Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T04:13:19.981Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - Bacteria and cancer

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2009

By
Christine P J Caygill  and
Michael J Hill
Edited by
Alistair J. Lax
Christine P J Caygill
Affiliation:
University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital
Michael J Hill
Affiliation:
European Cancer Prevention Organization, Nutrition Research Centre, South Bank University
Alistair J. Lax
Affiliation:
King's College London
Get access

Summary

It has been estimated that more than 80% of human cancers are caused by environmental factors, and so are potentially preventable (Higginson, 1968). Bacteria are in a unique position to mediate between the host and its external environment because they naturally colonise all external surfaces. In addition, bacterial infections expose the host to further interactions with bacteria.

The role of the flora in protecting the host against infection has been well documented. The normal bacterial flora of the mouth protects against fungal infection; the normal flora of the intestine helps to protect against enteritis; the normal skin flora helps to protect against skin infection.

Furthermore, the gut bacterial flora has an overwhelmingly beneficial role in assisting digestion and in detoxifying ingested compounds of exogenous origin (Hill, 1995). However, there are situations where bacterial infection, which can be defined as bacteria being in the wrong place, can produce carcinogens and is associated with local cancers (e.g., bladder infection, nitrosamines, and bladder cancer). In addition, there are situations where the normal flora, carrying out its normal metabolic activity, can be exposed to very high levels of a substrate resulting in toxic levels of the product (e.g., colon bacteria, bile acids, and colon cancer).

In this chapter we will first discuss the types of carcinogens/mutagens that can be produced by bacterial action, and the situations in which this production might be significant. In addition, the gut bacteria release a wide range of anti-carcinogens from the diet as well, and these are discussed.

Type
Chapter
Information
Bacterial Protein Toxins
Role in the Interference with Cell Growth Regulation
 , pp. 199 - 226
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adlercreutz, H (1984). Does fiber-rich food containing animal lignan precursers protect against both colon and breast cancer? An extension of the “‘fiber hypothesis.’”Gastroenterology, 86, 761–766Google Scholar
Adlercreutz H (1998). Human health and phytoestrogens. In Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, ed. K S Korach, pp. 299–371, Marcel Dekker, New York
Adlercreutz, H (2002). Phytoestrogens and cancer. Lancet Oncol., 3, 364–373CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreu, A, Stapleton, A E, Fennell, C, Lockman, H A, Xercavins, M, Fernandez, F, and Stamm, W (1997). Urovirulence determinants in Escherichia coli strains causing prostatitisJ. Infect. Dis., 176, 464–469CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aoki, K (1993). Excess incidence of lung cancer among pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., 23, 205–220Google Scholar
Aries, V C, Crowther, J S, Drasar, B S, Hill, M J, and Williams, R E (1969). Bacteria and aetiology of cancer of large bowel. Gut, 10, 334–335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnthorsson, G, Tulinuis, H, Egilsson, V, Sigvaldason, H, Magnusson, B, and Thorarinsson, H (1988). Gastric-cancer after gastrectomy. Int. J. Cancer, 42, 365–367CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banatvala, N, Mayo, K, Megraud, F, Jennings, R, Deeks, J J, and Feldman, R A (1993). The cohort effect and Helicobacter pylori. J. Infect. Dis., 168, 219–221CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackburn, E K, Callende, S T, Dacie, J V, Doll, R, Girdwood, R H, Mollin, D L, Saracci, R, Stafford, J L, Thompson, R B, Varadi, S, and Wetherle, G (1968). Possible association between pernicious anaemia and leukaemia: A prospective study of 1,625 patients with a note on very high incidence of stomach cancer. Int. J. Cancer, 3, 163–170CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brinton, L A, Gridley, G, Hrubec, Z, Hoover, R, and Fraumeni, J F (1989). Cancer risk following pernicious-anaemia. Brit. J. Cancer, 59, 810–813CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryan, G T (1971). Role of urinary tryptophan metabolites in etiology of bladder cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 24, 841–847CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cameron, A J, Souto, E O, and Smyrk, T C (2002). Small adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction: Association with intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 97, 1375–80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caygill C, Hill M, Craven J, Hall R, and Miller C (1984). Relevance of gastric achlorhydria to human carcinogenesis. In: N-nitroso Compounds: Occurrence, Biological Effects and Relevance to Human Cancer, ed. I K O'Neil, R C Van Borstel, C T Miller, J Long, and H Bartsch, pp. 895–900, Lyon: IARC (Scientific Publication No 57)
