Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:40:13.933Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - Tunisia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 February 2020

Stephen J. King
Affiliation:
Georgetown University, Washington DC
Get access

Summary

Chapter 1 describes how Tunisia’s unique success has been based on comparative strength in national unity and state capacities along with an apolitical military, and Islamist and secular political parties exceptionally willing to work together to sustain a democratic bargain. Latent threats to Tunisia’s democracy remain in a security sector fighting reform, socioeconomic struggles, and the resurgence to power of pre–Arab Spring political and economic elites.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Arab Winter
Democratic Consolidation, Civil War, and Radical Islamists
, pp. 30 - 95
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aboueldahab, N. 2018. “Navigating the Storm: Civil Society and Ambiguous Transitions in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia.” In Brankovic, J. and van der Merwe, H., ed., Advocating Transitional Justice in Africa: The Role of Civil Society. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 183204. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70417-3_9.Google Scholar
Ajroudi, A. and Allahoum, R.. 2018. “Tunisia’s Nidaa Tounes in Shambles amid Political Turbulence.” Al Jazeera, December 5. www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/tunisia-nidaa-tounes-shambles-political-turbulence-181202090020299.html.Google Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2013. “Ennahdha Lays out New Tunisia Government Terms.” Al Jazeera, August 26. www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/08/2013826194458461726.html.Google Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2016. “Tunisia: Deadly Clashes Erupt in Ben Gardane near Libya.” Al Jazeera, March 7. www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/tunisia-ben-gardane-clashes-160307070914234.html.Google Scholar
Al Mogaz. 2014. “Tunis- Istithna’ Dīmoqrātī Tahtha Wat’at ‘Istiqtāb ‘Ilmānī ‘Islāmī” [Tunisia – A Democratic Exception under a Secular Islamic Polarization]. Al Mogaz, November 25.Google Scholar
Al Nadhif, A. 2013. “Tūnus Tamna’ Ansār Al Sharī’a Min ‘Aqd Mo’tamarihā Bi Al-Qairawān.” [Tunisia prevents Ansar al-Sharia from holding its conference in Kairouan]. Al Arabiya, May 18.Google Scholar
Amara, T. 2019. “Tunisia Raises Minimum Wages, Pensions to Tackle Discontent.” Reuters, May 1. www.reuters.com/article/uk-tunisia-wages-idUKKCN1S73UC.Google Scholar
Anderson, L. 1980. The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya: 1830–1980. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, L. 2011. “Parsing the Difference between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya.” Foreign Affairs, 90 (3), 27. doi:10.1080/00472336.2013.780471.Google Scholar
Arab News. 2012a. “Ennahdha Calls Salafis to Work within the Country’s Legal Framework.” Arab News, April 3.Google Scholar
Arab News. 2012b. “Who Is Abu Ayyad?” Arab News, September 23.Google Scholar
Arab News. 2012c. “Ghannouchi Retracts Previous Statements on Salafi Militants.” Arab News, September 27.Google Scholar
Arab News. 2013. “Ghannouchi: Terrorism Has No Future in Tunisia.” Arab News, May 10.Google Scholar
Arabic News. 2013a. “Mine Strategy, Tunisia Becomes Platform for Launching Jihadists.” Arabic News, May 1.Google Scholar
Arabic News. 2013b. “90% of the Jihad Salafi Group’s Weapons Enter from Libya.” Arabic News, May 11.Google Scholar
Ayeb, H. and Bush, R.. 2016. “Small Farmer Uprisings and Rural Neglect in Egypt and Tunisia.” Middle East Report, 272. www.merip.org/2014/09/small-farmer-uprisings-and-rural-neglect-in-egypt-and-tunisia/.Google Scholar
Bajec, A. 2018. “Tunis Attack, a Wake-up Call for Tunisia’s Political Leaders.” Al Jazeera, October 30. www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/tunis-suicide-attack-wake-call-tense-politics-181030130301913.html.Google Scholar
Barany, Z. 2011. “Comparing the Arab Revolts: The Role of the Military.” Journal of Democracy, 22(4), 2435. doi:10.1353/jod.2011.0069.Google Scholar
