Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T03:24:15.346Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 12 - Brown Bear (Ursus arctos; Eurasia)

from Part II - Species Accounts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2020

By
Jon E. Swenson ,
Hüseyin Ambarlı ,
Jon M. Arnemo ,
Leonid Baskin ,
Paolo Ciucci ,
Pjotr I. Danilov ,
Miguel Delibes ,
Marcus Elfström ,
Alina L. Evans  and
Claudio Groff
...Show all authors
Edited by
Vincenzo Penteriani  and
Mario Melletti
Vincenzo Penteriani
Affiliation:
Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC)
Mario Melletti
Affiliation:
WPSG (Wild Pig Specialist Group) IUCN SSC
Get access

Summary

This chapter comprises the following sections: names, taxonomy, subspecies and distribution, descriptive notes, habitat, movements and home range, activity patterns, feeding ecology, reproduction and growth, behavior, parasites and diseases, status in the wild, and status in captivity.

Keywords

brown bear, Ursus arctos, taxonomy, distribution, habitat, behavior, conservation, status, Eurasia
Type
Chapter
Information
Bears of the World
Ecology, Conservation and Management
 , pp. 139 - 161
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbas, F., Bhatti, Z. I., Haider, J. & Mian, A. (2015). Bears in Pakistan: distribution, population biology and human conflicts. Journal of Bioresource Management 2: 1–13.Google Scholar
Aghazadeh, M., Elson-Riggins, J., Reljić, S., et al. (2015). Gastrointestinal parasites and the first report of Giardia spp. in a wild population of European brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Croatia. Veterinarski Arhiv 85: 201–210.Google Scholar
Aichun, X., Zhigang, J., Chunwang, L., et al. (2006). Summer food habits of brown bears in Kekexili Nature Reserve, Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China. Ursus 17: 132–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, J., Bartoń, K.A., Selva, N., et al. (2017). How humans and climate change propelled the 12,000-year decline of the largest terrestrial carnivore. Scientific Reports 7: 10399.Google Scholar
Ambarlı, H. (2012). Spatio-temporal ecology, habitat use and population size of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Yusufeli, Turkey. PhD thesis, Middle East Technical University.Google Scholar
Ambarlı, H., Erturk, A. & Soyumert, A. (2016). Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) and wild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 40: 944–956.Google Scholar
Ambarlı, H., Mengüllüoğlu, D., Fickel, J. & Förster, D.W. (2018). Population genetics of the main population of brown bears in southwest Asia. PeerJ 6: e5660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anijalg, P., Ho, S. Y. W., Davison, J., et al. (2018). Large-scale migrations of brown bears in Eurasia and to North America during the Late Pleistocene. Journal of Biogeography 45: 394–405.Google Scholar
Aryal, A., Sathyakumar, S. & Schwartz, C. (2010). Current status of brown bears in the Manasalu Conservation Area, Nepal. Ursus 21: 109–114.Google Scholar
BAFU. (2009). Konzept Bär. Managementplan für den Braunbären in der Schweiz. 1–23. Available from www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/de/home/themen/biodiversitaet/publikationen-studien/publikationen/konzept-bar--managementplan-fuer-den-braunbaeren-in-der-schweiz.htmlGoogle Scholar
Bartoń, K. A., Zwijacz-Kozica, T., Zięba, F., Sergiel, A. & Selva, N. (2019). Bears without borders: long-distance movement in human-dominated landscapes. Global Ecology and Conservation 17: e00541.Google Scholar
Beecham, J. J., De Gabriel Hernando, M., Karamanlidis, A. A., et al. (2015). Management implications for releasing orphaned, captive-reared bears back to the wild. Journal of Wildlife Management 79: 1327–1336.Google Scholar
Bego, F. (2007). The Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Action Plan. The Republic of Albania, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Water Administration. Report prepared under the GEF Biodiversity Enabling Activity, pp. 1–60.Google Scholar
Bellemain, E., Zedrosser, A., Manel, S., et al. (2006). The dilemma of female mate selection in the brown bear, a species with sexually selected infanticide. Proceedings of the Royal Society 273: 283–291.Google Scholar
Bischof, R., Fujita, R., Zedrosser, A., Soderberg, A. & Swenson, J.E. (2008). Hunting patterns, the ban on baiting, and harvest demographics of brown bears in Sweden. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 79–88.Google Scholar
Bojarska, K. & Selva, N. (2012). Spatial patterns in brown bear Ursus arctos diet: the role of geographical and environmental factors. Mammal Review 42: 120–143.Google Scholar
Bray, S. C., Austin, J. J., Metcalf, J. L., et al. (2013). Ancient DNA identifies post-glacial recolonisation, not recent bottlenecks, as the primary driver of contemporary mtDNA phylogeography and diversity in Scandinavian brown bears. Diversity and Distributions 19: 245–256.Google Scholar
Bugmyrin, S. V., Tirronen, K. F., Panchenko, D. V., et al. (2017). Helminths of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Kola Peninsula. Parasitology Research 116: 1755–1760.Google Scholar
Burton, A. C., Fisher, J. T., Adriaens, P., et al. (2018). Density and distribution of a brown bear (Ursus arctos) population within the Caucasus biodiversity hotspot. Journal of Mammalogy 99: 1249–1260.Google Scholar
Calvignac, S., Hughes, S., Tougard, C., et al. (2008). Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times. Molecular Ecology 17: 1962–1970.Google Scholar
Calvignac, S., Hughes, S. & Hänni, C. (2009). Genetic diversity of endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa. Diversity and Distributions 15: 742–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camarra, J. J. (1997). Caractéristiques et utilisation de tanières hivernales d’ours brun (Ursus arctos) dans les Pyrénées. Gibier Faune Sauvage 4: 391–405.Google Scholar
