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14 - Episodic processes, invasion and faunal mosaics in evolutionary and ecological time

from Part V - Effects Due to Invading Species, Habitat Loss and Climate Change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2013

By
Eric P. Hoberg  and
Daniel R. Brooks
Edited by
Klaus Rohde
Klaus Rohde
Affiliation:
University of New England, Australia
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Summary

Episodic processes and faunal structure

Episodes of ecological perturbation and faunal turnover represent crises for global biodiversity and have occurred periodically across Earth’s history on a continuum linking deep evolutionary and shallow ecological time (Briggs, 1995; Hallam & Wignall, 1997; Hoberg & Brooks, 2008; Stigall, 2010). Major extinction events and biodiversity crises across the 540 million years of the Phanerozoic are equated with periods of maximum ecological disruption associated with geological, oceanographic and atmospheric (climatological) mechanisms which have influenced patterns and processes for diversification (dispersal and isolation), species diversity, community and faunal structure, turnover, and distribution on global to regional and landscape scales (Briggs, 1995; Stigall, 2012a, 2012b). Episodic or punctuated events set the stage for patterns of diversification and faunal associations downstream for extended periods of time (Eldredge & Gould, 1972; Eldredge et al., 2005). In essence, the cascading effects of ecological disruption may canalize faunal structure, eliminating evolutionary potential through differential extinction events, but concurrently may heighten faunal mixing and interchange through breakdown in ecological isolation during biotic expansion and geographic colonization (Rode & Lieberman, 2005; Hoberg & Brooks, 2010). Paradoxically, ecological crises may also be precursors for subsequent radiation and diversification in taxa which have persisted through events of maximal ecological perturbations (e.g., Hoberg & Brooks, 2008), and elevated rates for speciation are often linked to periods of rapid climatological and environmental change (Vrba, 1996). These processes and their influence on faunal structure and diversity are equivalent in evolutionary and ecological time and thus can serve as analogs for understanding and predicting the general outcomes of invasion and range shifts in contemporary communities and faunas (Hoberg, 2010; Hoberg & Brooks, 2010; Peterson, 2011; Stigall, 2012b).

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The Balance of Nature and Human Impact , pp. 199 - 214
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2013

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