Bellin, E. 2002. Stalled Democracy: Capital, Labor, and the Paradox of State-Sponsored Development. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bellin, E. 2011. Lessons from the Jasmine and Nile Revolutions: Possibilities of Political Transformation in the Middle East? Middle East Brief. Waltham, MA: Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University. https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB50.pdf.Google Scholar
Ben Kraiem, B. 2014. “Bourguiba et L’armée Tunisienne : Les raisons d’une méfiance.” Facebook: Association des Anciens Officiers de l’Armée Nationale, February 3. www.facebook.com/AnciensOfficiersDeLarmeeNatinaleTunisienne/photos/bourguiba-et-larm%C3%A9e-tunisienne-les-raisons-dune-m%C3%A9fiancepar-le-colonel-boubaker-/681914991831388/.Google Scholar
Ben Moussa, A. S. 2012. “West Tunisia: The Revolution Boiled in Secret.” Arabic News, February 23.Google Scholar
Blaise, L., et al. 2019. “Why the US and Tunisia Keep Their Cooperation Secret.” New York Times, March 2. www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/africa/us-tunisia-terrorism.html.Google Scholar
Bouazza, R. 2019. “Tunisia Struggles with Scourge of Tax Evasion.” The Arab Weekly, April 21. www.thearabweekly.com/tunisia-struggles-scourge-tax-evasion.Google Scholar
Bouguerra, B. 2014. Reforming Tunisia’s Troubled Security Sector. October 27. Washington, DC: Atlantic Council. www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/reforming-tunisia-s-troubled-security-sector/.Google Scholar
Bratton, M. and van de Walle, N.. 1994. “Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa.” World Politics, 46(4), 453489. doi:10.2307/2950715.Google Scholar
Brésillon, T. 2018. “Tunisia, Divided and Unequal.” Le Monde Diplomatique, November 1. www.mondediplo.com/2018/11/05tunisia.Google Scholar
Bunce, V. 2003. “Rethinking Recent Democratization: Lessons from the Postcommunist Experience.” World Politics, 55(2), 167192. doi:10.1353/wp.2003.0010.Google Scholar
Chayes, S. 2014. “How a Leftist Labor Union Helped Force Tunisia’s Political Settlement.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, March 27. www.carnegieendowment.org/2014/03/27/how-leftist-labor-union-helped-force-tunisia-s-political-settlement-pub-55143.Google Scholar
Cole, J. 2013. “Why Tunisia’s Arab Spring Is in Turmoil.” Informed Comment, February 9. www.juancole.com/2013/02/tunisias-spring-turmoil.html.Google Scholar
Daragahi, B. 2012. “Term Used for Women in Tunisia’s Draft Constitution Ignites Debate, Protests.” Washington Post, August 16. www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/term-used-for-women-in-tunisias-draft-constitution-ignites-debate-protests/2012/08/16/c6045e24-e7bf-11e1-a3d2-2a05679928ef_story.html.Google Scholar
Debate, S. 2018. “Tunisia’s Municipal Elections.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, May 10. www.carnegieendowment.org/sada/76299.Google Scholar
Dumas, M. 2019. “Nidaa Tounes ‘Is No Longer Part of the Picture.’” Middle East Eye, March 28. www.middleeasteye.net/news/nidaa-tounes-no-longer-part-picture.Google Scholar
Dunn, M. C. 2013. “Editor’s Note.” Middle East Journal, 67(4), 507508.Google Scholar
European Union (EU). 2016. “Strengthening EU Support for Tunisia.” EU–Tunisia Joint Communication, September 29. www.eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/10746/EU%20%E2%80%93%20Tunisia%20Joint%20Communication.Google Scholar
Feuer, S. 2018. “Reshuffle, Rinse, and Reform: Tunisia’s Government under Strain.” The Washington Institute, June 12. www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/reshuffle-rinse-and-reform-tunisias-government-under-strain.Google Scholar
Gana, A. 2012. “The Rural and Agricultural Roots of the Tunisian Revolution: When Food Security Matters.” International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 19(2), 201213. halshs-01165135.Google Scholar
Gantri, S. E. and De Figueiredo, M.. 2017. “Talking Policy: Salwa El Gantri on Transitional Justice in Tunisia.” World Policy, July 21. www.worldpolicy.org/2017/07/21/talking-policy-salwa-el-gantri-on-transitional-justice-in-tunisia/.Google Scholar
Gause, F. G. III. 2011. “Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring.” Foreign Affairs, 90(4), 8190. www.jstor.org/stable/23039608.Google Scholar
Ghosh, B. 2019. “Lessons from the Only Remaining Arab Spring Democracy.” Bloomberg, February 7. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-07/lessons-from-the-only-remaining-arab-spring-democracy.Google Scholar
Grewal, S. 2019. “Military Defection during Localized Protests: The Case of Tataouine.” International Studies Quarterly, 62(2), 259269. doi:10.1093/isq/sqz003.Google Scholar