Chapron, G., Kaczensky, P., Linnell, J. D. C., et al. (2014). Recovery of large carnivores in Europe’s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346: 1517–1519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chernyavsky, F. B. & Krechmar, M. A. (2001). Brown bear (Ursus arctos) in north-east of Siberia. Magadan: Institute of Biological Problems of the North.Google Scholar
Çilingir, F. G., Akın Pekşen, Ç., Ambarlı, H., Beerli, P. & Bilgin, C. C. (2016). Exceptional maternal lineage diversity in brown bears (Ursus arctos) from Turkey. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176: 463–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciucci, P., Tosoni, E., Di Domenico, G., Quattrociocchi, F. & Boitani, L. (2014). Seasonal and annual variation in the food habits of Apennine brown bears, central Italy. Journal of Mammalogy 95: 572–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciucci, P., Gervasi, V., Boitani, L., et al. (2015). Estimating abundance of the remnant Apennine brown bear population using multiple noninvasive genetic data sources. Journal of Mammalogy 96: 206–220.Google Scholar
Clevenger, A. P., Purroy, F. J. & Pelton, M. R. (1990). Movement and activity patterns of a European brown bear in the Cantabrian mountains, Spain. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8: 205–211.Google Scholar
Cozzi, G., Chynoweth, M., Kusak, J., et al. (2016). Anthropogenic food resources foster the coexistence of distinct life history strategies: year-round sedentary and migratory brown bears. Journal of Zoology 300: 142–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahle, B. & Swenson, J. E. (2003a). Family breakup in brown bears: are young forced to leave? Journal of Mammalogy 84: 536–540.Google Scholar
Dahle, B. & Swenson, J. E. (2003b). Seasonal range size in relation to reproductive strategies in brown bears Ursus arctos. Journal of Animal Ecology 72: 660–667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dahle, B., Zedrosser, A. & Swenson, J. E. (2006). Correlates with body size and mass in yearling brown bears (Ursus arctos). Journal of Zoology 269: 273–283.Google Scholar
Danilov, P. I. (1991). Brown bear dens in the USSR. In: Pazhetnov, V. S. (Ed.), Bears of the USSR, state of populations (pp. 56–70). Moscow: Rzhev.Google Scholar
Danilov, P. I. & Tirronen, K. F. (2011). Large predators in the Russian North-West. Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildforschung 36: 19–25.Google Scholar
Danilov, P. I., Rusakov, O. S. & Tumanov, I. L. (1979). Brown bear//Carnivore mammals of north-west of the USSR. Ivanter, E. (Ed). Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Davison, J., Ho, S. Y. W., Bray, S. C., et al. (2011). Late-Quaternary biogeographic scenarios for the brown bear (Ursus arctos), a wild model species. Quarternary Science Reviews 30: 418–430.Google Scholar
De Ambrogi, M., Aghazadeh, M., Hermosilla, C., et al. (2011). Occurrence of Baylisascaris transfuga in wild populations of European brown bears (Ursus arctos) as identified by a new PCR method. Veterinary Parasitology 179: 272–276.Google Scholar
Decaluwe, F., Camarra, J. J., Sentilles, J. & Quenette, P. Y. (2011). Le statut de la population d’ours brun dans les Pyrénées: bilan 2010 et actualités 2011. Faune Sauvage 292: 48–50.Google Scholar
Deecke, B. V. (2012). Tool-use in the brown bear (Ursus arctos). Animal Cognition 15: 725–730.Google Scholar
Delgado, M. M., Tikhonov, G., Meyke, E., et al. (2018). The seasonal sensitivity of brown bear denning phenology in response to climatic variability. Frontiers in Zoology 15: 41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derocher, A. E. (2012). Polar bears; A complete guide to their biology and behavior. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Egorov, O. V. (1971). Ursus arctos L. (1758) – brown bear. In: Tavrovsky, V. A. (Ed.), Mammals of Yakutia (pp. 416–430). Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Elfström, M. & Swenson, J. E. (2009). Effects of sex and age on den site use by Scandinavian brown bears. Ursus 20: 85–93.Google Scholar
Elfström, M., Swenson, J. E. & Ball, J. P. (2008). Selection of denning habitats by Scandinavian brown bears Ursus arctos. Wildlife Biology 14: 176–187.Google Scholar
Elfström, M., Davey, M. L., Zedrosser, A., et al. (2014). Do Scandinavian brown bears approach settlements to obtain high-quality food? Biological Conservation 178: 128–135.Google Scholar
Esaulova, N. V., Seryodkin, I. V., Konyaev, S. V., Malkina, A. V. & Borisov, M. Y. (2012). Fauna of bear’s helminthes from Sakhalin Island and south of Russian Far East. Russian Veterinary Journal: Small Domestic and Wildlife Animals 4: 16–19.Google Scholar
Esmaeeli, H. R. (2007). Study of distribution and status of brown bear Ursus arctos (Linneaus 1758): Carnivora Ursidae in Fars Province. Iran’s Department of Environmental Conservation Library. Final report.Google Scholar
Esteruelas, N. F., Malmsten, J., Bröjer, C., et al. (2016). Chewing lice Trichodectes pinguis pinguis in Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos). International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 5: 134–138.Google ScholarPubMed
Etemad, E. (1985). The mammals of Iran. Tehran: Iran’s Department of the Environment Publication.Google Scholar
European Environment Agency. (2006). European forest types: Categories and types for sustainable forest management reporting and policy. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Evans, A. L. (2016). Ecophysiology of brown bears; basic physiology and effects of hibernation, pregnancy, body mass and capture. PhD, Hedmark University of Applied Sciences.Google Scholar
Evans, A. L., Singh, N. J., Friebe, A., et al. (2016a). Drivers of hibernation in the brown bear. Frontiers in Zoology 13: 7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, A. L., Singh, N. J., Fuchs, B., et al. (2016b). Physiological reactions to capture in hibernating brown bears. Conservation Physiology 4: cow061.Google Scholar
Folk, G. E., Larson, A. & Folk, M. (1974). Physiology of hibernating bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 3: 373–380.Google Scholar
Frank, S. C., Leclerc, M., Pelletier, F., et al. (2018). Sociodemographic factors modulate the spatial response of brown bears to vacancies created by hunting. Journal of Animal Ecology 87: 247–258.Google Scholar
