoS ONE 12: e0185336.Google Scholar
SFA. (2015). Report of the Fourth National Giant Panda Survey. Beijing: Science Publishing House.Google Scholar
Smith, K. G., Clark, J. D. & Gipson, P. S. (1991). History of black bears in Arkansas: over-exploitation, near elimination, and successful reintroduction. Eastern Workshop on Black Bear Research and Management 10: 5-14.Google Scholar
Sodhi, N. S., Koh, L. P., Brook, B. W. & Ng, P. K. L. (2004). Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19: 654–660.Google Scholar
Steinberg, E. K. & Jordan, C. E. (1997). Using molecular genetics to learn about the ecology of threatened species: the allure and the illusion of measuring genetic structure in natural populations. In: Fiedler, P. L. & Kareiva, P. M. (Eds.), Conservation biology for the coming decade (2nd edition, pp. 440–460). New York, NY: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, R. & Garshelis, D. L. (2008). Distinguishing Asiatic black bears and sun bears by claw marks on climbed trees. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 814–821.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, R., Garshelis, D. L., Chutipong, W. & Seuaturien, N. (2011). The shared preference niche of sympatric Asiatic black bears and sun bears in a tropical forest mosaic. PLoS ONE 6: 0014509. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014509.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, R., Garshelis, D. L., Chutipong, W. & Seuaturien, N. (2013). Foraging ecology and coexistence of Asiatic black bears and sun bears in a seasonal tropical forest in Southeast Asia. Journal of Mammalogy 94: 1–18.Google Scholar
Stirling, I., Andriashek, D. & Calvert, W. (1993). Habitat preferences of polar bears in the western Canadian Arctic in late winter and spring. Polar Record 29: 13–24.Google Scholar
Støen, O. G., Zedrosser, A., Sæbø, S. & Swenson, J. E. (2006). Inversely density-dependent natal dispersal in brown bears Ursus arctos. Oecologia 148: 356–364.Google Scholar
Straka, M., Paule, L., Ionesuc, O., Stofik, J. & Ademic, M. (2012). Microsatellite diversity and structure of Carpathian brown bears (Ursus arctos): consequences of human caused fragmentation. Conservation Genetics 13: 153–164.Google Scholar
Swaisgood, R. R., Wang, D. & Wei, F., (2016). Ailuropoda melanoleuca. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org/details/712/0.Google Scholar
Swaisgood, R. R., Wang, D. & Wei, F. (2018). Panda downlisted but not out of the woods. Conservation Letters 11: 1–9.Google Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Sandegren, F., Bjarvall, A., et al. (1994). Size, trend, distribution and conservation of the brown bear Ursus arctos population in Sweden. Biological Conservation 70: 9–17.Google Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Sandegren, F. & Soderberg, A. (1998). Geographic expansion of an increasing brown bear population: evidence for presaturation dispersal. Journal of Animal Ecology 67: 819–826.Google Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Gerstl, N., Dahle, B. & Zedrosser, A. (2000). Action plan for the conservation of the brown bear in Europe (Ursus arctos). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Tammeleht, E., Remm, J., Korsten, M., et al. (2010). Genetic structure in large, continuous mammal populations: the example of brown bears in northwestern Eurasia. Molecular Ecology 19: 5359–5370.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. K., Akeeagok, S., Andriashek, D., et al. (2001). Delineating Canadian and Greenland polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations by cluster analysis of movements. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 690–709.Google Scholar
Unger, D. E., Cox, J. J., Harris, H. B., et al. (2013). History and current status of the black bear in Kentucky. Northeastern Naturalist 20: 289–308.Google Scholar
Utreras, V. (2018). Aplicación del enfoque de manejo de paisajes para la conservación del oso andino (Tremarctos ornatus). 25th Conference on Bear Research and Management. Quito, Ecuador.Google Scholar
van Oort, H., McLellan, B. N. & Serrouya, R. (2011). Fragmentation, dispersal and metapopulation function in remnant populations of endangered mountain caribou. Animal Conservation 14: 215–224.Google Scholar
Velez-Liendo, X. & García-Rangel, S. (2017). Tremarctos ornatus (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22066A123792952.Google Scholar
Velez-Liendo, X., Strubbe, D. & Matthysen, E. (2013). Effects of variable selection on modelling habitat and potential distribution of the Andean bear in Bolivia. Ursus 24: 127–138.Google Scholar
Velez-Liendo, X., Adriaensen, F. & Matthysen, E. (2014). Landscape assessment of habitat suitability and connectivity for Andean bears in the Bolivian Tropical Andes. Ursus 25: 172–187.Google Scholar
