All that we have discussed so far makes it clear that genes play a critical role in our human identity. Without our particular genome, we would not be an anatomically modern human with our particular type of brain that provides our amazing cognitive capacities for science, for free will, for moral responsibility and for reflecting on those broader questions that lie beyond science. And without the genetic variation that exists in all populations, we would not have the wonderful diversity that is such a striking aspect of being human and that plays a greater or lesser role in our behavioural differences.