Friebe, A., Zedrosser, A. & Swenson, J. E. (2013). Detection of pregnancy in a hibernator based on activity data. European Journal of Wildlife Research 59: 731–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frkovic, A., Ruff, R. L., Cicnjak, L. & Huber, Đ. (1987). Brown bear mortality during 1946–85 in Gorski Kotar, Yugoslavia. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 7: 87–92.Google Scholar
Frkovic, A., Huber, Đ. & Kusak, J. (2001). Brown bear litter size in Croatia. Ursus 12: 103–106.Google Scholar
Gaillard, J. M., Festa-Bianchet, M., Yoccoz, N. G., Loison, A. & Toigo, C. (2000). Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 367–393.Google Scholar
Garshelis, D. L. (2009). Family Ursidae. In: Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A. (Eds.), Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 1. Carnivores (pp. 448–497). Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.Google Scholar
Garshelis, D. & McLellan, B. (2011). What’s so special about the Syrian bear? International Bear News 21: 5–7.Google Scholar
Gervasi, V., Ciucci, P., Boulanger, J., Randi, E. & Boitani, L. (2012). A multiple data source approach to improve abundance estimates of small populations: the brown bear in the Apennines, Italy. Biological Conservation 152: 10–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gittleman, J. L. (1986). Carnivore brain size, behavioral ecology, and phylogeny. Journal of Mammalogy 67: 23–36.Google Scholar
Gong, J. & Harris, R.B. (2006). The status of bears in China. In: Understanding Asian bears to Secure their Future (pp. 50–56). Ibaraki, Japan: Japan Bear Network.Google Scholar
Græsli, A.R., Fahlman, Å., Evans, A.L., Bertelsen, M.F., Arnemo, J.M. & Nielsen, S.S. (2014). Haematological and biochemical reference intervals for free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Sweden. BMC Veterinary Research 10: 183.Google Scholar
Groff, C., Angeli, F., Bragalanti, N., et al.(2018). Large carnivores report. Trento: Autonomous Province of Trento’s Forestry and Wildlife Department.Google Scholar
Gutleb, B., Ghaemi, R. A. & Kusak, J. (2002). Brown bear in Iran. International Bear News 11: 20.Google Scholar
Hamdine, W., Thevenot, M. & Michaux, J. (1998). Recent history of the brown bear in the Maghreb. Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences – Serie III: Sciences de la Vie 321: 565–570.Google ScholarPubMed
Hellgren, E. C. (1998). Physiology of hibernation in bears. Ursus 10: 467–477.Google Scholar
Herceg Romanić, S., Klinčić, D., Kljaković-Gašpić, Z., et al. (2015). Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in wild terrestrial mammals from Croatia: interspecies comparison of residue levels and compositions. Chemosphere 137: 52–58.Google Scholar
Hertel, A. G., Steyaert, S. M., Zedrosser, A., et al. (2016). Bears and berries: species-specific selective foraging on a patchily distributed food resource in a human-altered landscape. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 70: 831–842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertel, A. G., Swenson, J. E. & Bischof, R. (2017). A case for considering individual variation in diel activity patterns. Behavioral Ecology 28: 1524–1531.Google Scholar
Hertel, A. G., Leclerc, M., Warren, D., et al. (2019a). Don’t poke the bear: using tracking data to quantify behavioural syndromes in elusive wildlife. Animal Behaviour 147: 91–104.Google Scholar
Hertel, A. G., Zedrosser, A., Kindberg, J., Langval, O. & Swenson, J. E. (2019b). Fluctuating mast production does not drive Scandinavian brown bear behavior. Journal of Wildlife Management https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21619.Google Scholar
Hilderbrand, G. V., Jenkins, S. G., Schwartz, C. C., Hanley, T. A. & Robbins, C. T. (1999a). Effect of seasonal differences in dietary meat intake on changes in body mass and composition in wild and captive brown bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: 1623–1630.Google Scholar
Hilderbrand, G. V., Schwartz, C. C., Robbins, C. T., et al. (1999b). The importance of meat, particularly salmon, to body size, population productivity, and conservation of North American brown bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: 132–138.Google Scholar
Hirata, D., Mano, T., Abramov, A. V., et al. (2013). Molecular phylogeography of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in northeastern Asia based on analyses of complete mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 1644–1652.Google Scholar
Hohšteter, M., Šoštarić-Zuckermann, I. C., Reljić, S., et al. (2018). Intestinal adenocarcinoma in a European brown bear (Ursus arctos) – a case report. Veterinarski Arhiv 88: 569–579.Google Scholar
Huber, Đ. (2018). Ursus arctos. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018e.T41688A133236401. Accessed December 8, 2018.Google Scholar
Huber, Đ. & Ehrlich, I. (1981). A survey of helminthoparasites of wildlife in the Plitvice Lakes National Park: ecological relationships and a stability regulation model in the host–parasite system. Internationales Symposium über die Erkrankungen der Zootiere 23: 155–160.Google Scholar
Huber, Đ. & Roth, H. U. (1993). Movements of European brown bears in Croatia. Acta Theriologica 38: 151–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, D. & Roth, H. U. (1997). Denning of brown bears in Croatia. International Association on Bear Research and Management 9: 79–83.Google Scholar
Huber, Đ., Kusak, J., Zvorc, Z. & Rafaj, R. (1997). Effects of sex, age, capturing method, and season on serum chemistry values of brown bears in Croatia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33: 790–794.Google Scholar
Ionescu, O. (2002). Bear status and management in Carpathians, Bucharest, Romania. Bucharest: Forest Research and Management Planning Institute (ICAS).Google Scholar
Jakubiec, Z. (2008). 1354 Niedźwiedź Ursus arctos. In Monitoring gatunków i siedlisk przyrodniczych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem specjalnych obszarów ochrony siedlisk Natura 2000. Wyniki monitoringu. Unpublished report for the Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska, Warszawa.Google Scholar
