Infertility is generally defined as the inability to establish a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. Estimates of the prevalence of infertility are variable due to differing methodological approaches. In vitro fertilization (IVF) methods were first developed in animals; however, their potential for overcoming infertility in humans was quickly recognized. The first infant conceived using assisted reproductive technology (ART) was born in 1978 in the United Kingdom. ART techniques have improved over time and use of ART has increased substantially, although use of ART varies across regions, countries, and jurisdictions. Availability of ART services may be affected by legal restrictions and guidelines. Insurance coverage for ART differs across countries; lack of reimbursement for fertility treatment costs is often barrier to accessing to ART.