Viengkone, M., Derocher, A. E., Richardson, E. S., et al. (2016). Assessing polar bear (Ursus maritimus) population structure in the Hudson Bay region using SNPs. Ecology and Evolution 6: 8474–8484.Google Scholar
Viteri, M. P. & Waits, L.P. (2009). Identifying polymorphic microsatellite loci for Andean bear research. Ursus 20: 102–108.Google Scholar
Waits, L., Taberlet, P., Swenson, J. E., Sandegren, F. & Franzen, R. (2000). Nuclear DNA microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity and gene flow in the Scandinavian brown bear (Ursus arctos). Molecular Ecology 9: 421–431.Google Scholar
Wang, F., McShea, W. J., Wang, D., et al. (2014). Evaluating landscape options for corridor restoration between giant panda reserves. PLoS ONE 9: e105086.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wangchuk, S. (2007). Maintaining ecological resilience by linking protected areas through biological corridors in Bhutan. Tropical Ecology 48: 176–187.Google Scholar
Wear, B. J., Eastridge, R. & Clark, J. D. (2005). Factors affecting settling, survival, and viability of black bears reintroduced to Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge, Arkansas. Wildlife Society Bulletin 33: 1363–1374.Google Scholar
Wei, F., Hu, Y., Zhu, L., et al. (2012). Black and white and read all over: the past, present and future of giant panda genetics. Molecular Ecology 21: 5660–5674.Google Scholar
Wei, F., Hu, Y., Yan, L., et al. (2015). Giant pandas are not an evolutionary cul-de-sac: evidence from multidisciplinary research. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32: 4-12.Google Scholar
Wei, W., Swaisgood, R. R., Dai, Q., et al. (2018). Giant panda distributional and habitat‐use shifts in a changing landscape. Conservation Letters 11: e12575.Google Scholar
Wong, W-M., Leader-Williams, N. & Linkie, M. (2013). Quantifying changes in sun bear distribution and their forest habitat in Sumatra: sun bear population trends and deforestation in Sumatra. Animal Conservation 16: 216–223.Google Scholar
Woods, J. G., Paetkau, D., Lewis, D., et al. (1999). Genetic tagging of free-ranging black and brown bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27: 616–627.Google Scholar
Yaap, B., Magrach, A., Clements, G. R., et al. (2016). Large mammal use of linear remnant forests in an industrial pulpwood plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia. Tropical Conservation Science 9(4).Google Scholar
Yamamoto, T., Oka, T., Ohnishi, N., et al. (2012). Genetic characterization of northernmost isolated population of Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Japan. Mammal Study 37: 85–91.Google Scholar
Yang, Z., Gu, X., Nie, Y., et al. (2018). Reintroduction of the giant panda into the wild: a good start suggests a bright future. Biological Conservation 217: 181–186.Google Scholar
Yerena, E. (1998). Protected areas for the Andean bear in South America. Ursus 10: 101–106.Google Scholar
Yerena, E. & García-Rangel, S. (2010). The implementation of an interconnected system of protected areas in the Venezuelan Andes. In: Worboys, G. L., Francis, W. & Lockwood, M. (Eds.), Connectivity conservation management: A global guide (pp. 233–244). London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Yoganand, K., Rice, C. G., Johnsingh, A. J. T. & Seidensticker, J. (2006). Is the sloth bear in India secure? A preliminary report on distribution, threats and conservation requirements. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 103: 57–66.Google Scholar
Yusefi, G. H. (2013). Noninvasive genetic tracking of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) at its range edge in Iran – a pilot study. MS thesis, Uppsala University, Sweden.Google Scholar
Zedrosser, A., Dahle, B., Swenson, J. E. & Gerstl, N. (2001). Status and managment of the brown bear in Europe. Ursus 12: 9–20.Google Scholar
Zedrosser, A., Støen, O. G., Sæbø, S. & Swenson, J. E. (2007). Should I stay or should I go? Natal dispersal in the brown bear. Animal Behaviour 74: 369–376.Google Scholar
Zedrosser, A., Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Gossow, H. & Swenson, J. E. (2011). Brown bear conservation and the ghost of persecution past. Biological Conservation 144: 2163–2170.Google Scholar
Zhan, X., Zhang, Z., Wu, H., et al. (2007). Molecular analysis of dispersal in giant pandas. Molecular Ecology 16: 3792–3800.Google Scholar
Zhao, S., Zheng, P., Dong, S., et al. (2013). Whole-genome sequencing of giant pandas provides insights into demographic history and local adaptation. Nature Genetics 45: 67–71.Google Scholar
Zug, B. (2018). Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus), biodiversity, and puma (Puma concolor) conservation on private lands in the Ecuadorian Andes: implication for conservation in a human-dominated landscape. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×