Jerina, K. & Adamic, M. (2008). Fifty years of brown bear population expansion: effects of sex-biased dispersal on rate of expansion and population structure. Journal of Mammalogy 89: 1491–1501.Google Scholar
Jerina, K., Polaina, E., Huber, Đ., et al. (2018). Reconstruction of brown bear population dynamics in Slovenia and Croatia for the period 1998–2018. Prepared within C5 action of LIFE DINALP BEAR Project (LIFE13 NAT/SI/0005).Google Scholar
Kaczensky, P., Huber, Đ., Knauer, F., et al. (2006). Activity patterns of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Slovenia and Croatia. Journal of Zoology 269: 474–485.Google Scholar
Kaczensky, P., Chapron, G., Von Arx, M., et al. (2013). Status, management and distribution of large carnivores – bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine – in Europe. Part 1 (pp. 1–72). Available from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/carnivores/pdf/task_1_part1_statusoflcineurope.pdfGoogle Scholar
Karamanlidis, A. A., Youlatos, D., Sgardelis, S. & Scouras, Z. (2007). Using sign at power poles to document presence of bears in Greece. Ursus 18: 54–61.Google Scholar
Karamanlidis, A. A., Sanopoulos, A., Georgiadis, L. & Zedrosser, A. (2011). Structural and economic aspects of human–bear conflicts in Greece. Ursus 22: 141–151.Google Scholar
Karamanlidis, A. A., Pllaha, S., Krambokoukis, L., Shore, K. & Zedrosser, A. (2014). Preliminary brown bear survey in southeastern Albania. Ursus 25: 1–7.Google Scholar
Karamanlidis, A. A., De Gabriel Hernando, M., Krambokoukis, L. & Gimenez, O. (2015). Evidence of a large carnivore population recovery: counting bears in Greece. Journal for Nature Conservation 27: 10–17.Google Scholar
Kindberg, J., Swenson, J. E., Ericsson, G. & Bellemain, E. (2011). Estimating population size and trends of the Swedish brown bear Ursus arctos population. Wildlife Biology 17: 114–123.Google Scholar
Klinka, D. R. & Reimchen, T. E. (2002). Nocturnal and diurnal foraging behaviour of brown bears (Ursus arctos) on a salmon stream in coastal British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 1317–1322.Google Scholar
Knott, E., Bunnefeld, N., Huber, Đ., et al. (2014). The potential impacts of changes in bear hunting policy for hunting organisations in Croatia. European Journal of Wildlife Research 60: 85–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohn, M., Knauer, F., Stoffella, A., Schroder, W. & Paabo, S. (1995). Conservation genetics of the European brown bear: a study using excremental PCR of nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. Molecular Ecology 4: 95–103.Google Scholar
Kojola, I. & Heikkinen, S. (2006). Structure of expanded brown bear population at the edge of the range in Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici 43: 258–262.Google Scholar
Kolter, L. & Zee, J. (2008). Inventory of captive ursids – report from the Captive Bears Expert Team. International Bear News 171: 9–11.Google Scholar
Korsten, M., Ho, S. Y. W., Davison, J., et al. (2009). Sudden expansion of a single brown bear maternal lineage across northern continental Eurasia after the last ice age: a general demographic model for mammals? Molecular Ecology 18: 1963–1979.Google Scholar
Krechmar, M. A. (1995). Geographical aspects of the feeding of the brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in the extreme northeast of Siberia. Russian Journal of Ecology 26: 436–443.Google Scholar
Krofel, M. & Jerina, K. (2016). Mind the cat: conservation management of a protected dominant scavenger indirectly affects an endangered apex predator. Biological Conservation 197: 40–46.Google Scholar
Krofel, M., Filacorda, S. & Jerina, K. (2010). Mating-related movements of male brown bears on the periphery of an expanding population. Ursus 21: 23–29.Google Scholar
Krofel, M., Spacapan, M. & Jerina, K. (2017). Winter sleep with room service: denning behaviour of brown bear with access to anthropogenic food. Journal of Zoology 302: 8–14.Google Scholar
Kruckenhauser, L., Rauer, G., Daeubl, B. & Haring, E. (2009). Genetic monitoring of a founder population of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in central Austria. Conservation Genetics 10: 1223–1233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kudrenko, S. (2018). Factors contributing to human Injuries and fatalities inflicted by brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Russia, 1932–2017. Master thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences.Google Scholar
Kuduk, K., Babik, W., Bojarska, K., et al. (2012). Evolution of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II genes in the brown bear. BMC Evolutionary Biology 12: 197.Google Scholar
Kurtén, B. (1973). Transberingian relationships of Ursus arctos Linne (brown and grizzly bears). Societas Scientiarum Fennica Commentation Biology 65: 1–10.Google Scholar
Kusak, J., Rafaj, R. B., Žvorc, Z., et al. (2005). Effects of sex, age, body mass, and capturing method on hematologic values of brown bears in Croatia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41: 843–847.Google Scholar
Lazarus, M., Sekovanić, A., Reljić, S., et al. (2014). Selenium in brown bears (Ursus arctos) from Croatia: relation to cadmium and mercury. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 49: 1392–1401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, M., Orct, T., Reljić, S., et al. (2018a). Trace and macro elements in the femoral bone as indicators of long-term environmental exposure to toxic metals in European brown bear (Ursus arctos) from Croatia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25: 21,656–21,670.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, M., Sekovanić, A., Orct, T., et al. (2018b). Sexual maturity and life stage influences toxic metal accumulation in Croatian brown bears. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 74: 339–348.Google Scholar
Leclerc, M., Vander Wal, E., Zedrosser, A., et al. (2016). Quantifying consistent individual differences in habitat selection. Oecologia 180: 697–705.Google Scholar