Caygill, C, HillM, Kirkham J M, Kirkham J, and Northfield, T C (1988). Increased risk of biliary-tract cancer following gastric-surgery. Brit. J. Cancer, 57, 434–436CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caygill, C P J, Braddick, M, Hill, M J, Knowles, R L, and Sharp, J C M (1995). The association between typhoid carriage, typhoid infection and subsequent cancer at a number of sites. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 4, 187–193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caygill, C P J and Hill, M J (1992). Malignancy following surgery for benign peptic disease – A review. Ital. J. Gastroenterol., 24, 218–224Google ScholarPubMed
Caygill, C P J, Hill, M J, Braddick, M, and Sharp, J C M (1994). Cancer mortality in chronic typhoid and paratyphoid carriers. Lancet 343, 83–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caygill, C P J, Hill, M J, Kirkham, J S, and Northfield, T C (1986). Mortality from gastric-cancer following gastric surgery for peptic-ulcer. Lancet, I, 1505–1505Google Scholar
Caygill, C P J, Knowles, R L, and Hall, R (1991). Increased risk of cancer mortality after vagotomy for peptic ulcer: A preliminary analysis. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 1, 35–37CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caygill, C P J, Knowles, R L, and Hill, M J (1990). The relationship between pernicious anaemia and gastric cancer. Deut. Zeit. Für Onkologie, 22, 120–122Google Scholar
Caygill, C P J, Hill, M J, Hall, C N, Kirkham, J S, and Northfield, T C (1987). Increased risk of cancer at multiple sites after gastric-surgery for peptic-ulcer. Gut, 28, 924–928CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correa, P, Haenszel, W, Cuello, C, Tannenbaum, S, and Archer, M (1975). Model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet, 2, 58–60CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Correa P (1988). Precancerous lesions of the stomach phenotypic changes and their determinants. In Gastric Carcinogenesis, ed. P I Reed and M J Hill, pp. 127–136, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: Exerpta Medica
Devor E J (1982). Ethnogeographic patterns in gallbladder cancer. In Epidemiology of Cancer of the Digestive Tract, ed. P Correa and W Haenszel, pp. 197–225, Martinus Nijhof, The HagueCrossRef
Eide, T J, Viste, A, Andersen, A, and Soreide, O (1991). The risk of cancer at all sites following gastric operation for benign disease – a cohort of 4224 patients. Int. J. Cancer, 48, 333–339CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
England, D M and Rosenblatt, J E (1977). Anaerobes in human biliary tracts. J. Clin. Microbiol., 6, 494–500Google ScholarPubMed
Eslick, G D and Talley, N J (1998). Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 114, G2428 Part 2 Suppl. SCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eurogast Study Group: Forman, D, Debacker, G, Elder, J, Moller, H, Damotta, L C, Roy, P, Abid, L, Debacker, G, Tjonneland, A, Boeing, H, Haubrich, T, Wahrendorf, J, Manousos, O, Kafatos, A, Tulinius, H, Ogmundsdottir, H, Palli, D, Cipriani, F, Fukao, A, Tsugane, S, Miyajima, Y, Zatonski, W, Tycznski, J, Calheiros, J, Zakelj, M P, Potocnik, M, Webb, P, Knight, T, Wilson, A, Kaye, S, Potter, J, Newell, D G, Hengels, K J, Kyrtopoulos, S, Wild, C, Moller, H, Webb, P, Newell, D, Forman, D, Palli, D, Hengels, K, Elder, J, Debacker, G, and Coleman, M (1993). Epidemiology of, and risk-factors for, Helicobacter pylori infection among 3194 asymptomatic subjects in 17 populations. Gut, 34, 1672–1676Google Scholar
Forman, D, Newell, D G, Fullerton, F, Yarnell, J W G, Stacey, A R, Wald, N, and Sitas, F (1991). Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric-cancer – evidence from a prospective investigation. Brit. Med. J., 302, 1302–1305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forman, D, Sitas, F, Newell, D G, Stacey, A R, Boreham, J, Peto, R, Campbell, T C, Li, J, and Chen, J (1990). Geographic association of Helicobacter-pylori antibody prevalence and gastric-cancer mortality in rural China. Int. J. Cancer, 46, 608–611CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forman, D, Webb, P, and Parsonnet, J (1994). Helicobacter-pylori and gastric-cancer. Lancet, 343, 243–244CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hicks, R M, Walters, C L, Elsebai, I, Elaasser, A B, Elmerzabani, M, and Gough, T A (1977). Demonstration of nitrosamines in human urine – Preliminary observations on a possible etiology for bladder cancer in association with chronic urinary-tract infections. P. Roy. Soc. Med., 70, 413–416Google ScholarPubMed
