1954 Nobel prize for Chemistry: Linus Carl Pauling, for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances.

1956 Nobel prize for Physics: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, for their research in semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.

1962 Nobel prize for Medicine: Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins, for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material.

1968 Nobel prize for Medicine: Robert W. Holley, Hav Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg, for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.

1972 Nobel prize for Physics: John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper and J. Robert Schrieffer, for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS theory.

1977 Nobel prize for Physics: Philip W. Anderson, Sir Nevill F. Mott and John H. van Vleck, for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems.

1985 Nobel prize for Chemistry: Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle, for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures.

1985 Nobel prize for Physics: Klaus von Klitzing, for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect.

1986 Nobel prize for Physics: Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer, for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope; Ernst Ruska, for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope.

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