Loreille, O., Orlando, L., Patou-Mathis, M., et al. (2001). Ancient DNA analysis reveals divergence of the cave bear, Ursus spelaeus, and brown bear, Ursus arctos, lineages. Current Biology 11: 200–203.Google Scholar
Lortkipanidze, B. (2010). Brown bear distribution and status in South Caucasus. Ursus 21: 97–103.Google Scholar
Luvsamjamba, A., Reynolds, H., Yansanjav, A., et al. (2016). Review of Gobi bear research (Ursus arctos gobiensis, Sokolov and Orlov, 1992). Arid Ecosystems 6: 206–212.Google Scholar
Madić, J., Huber, Đ. & Lugović, B. (1993). Serologic survey for selected viral and rickettsial agents of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Croatia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29: 572–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malcom, J. R., Liu, C., Miller, L. B., Allnutt, T. & Hansen, L. (2002). Habitats at risk. Gland, Switzerland: WWF.Google Scholar
Manchi, S. & Swenson, J.E. (2005). Denning behaviour of Scandinavian brown bears Ursus arctos. Wildlife Biology 11: 123–132.Google Scholar
Manlius, N. (1998). L’ours brun en Egypte. Ecologie 29: 565–581.Google Scholar
Männil, P. & Kont, R. (2012). Action plan for the conservation and management of wolf, lynx and brown bear in Estonia in 2012–2021. Tallinn: Estonian Ministry of the Environment.Google Scholar
Mano, T. (2006). The status of brown bears in Japan. In: Understanding Asian bears to secure their future (pp. 111–121). Ibaraki: Japan Bear Network.Google Scholar
Martin, J., Basille, M., Van Moorter, B., et al. (2010). Coping with human disturbance: spatial and temporal tactics of the brown bear (Ursus arctos). Canadian Journal of Zoology 88: 875–883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsubayashi, J., Morimoto, J.O., Tayasu, I., et al. (2015). Major decline in marine and terrestrial animal consumption by brown bears (Ursus arctos). Scientific Reports 17: 9203.Google Scholar
McLellan, B. N. (2015). Some mechanisms underlying variation in vital rates of grizzly bears on a multiple use landscape. Journal of Wildlife Management 79: 749–765.Google Scholar
McLellan, B. N., Proctor, M. F., Huber, Đ. & Michel, S. (2016). Brown bear (Ursus arctos) isolated populations (Supplementary material to Ursus arctos redlisting account). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed December 5, 2018.Google Scholar
McLellan, B. N., Proctor, M. F., Huber, Đ. & Michel, S. (2017). Ursus arctos (amended version of 2017 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T41688A121229971. Accessed December 5, 2018.Google Scholar
Medvedev, S. G. & Seredkin, I. V. (2018). Fleas (Siphonaptera) of carnivores (Mammalia, Carnivora) of the Russian Far East. Parazitologiya 52: 315–327.Google Scholar
Mertzanis, Y., Isaak, I., Mavridis, A., Nikolaou, O. & Tragos, A. (2005). Movements, activity patterns and home range of a female brown bear (Ursus arctos, L.) in the Rodopi Mountain Range, Greece. Belgian Journal of Zoology 135: 217–221.Google Scholar
Mertzanis, G., Giannakopoulos, A. & Pylidis, C. (2009). Ursus arctos (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Legakis, A. & Maragou, P. (Eds.), Red Data Book of the threatened animal species of Greece (pp. 387–389). Athens: Hellenic Zoological Society.Google Scholar
Mertzanis, G., Mazaris, A., Sgardelis, S., et al. (2011). Telemetry as a tool to study spatial behavior and patterns of brown bears as affected by the newly constructed Egnatia highway – N. Pindos – Greece. In: O. Krejcar (Ed.), Modern telemetry (pp. 307–328). IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/24958. Available from: www.intechopen.com/books/modern-telemetry/telemetry-as-a-tool-to-study-spatial-behaviour-and-patterns-of-brown-bears-as-affected-by-the-newly.Google Scholar
Ministry of Environment and Waters (MEW). (2008). Action Plan for the Brown Bear in Bulgaria.Google Scholar
Modrić, Z. & Huber, Đ. (1993). Serologic survey for leptospirae in European brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Croatia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29: 608–611.Google Scholar
Mordosov, I. I. (1993). Yakutia. In: Vaisfeld, M. A. & Chestin, I. E. (Eds.), Bears: Brown bear, polar bear, Asian black bear (pp. 301–318). Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Morehouse, A. T., Graves, T. A., Mikle, N. & Boyce, M. S. (2016). Nature vs. nurture: evidence for social learning of conflict behaviour in grizzly bears. PLoS ONE 11: e0165425.Google Scholar
Moriwaki, J., Omori, R., Shimozuru, M., et al. (2018). Evaluation of body condition using body mass and chest girth in brown bears of Hokkaido, Japan (Ursus arctos yesoensis). Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 66: 71–81.Google Scholar
Naidenko, S. V., Hernandez-Blanko, J. A., Seryodkin, I. V., et al. (2018). Serum prevalence of the bears in the Russian Far East to different pathogens. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 97: 1189–1194.Google Scholar
Nasimovich, A. A. & Semenov-Tian-Shansky, O. I. (1951). Brown bear food resources and the assessment of its role as a predator in the Lapland reserve. Bulleten Moskovskogo obshchestva Ispytateley Prirody, Otdelenie Biologicheskoe 56(4): 3–12.Google Scholar
Nawaz, M. A. (2007). Status of the brown bear in Pakistan. Ursus 18: 89–100.Google Scholar
Nawaz, M. A., Swenson, J. E. & Zakaria, V. (2008). Pragmatic management increases a flagship species, the Himalayan brown bears, in Pakistan’s Deosai National Park. Biological Conservation 141: 2230–2241.Google Scholar
Nawaz, M. A., Martin, J. & Swenson, J.E. (2014). Identifying key habitats to conserve the threatened brown bear in the Himalaya. Biological Conservation 170: 198–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R. A., Wahner, H. W., Jones, J. D., Ellefson, R. D. & Zollman, P. E. (1973). Metabolism of bears before, during, and after winter sleep. American Journal of Physiology 224: 491–496.Google Scholar
Niedziałkowska, M., Hayward, M. W., Borowik, T., Jędrzejewski, W. & Jędrzejewska, B. (2019). A meta-analysis of ungulate predation and prey selection by the brown bear Ursus arctos in Eurasia. Mammal Research 64: 1–9.Google Scholar
Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Robin, A., et al. (2000). The Global 2000. A representation approach to conserving the Earth’s distinctive ecoregions. Gland: WWF.Google Scholar
Ordiz, A., Rodriguez, C., Naves, J., et al. (2007). Distance-based criteria to identify minimum number of brown bear females with cubs in Europe. Ursus 18: 158–167.Google Scholar
Ordiz, A., Støen, O.-G., Swenson, J. E., Kojola, I. & Bischof, R. (2008). Distance-dependent effect of the nearest neighbour: spatio-temporal patterns in brown bear reproduction. Ecology 89: 3327–3335.Google Scholar
Ordiz, A., Støen, O.-G., Delibes, M. & Swenson, J. E. (2011). Predators or prey? Spatio-temporal discrimination of human-derived risk by brown bears. Oecologia 166: 59–67.Google Scholar
Ordiz, A., Støen, O.-G., Sæbø, S., et al. (2013). Lasting behavioural responses of brown bears to experimental human encounters. Journal of Applied Ecology 50: 306–314.Google Scholar
Palazón, S., Ruiz-Olmo, J. & Batet, A. (2011). El oso en Cataluña: La población se consolida. Quercus 304: 16–23.Google Scholar
Panova, O. A., Khrustalev, A. V., Kurnosova, O. P., Seryodkin, I. V. & Kalinkin, Y. N. (2018). Parasitological examination of bears in the north-east of the Altai Mountains and the Middle Sikhote-Alin. Theory and Practice of Combating Parasitic Diseases 19: 74–377.Google Scholar
Papadopoulos, E., Komnenou, A., Poutachides, T., et al. (2017). Detection of Dirofilaria immitis in a brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Greece. Helminthologia 54: 257–261.Google Scholar
Paralikidis, N. P., Papageorgiou, N. K., Kontsiotis, V. J. & Tsiompanoudis, A. C. (2010). The dietary habits of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) in western Greece. Mammalian Biology 75: 29–35.Google Scholar
Patitschniak-Arts, M. (1993). Ursus arctos. Mammalian Species 439: 1–10.Google Scholar
Paunović, M., Ćirović, D. & Milenković, M. (2007). Status and conservation of carnivores in Serbia. CIC Proceedings of the Symposium “Coexistance of man and carnivores: Threat or Benefit?”, May 1, 2007 (pp. 111–117). Belgrade, Serbia.Google Scholar
Penteriani, V., López-Bao, J. V., Bettega, C., et al. (2017). Consequences of brown bear viewing tourism: a review. Biological Conservation 206: 169–180.Google Scholar
Penteriani, V., Zarzo-Arias, A., Novo-Fernández, A., Bombieri, G. & Lopez-Sanchez, C. A. (2019). Responses of an endangered brown bear population to climate change based on predictable food resource and shelter alterations. Global Change Biology 25: 1133–1151.Google Scholar
Pérez, T., Naves, J., Vázquez, J. F., et al. (2014). Estimating the population size of the endangered Cantabrian brown bear through genetic sampling. Wildlife Biology 20: 300–309.Google Scholar
Petram, W., Knauer, F. & Kaczensky, P. (2004). Human influence on the choice of winter dens by European brown bears in Slovenia. Biological Conservation 119: 129–136.Google Scholar
Pilāts, V. & Ozoliņš, J. (2003). Status of brown bear in Latvia. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 13: 65–71.Google Scholar
Puchkovskiy, S. (2009). Selectivity of tree species as activity target of brown bear in taiga. Contemporary Problems of Ecology 2: 260–268.Google Scholar
Randi, E., Gentile, L., Boscagli, G., Huber, Đ. & Roth, H. U. (1994). Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence among some west European brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) populations. Lessons for conservation. Heredity 73: 480–489.Google Scholar
Reljić, S., Srebočan, E., Huber, Đ., et al. (2012). A case of a brown bear poisoning with carbofuran in Croatia. Ursus 23: 86–91.Google Scholar
Reynolds, H. V., Craighead, D. J., Proctor, M., Luvsanjamba, A. & Mijiddorj, B. (2010). Gobi bear conservation in Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: The Gobi Bear Project Team.Google Scholar
Robbins, C. T., Meray, B.-D., Fortin, J. & Nelson, L. O. (2012). Maternal condition determines birth and growth of newborn bear cubs. Journal of Mammalogy 93: 540–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez, C., Naves, J., Fernández-Gil, A., Obeso, J. R. & Delibes, M. (2007). Long-term trends in food habits of a relict brown bear population in northern Spain: the influence of climate and local factors. Environmental Conservation 34: 36–44.Google Scholar
Rosell, F., Jojola, S. M., Ingdal, K., et al. (2011). Brown bears possess anal sacs and secretions may code for sex. Journal of Zoology 283: 143–152.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Villar, H., Morales-Gonzalez, A., Bombieri, G., Zarzo-Arias, A. & Penteriani, V. (2019). Characterization of a brown bear aggregation during the hyperphagia period in the Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain. Ursus 29: 93–100.Google Scholar
Saarma, U., Ho, S. Y. W., Pybus, O. G., et al. (2007). Mitogenetic structure of brown bears (Ursus arctos L.) in northeastern Europe and a new time frame for the formation of European brown bear lineages. Molecular Ecology 16: 401–413.Google Scholar
Sathyakumar, S., Kaul, R., Ashraf, N. V., Mookerjee, A. & Menon, V. (2012). National Bear Conservation and Welfare Action Plan. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Wildlife Institute of India and Wildlife Trust of India.Google Scholar
Sato, Y., Kamiishi, C., Tokaji, T., et al .(2013). Selection of rub trees by brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Hokkaido, Japan. Acta Theriologica 59: 129–137.Google Scholar
Selva, N., Zwijacz-Kozica, T., Sergiel, A., Olszanska, A. & Zięba, F. (2011). Management plan for the brown bear Ursus arctos in Poland. Warsaw: University of Life Sciences.Google Scholar
Selva, N., Teitelbaum, C. S., Sergiel, A., et al. (2017). Supplementary ungulate feeding affects movement behavior of brown bears. Basic and Applied Ecology 24: 68–76.Google Scholar
Sentilles, J., Camarra, J. J., Vanpé, C. & Quenette, P. Y. (2019). Suivi de l’ours brun dans les Pyrénées françaises, rapport annuel 2018 (pp. 1–50). Paris: ONCFS, Office national de la chasse et de la faune sauvage.Google Scholar