Higginson, J (1968). Theoretical possibilities of cancer prevention in man. P. Roy. Soc. Med., 61, 723–726Google ScholarPubMed
Hill M J (1986). Microbes and Human Carcinogenesis. Edward Arnold, London
Hill, M J (1991). Bile acids and colorectal cancer: Hypothesis. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 1 (suppl 2), 69–74CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill M J (1995). Role of gut bacteria in human toxicology and pharmacology. Taylor and Francis, London
Hill, M J (1996). Endogenous N-nitrosation. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 5 (suppl 1), 47–50CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, M J, Crowther, J S, Drasar, B S, Hawkswor, G, Aries, V C, and Williams, R E (1971). Bacteria and aetiology of cancer of large bowel. Lancet I, 95–100Google Scholar
Hill, M J and Morson, B C (1978). Etiology of adenoma-carcinoma sequence in large bowel. Lancet I, 245–7Google Scholar
Hill, M J, Davies, G J, and Giacosa, A (2001). Should we change our dietary advice on cancer prevention?Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 10, 1–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, J, Sridhar, S, Chen, Y, and Hunt, R H (1998). Meta-analysis of the relationship between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and gastric cancer. Gastroenterlogy, 114, 1169–1179CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inokuchi, K, Tokudome, S, Ikeda, M, Kuratsune, M, Ichimiya, H, Kaibara, N, Ikejiri, T, and Oka, N (1984). Mortality from carcinoma after partial gastrectomy. Gann, 75, 588–594Google ScholarPubMed
Johnson, I T, Williamson, G, and Musk, S R R (1994). Anticarcinogenic factors in plant foods: A new class of nutrients?Nutr. Res. Rev., 7, 175–204CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinoshita, N and Gelboin, H (1978). Beta-glucuronidase catalyzed-hydrolysis of benzo[a]pyrene-3-glucuronide and binding to DNA. Science, 199, 307–309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koop, H (2002). Gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy, 34, 97–103CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vecchia, C and Chatenoud, L (1998). Fibres, whole-grain foods and breast and other cancers. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 7 (Suppl 2), S25–S28CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laqueur, G L and Spatz, M (1968). Toxicology of cycasin. Cancer Res., 28, 2262–2267Google ScholarPubMed
Lax, A J and Thomas, W (2002). How bacteria could cause cancer: One step at a time. Trends Microbiol., 10, 293–299CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, J T, Wang, L Y, Wang, J T, Wang, T H, Yang, C S, and Chen, C J (1995). A nested case-control study on the association between Helicobacter-pylori infection and gastric-cancer risk in a cohort of 9775 men in Taiwan. Anticancer Res., 15, 603–606Google Scholar
Liu, C H, Chang, S H, Narko, K, Trifan, O C, Wu, M T, Smith, E, Haudenschild, C, Lane, T F, and Hla, T (2001). Over expression of cyclooxygenase-2 is sufficient to induce tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 18563–18569CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundegardh, G, Adami, H O, Helmick, C, Zack, M, and Meirik, O (1988). Stomach-cancer after partial gastrectomy for benign ulcer disease. New. Engl. J. Med., 319, 195–200CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mack, T M, Yu, M C, Hanisch, R, and Henderson, B E (1986). Pancreas cancer and smoking, beverage consumption, and past medical history. J. Natl. Cancer I., 76, 49–60Google ScholarPubMed
Magee, P N (1996). Nitrosamines and human cancer: Introduction and overview. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 5 (suppl 1), 7–10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magee, P N and Barnes, J M (1967). Carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. Adv. Cancer Res., 10, 163–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malaty, H M, Graham, D Y (1994). Importance of childhood socioeconomic status on the current prevalence of Helicobacter-pylori infection. Gut, 35, 742–745CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, M S, Martin, F, Justrabo, E, Michel, M F, and Lagneau, A (1977). Immunoprophylaxis and therapy of grafted rat colonic carcinoma. Gut, 18, 232–235CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mellemgaard, A and Gaarslev, K (1988). Risk of hepatobiliary cancer in carriers of Salmonella typhi. J. Natl. Cancer I., 80, 288CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moller, H and Toftgaard, C (1991). Cancer occurrence in a cohort of patient surgically treated for peptic ulcer. Gut, 32, 740–744CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morson, B C (1974). Evolution of cancer of colon and rectum. Cancer 34, 845–8493.0.CO;2-H>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morson, B C, Bussey, H J R, Day, D W, and Hill, M J (1983). Adenomas of large bowel. Cancer Surv., 2, 451–478Google Scholar
Mulvey, M A, Schilling, J D, and Hultgren, S J (2001). Establishment of a persistent Escherichia coli reservoir during the acute phase of a bladder infection. Infect. Immun., 69, 4572–4579CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nath, G, Singh, H, and Shukla, V K (1997). Chronic typhoid carriage and carcinoma of the gallbladder. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 6, 557–559CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Offerhaus, G J A, Tersmette, A C, Huibregtse, K, Vandestadt, J, Tersmette, K W F, Stijnen, T, Hoedemaeker, P J, Vandenbroucke, J P, and Tytgat, G N J (1988). Mortality caused by stomach cancer after remote partial gastrectomy for benign conditions: 40 years of follow-up of an Amsterdam cohort of 2633 postgastrectomy patients. Gut, 29, 1588–1590CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osawa, H, Inoue, F, and Yoshida, Y (1996). Inverse relation of serum Helicobacter pylori antibody titres and extent of intestinal metaplasia. J. Clin. Pathol., 49, 112–115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, A S, Cerhan, J R, Lynch, C F, Leibovich, B C, and Cantor, K P (2004). History of urinary tract infection and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Am. J. Epidemiol., 159, 42–48CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parsonnet, J, Blaser, M J, Perez-Perez, G I, Hargrett-Bean, N, and Tauxe, R V (1992). Symptoms and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in a cohort of epidemiolgists. Gastroenterology, 102, 41–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsonnet, J, Friedman, G D, Vandersteen, D P, Chang, Y, Vogelman, J H, Orentreich, N, and Sibley, R K (1991). Helicobacter-pylori infection and the risk of gastric-carcinoma. New Engl. J. Med., 325, 1127–1131CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radomski, J L, Greenwald, D, Hearn, W L, Block, N L, and Woods, F M (1978). Nitrosamine formation in bladder infections and its role in the etiology of bladder cancer. J. Urology, 120, 48–56CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddy, B S (1992). Dietary-fat and colon cancer – animal model studies. Lipids, 27, 807–813CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rippere-Lampe, K E, Lang, M, Ceri, H, Olson, M, Lockman, H A, and O'Brien, A D (2001a). Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor type 1-positive Escherichia coli causes increased inflammation and tissue damage to the prostate in a rat prostatitis model. Infect. Immun., 69, 6515–6519CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rippere-Lampe, K E, O'Brien, A D, Conran, R, and Lockman, H A (2001b). Mutation of the gene encoding cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (cnf1) attenuates the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun., 69, 3954–3964CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rokitansky C (1854). Manual of Pathological Anatomy. Sydenham Soc, London
Ross, A H M, Smith, M A, Anderson, J R, and Small, W P (1982). Late mortality after surgery for peptic-ulcer. New Engl. J. Med., 307, 519–522CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandler, R S, Johnson, M D, and Holland, K L (1984). Risk of stomach-cancer after gastric-surgery for benign conditions – a case control study. Digest Dis. Sci., 29, 703–708CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoental, R (1979). The role of Fusarium mycotoxins in the aetiology of tumours of the digestive tract of man and animals. Front. Gastr. Res., 4, 17–24CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, P (2001). Helicobacter pylori: A debated factor in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Digest. Dis., 19, 127–33CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shukla, V K, Singh, H, Pandey, M, Upadhyaya, S K, and Nath, G (2000). Carcinoma of the gallbladder: Is it a sequel of typhoid?Digest. Dis. Sci., 45, 900–903CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siman, J H, Forsgren, A, Berglund, G, and Floren, C H (2001). Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with a decreased risk of developing oesophageal neoplasms. Helicobacter, 6, 310–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siman, J H, Forsgren, A, Berglund, G, and Floren, C H (1997). Association between Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinoma in the city of Malmo, Sweden – A prospective study. Scand. J. Gastroentero., 32, 1215–1221CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinclair, T and Tuxford, A F (1971). Incidence of urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria in a semi-rural practice. Practitioner, 207, 81–90Google Scholar