Sergiel, A. & Maślak, R. (2014). The welfare of captive bears. In: Gardocka, T., Gruszczyńska, A., Maślak, R. & Sergiel, A. (Eds.), The welfare of animals in zoos and EU legal standards (pp. 129–139). Warsaw: Publishing House ELIPSA.Google Scholar
Sergiel, A., Naves, J., Kujawski, P., et al. (2017). Histological, chemical and behavioural evidence of pedal communication in brown bears. Scientific Reports 7: 1052.Google Scholar
Seryodkin, I. V. (2006). The biology and conservation status of brown bears in the Russian Far East. In: Understanding Asian bears to secure their future (pp. 1–145). Ibaraki: Japan Bear Network.Google Scholar
Seryodkin, I. V. (2010). Basic types of interspecific relationship of brown bear Ursus arctos in the Sikhote-Alin. Achievements in the Life Sciences 2: 134–145.Google Scholar
Seryodkin, I. V. (2015). Trichinosis of brown bear and Asiatic black bear in the Russian Far East. Bulletin of KrasGAU 12: 167–173.Google Scholar
Seryodkin, I. V., Esaulova, N. V., Mukhacheva, A. S., Petrunenko, Y. K. & Miquelle, D. G. (2012). Endoparasites of large carnivores in Primorskii Krai. In: Seryodkin, I. V. & Miquelle, D. G. (Eds.), Diseases and parasites of wildlife in Siberia and the Russian Far East (pp. 127–136). Vladivostok: Dalnauka.Google Scholar
Seryodkin, I. V., Kostyria, A. V., Goodrich, J. M. & Miquelle, D. G. (2013). Daily activity patterns of brown bears (Ursus arctos) of the Silkhote-Alin Mountain Range (Primorskiy Krai, Russia). Russian Journal of Ecology 44: 50–55.Google Scholar
Seryodkin, I. V., Kostyria, A. V. & Goodrich, J. M. (2014). Daily and seasonal movements of brown bear in the Sikhote-Alin. Seria “Biologiya i Ecologiya” 4: 233–240.Google Scholar
Seryodkin, I. V., Esaulova, N., Tranbenkova, N., et al. (2016). Helminth fauna of brown bears and Asiatic black bears of the Russian Far East. European Multicolloquium of Parasitology 12: 10.Google Scholar
Seryodkin, I. V., Paczkowski, J., Borisov, M. Y. & Petrunenko, Y. K. (2017a). Home ranges of brown bears on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin Island. Contemporary Problems of Ecology 10: 599–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seryodkin, I. V., Thomas, L., Birtles, R., et al.(2017b). Tick-borne pathogens in Ixodidae ticks and their large mammalian hosts in the Russian Far East. Parazitologiya 51: 239–252.Google Scholar
Shchelkanov, M. Y., Deviatkin, A. A., Ananiev, V. Y., et al. (2016). Complete genome sequence of a rabies virus strain isolated from a brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Primorsky Krai, Russia (November 2014). Genome Announcements 4: e00642–16.Google Scholar
Shimozuru, M., Yamanaka, M., Nakanishi, M., et al. (2017). Reproductive parameters and cub survival of brown bears in the Rusha area of the Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan. PLoS ONE 12: e0176251.Google Scholar
Skuban, M., Finďo, S. & Kajba, M. (2016). Human impacts on bear feeding habits and habitat selection in the Poľana Mountains, Slovakia. European Journal of Wildlife Research 62: 353–364.Google Scholar
Skuban, M., Finďo, S. & Kajba, M. (2017). Bears napping nearby: daybed selection by brown bears in a human-dominated landscapes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 96: 1–11.Google Scholar
Sommer, R. S. & Benecke, N. (2005). The recolonization of Europe by brown bears Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 after the Last Glacial Maximum. Mammal Review 35: 156–164.Google Scholar
Species360. (2019). Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS). Available at zims.Species360.org.Google Scholar
Stearns, S. C. (1992). The evolution of life histories. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stenset, N. E., Lutnæs, P. N., Bjarnadóttir, V., et al. (2016). Seasonal and annual variation in the diet of brown bears Ursus arctos in the boreal forest of southcentral Sweden. Wildlife Biology 22: 107–116.Google Scholar
Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Endrestøl, A., Hackländer, K., Swenson, J. E. & Zedrosser, A. (2012). The mating system of the brown bear Ursus arctos. Mammal Review 42: 12–34.Google Scholar
Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Kindberg, J., Swenson, J. E. & Zedrosser, A. (2013). Male reproductive strategy explains spatiotemporal segregation in brown bears. Journal of Animal Ecology 82: 836–845.Google Scholar
Steyaert, S. M., Kindberg, J., Jerina, K., et al. (2014). Behavioral correlates of supplementary feeding of wildlife: can general conclusions be drawn? Basic and Applied Ecology 15: 669–676.Google Scholar
Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Leclerc, M., Pelletier, F., et al. (2016). Human shields mediate sexual conflict in a top predator. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 283: 20160906.Google Scholar
Støen, O.-G., Bellemain, E., Saebo, S. & Swenson, J. E. (2005). Kin-related spatial structure in brown bears Ursus arctos. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59: 191–197.Google Scholar
Stoen, O.-G., Zedrosser, A., Wegge, P. & Swenson, J. E. (2006a). Socially induced delayed primiparity in brown bears Ursus arctos. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61: 1–8.Google Scholar
Støen, O.-G., Zedrosser, A., Saebo, S. & Swenson, J. E. (2006b). Inversely density-dependent natal dispersal in brown bears Ursus arctos. Oecologia 148: 356–364.Google Scholar
Swenson, J. E. & Haroldson, M. A. (2008). Observations of mixed-aged litters in brown bears. Ursus 19: 73–79.Google Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Jansson, A., Riig, R. & Sandegren, F. (1999). Bears and ants: myrmecophagy by brown bears in central Scandinavia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: 551–561.Google Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Adamic, M., Huber, Đ. & Stokke, S. (2007). Brown bear body mass and growth in northern and southern Europe. Oecologia 153: 37–47.Google Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Taberlet, P. & Bellemain, E. (2011). Genetics and conservation of European brown bears Ursus arctos. Mammal Review 41: 87–98.Google Scholar