Smith K L and Parsonnet J (1998). Helicobacter pylori In Bacterial Infections of Humans, ed. A Evans and P Brachman, pp. 337–353, Plenum Publishing, New York
Stalsberg, H and Taksdal, S (1971). Stomach cancer following gastric surgery for benign conditions. Lancet, 2, 1175–1177CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sueoka, E, Nishiwaki, S, Okabe, S, Iida, N, Suganuma, M, Yano, I, Aoki, K, and Fujiki, H (1995). Activation of protein kinase C by cord factor trenalose 6-monomy colate, resulting in tumor necrosis Factor-alpha release in mouselung tissue, Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 86, 749–CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tersmette, A C, Offerhaus, G J A, Giardiello, F M, Tersmette, K W F, Vandenbrouke, J P, and Tytgat, G N J (1990). Occurrence of non-gastric cancer in the digestive tract after remote partial gastrectomy – analysis of an Amsterdam cohort. Int. J. Cancer, 46, 792–795CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, W, Ascott, Z K, Harmey, D, Slice, L W, Rozengurt, E, and Lax, A J (2001). Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor from Escherichia coli induces RhoA-dependent expression of the cyclooxygenase-2 gene. Infect. Immun., 69, 6839–6845CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toftgaard, C (1989). Gastric-cancer after peptic-ulcer surgery – A historic prospective cohort investigation. Ann. Surg., 210, 159–164CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tokudome, S, Kono, S, Ikeda, M, Kuratsune, M, Sano, C, Inokuchi, K, Kodama, Y, Ichimiya, H, Nakayama, F, Kaibara, N, Koga, S, Yamada, H, Ikejiri, T, Oka, N, and Tsurumaru, H (1984). A prospective study on primary gastric stump cancer following partial gastrectomy for benign gastroduodenal diseases. Cancer Res., 44, 2208–2212Google ScholarPubMed
Viste, P, Opheim, P, Thunold, J, Eide, G E, Bjornestad, E, Skarstein, A, Hartveit, F, Eide, T J, and Soreide, O (1986). Risk of carcinoma following gastric operations for benign disease – a historical cohort study of 3470 patients. Lancet, 2, 502–505CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watt, P C H, Patterson, C C, and Kennedy, T L (1984). Late mortality after vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer. Brit. Med. J., 288, 1335–1338CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welton, J C, Marr, J S, and Friedman, S M (1979). Association between hepatobiliary cancer and typhoid carrier state. Lancet I, 791–794CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wogan G N (1973). Aflatoxin carcinogenesis. In Methods in Cancer Research, ed. H Bartsch, p. 309, Academic Press, New York
Wynder, E L (1975). Epidemiological evaluation of causes of cancer of pancreas. Cancer Res., 35, 2228–2233Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bacteria and cancer
    • By Christine P J Caygill, University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Michael J Hill, European Cancer Prevention Organization, Nutrition Research Centre, South Bank University
  • Edited by Alistair J. Lax, King's College London
  • Book: Bacterial Protein Toxins
  • Online publication: 15 September 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546280.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bacteria and cancer
    • By Christine P J Caygill, University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Michael J Hill, European Cancer Prevention Organization, Nutrition Research Centre, South Bank University
  • Edited by Alistair J. Lax, King's College London
  • Book: Bacterial Protein Toxins
  • Online publication: 15 September 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546280.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bacteria and cancer
    • By Christine P J Caygill, University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Michael J Hill, European Cancer Prevention Organization, Nutrition Research Centre, South Bank University
  • Edited by Alistair J. Lax, King's College London
  • Book: Bacterial Protein Toxins
  • Online publication: 15 September 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546280.010
Available formats
×