Swenson, J. E., Schneider, M., Zedrosser, A., et al. (2017). Challenges of managing a European brown bear population; lessons from Sweden, 1943–2013. Wildlife Biology 2017(4): wlb-00251.Google Scholar
Taberlet, P. & Bouvet, J. (1994). Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism, phylogeography, and conservation genetics of the brown bear Ursus arctos in Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 255: 195–200.Google Scholar
Taberlet, P., Swenson, J. E., Sandegren, F. & Bjaervall, A. (1995). Localization of a contact zone between two highly divergent mitochondrial DNA lineages of the brown bear Ursus arctos in Scandinavia. Conservation Biology 9: 1255–1261.Google Scholar
Tattoni, C., Bragalanti, N., Fgroff, C. & Rovero, F. (2015). Patterns in the use of rub trees by the Eurasian brown bear. Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy 26: 118–124.Google Scholar
Tirronen, K. F., Panchenko, D. B. & Kusnecova, D. S. (2015). Brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) of the White Sea of the Kola Peninsula. Vestnik Okhotovedeniya 12: 125–136.Google Scholar
Tirronen, K. F., Panchenko, D. B. & Kuznetsova, A. S. (2016). New data on the diets of the brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) in Karelia and the south of the Kola Peninsula. Transactions of Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences 12: 114–122.Google Scholar
Tøien, Ø., Blake, J., Edgar, D. M., et al. (2011). Hibernation in black bears: independence of metabolic suppression from body temperature. Science 331: 906–909.Google Scholar
Tøien, Ø., Blake, J. & Barnes, B. M. (2015). Thermoregulation and energetics in hibernating black bears: metabolic rate and the mystery of multi-day body temperature cycles. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 185: 447–461.Google Scholar
Tosoni, E., Mei, M. & Ciucci, P. (2018). Ants as food for Apennine brown bears. European Zoological Journal 85: 343–349.Google Scholar
Tranbenkova, N. A., Seryodkin, I. V. & Zhakov, V. V. (2012). Helminths of Kamchatka brown bears. In: Seryodkin, I. V. & Miquelle, D. G. (Eds.), Diseases and parasites of wildlife in Siberia and the Russian Far East (pp. 173–178). Vladivostok: Dalnauka.Google Scholar
Tumendemberel, O., Proctor, M., Reynolds, H., et al. (2015). Gobi bear abundance and inter-oases movements, Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Ursus 26: 129–142.Google Scholar
Ustinov, S. K. (1993). The Baikal region. In: Vaisfeld, M. A. & Chestin, I. E. (Eds.), Bears: Brown bear, polar bear, Asian black bear (pp. 275–301). Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Vaisfeld, M. A. & Chestin, I. E. (1993). Bears: Distribution, ecology, management, and conservation. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Valdiosera, C. E., García, N., Anderung, C., et al. (2007). Staying out in the cold: glacial refugia and mitochondrial DNA phylogeography in ancient European brown bears. Molecular Ecology 16: 5140–5148.Google Scholar
Van De Walle, J., Pigeon, G., Zedrosser, A., Swenson, J. E. & Pelletier, F. (2018). Hunting regulation favors slow life histories in a large carnivore. Nature Communications 9: 1100.Google Scholar
Vulla, E., Hobson, K. A., Korsten, M., et al. (2009). Carnivory is positively correlated with latitude among omnivorous mammals: evidence from brown bears, badgers and pine martens. Annales Zoologici Fennici 46: 395–416.Google Scholar
Wilmers, C. C. & Post, E. (2006). Predicting the influence of wolf-provided carrion on scavenger community dynamics under climate change scenarios. Global Change Biology 12: 403–409.Google Scholar
Yudin, V. G. (1993). Aggressive behaviour of brown and the Asian black bear in the coastal areas. In: Pazhetnov, V. S. (Ed.), Bears in the UDSSR – Status of populations. Rzhev: Scientific Institut for Nature Conservation and Management of Protected Areas.Google Scholar
Zarzo-Arias, A., Del Mar Delgado, M., Ordiz, A., et al. (2018). Brown bear behaviour in human-modified landscapes: the case of the endangered Cantabrian population, NW Spain. Global Ecology and Conservation 16: e00499.Google Scholar
Zedrosser, A., Dahle, B., Swenson, J. E. & Gerstl, N. (2001). Status and management of the brown bear in Europe. Ursus 12: 9-20.Google Scholar
Zedrosser, A., Rauer, G. & Kruckenhauser, L. (2004). Early primiparity in brown bears. Acta Theriologica Sinica 49: 427–432.Google Scholar
Zedrosser, A., Dahle, B. & Swenson, J. E. (2006). Population density and food conditions determine adult female body size in brown bears. Journal of Mammalogy 87: 510–518.Google Scholar
Zedrosser, A., Bellemain, E., Taberlet, P. & Swenson, J. E. (2007). Genetic estimates of annual reproductive success in male brown bears: the effects of body size, age, internal relatedness and population density. Journal of Animal Ecology 76: 368–375.Google Scholar
Zedrosser, A., Dahle, B., Stoen, O.-G. & Swenson, J. E. (2009). The effects of primiparity on reproductive performance in the brown bear. Oecologia 160: 847–854.Google Scholar
Zedrosser, A., Steyaert, S. M. J. G., Gossow, H. & Swenson, J. E. (2011). Brown bear conservation and the ghost of persecution past. Biological Conservation 144: 2163–2170.Google Scholar
Zedrosser, A., Pelletier, F., Bischof, R., Festa-Bianchet, M. & Swenson, J. E. (2013). Determinants of lifetime reproduction in female brown bears: early body mass, longevity, and hunting regulations. Ecology 94: 231–240.Google Scholar
Zlatanova, D., Racheva, V. & Fremuth, W. (2009). Habitatverbund für den Braunbären in Bulgarien – Grundlage für die Schaffung Transeuropäischer Wildtiernetze (TEWN) auf dem Balkan. Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung 41: 114–122.Google Scholar
Zyryanov, A. N. (2012). Study of brown bear behavior in natural conditions. In: Proceedings of Centralno-Sibirsky Nature Reserve (pp. 155–169). Krasnoyarsk, Russia: Centralno-Sibirsky Nature Reserve.Google Scholar
Zyśk-Gorczyńska, E., Jakubiec, Z. & Wuczyński, A. (2014). Brown bears (Ursus arctos) as ecological engineers: the prospective role of trees damaged by bears in forest ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Zoology 93: 133–141.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×