Grewal, S. and Hamid, S.. 2018. “Tunisia Just Lost Its Anchor of Stability. That’s a Good Thing.” Foreign Policy, October 12. https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/12/tunisia-just-lost-its-anchor-of-stability-thats-a-good-thing/.Google Scholar
Hafaiedh, A. B. and Zartman, I. W.. 2015. “Tunisia beyond the Ideological Cleavage: Something Else.” In Zartman, I. W., ed., Arab Spring: Negotiating in the Shadow of the Intifadat. Athens: University of Georgia Press, pp. 5660.Google Scholar
Hamdi, M. E. 1998. The Politicisation of Islam: A Case Study of Tunisia. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Heberg, H. 2019. “Tunisian Truth Commission Releases Final Report Detailing 50 Years of Dictatorship.” The Organization for World Peace, April 7. www.theowp.org/tunisian-truth-commission-releases-final-report-detailing-50-years-of-dictatorship/.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2009. “Tunisia: Events of 2008.” Human Rights Watch, n.d. www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2009/tunisia.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2015. “Tunisia: Law Falls Short on Judicial Independence.” Human Rights Watch, June 2. www.hrw.org/news/2015/06/02/tunisia-law-falls-short-judicial-independence.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2019. “Joint Letter to Mr. Fabian Salvioli, Special Rapporteur on the Promotion of Truth, Justice, Reparation, and Guarantees of Non-Recurrence.” Human Rights Watch, April 30. www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/30/joint-letter-mr-fabian-salvioli-special-rapporteur-promotion-truth-justice.Google Scholar
Index Mundi. n. d. “Tunisia – Economy – Youth Unemployment Rate.” www.indexmundi.com/tunisia/youth-unemployment-rate.html.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group (ICG). 2015. “Reform and Security Strategy in Tunisia, Middle East and North Africa Report.” International Crisis Group, 23 July. www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/tunisia/reform-and-security-strategy-tunisia.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group (ICG). 2019. “Tunisia in 2019: A Pivotal Year?” Brussels: International Crisis Group, February 4. www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/tunisia/tunisia-2019-pivotal-year.Google Scholar
King, S. J. 2003. Liberalization against Democracy: The Local Politics of Economic Reform in Tunisia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
King, S. J. 2009. The New Authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Laghmari, J. and Al-Atrush, S.. 2019. “Arab Spring’s Lone Democracy Teeters as Economy Refuses to Heal.” Bloomberg, February 5. www.bnnbloomberg.ca/arab-spring-s-lone-democracy-teeters-as-economy-refuses-to-heal-1.1209759.Google Scholar
Lee, E. and Weinthal, B.. 2011. “Trade Unions: The Revolutionary Social Network at Play in Egypt and Tunisia.” The Guardian, February 10. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/10/trade-unions-egypt-tunisia.Google Scholar
Lewis, A. 2011. “Tracking down the Ben Ali and Trabelsi Fortune.” BBC News, January 31. www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12302659.Google Scholar
Mansour, A. M. A. H. 2012. “Al ‘Askar Wa Al Siyāsah Fī Tūnus” [Military and politics in Tunisia]. Al Shourouq, September 17.Google Scholar
Marzouki, M. 2013. “Renaissance Unable to Rule Tunisia?” Arab News, January 24.Google Scholar
Mastouri, A. 2018. “Infighting in Nidaa Tounes: A Danger to Tunisia’s Democracy?” The Washington Institute, November 6. www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/infighting-in-nidaa-tounes-a-danger-to-tunisias-democracy.Google Scholar
Mazel, Z. 2018. “Is Tunisia on the Verge of Anarchy?” The Jerusalem Post, December 23. www.jpost.com/Opinion/Is-Tunisia-on-the-verge-of-anarchy-575222.Google Scholar
McCarthy, R. 2018. Inside Tunisia’s Al-Nahda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mosaiquefm. 2013. “Alqabd ala Abu ‘Ayyad in Libya.” [The arrest of Abu Ayyad in Libya]. Mosaiquefm, December 30.Google Scholar
Mullin, C. and Patel, I.. 2013. “Political Violence and the Efforts to Salvage Tunisia’s Revolution.” Al Jazeera, August 5. www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/08/20138310271198303.html.Google Scholar
News Assabah. 2014. “Mabrūk Li Tūnus: Al Musādaqa ‘Ala Al Dustūr Fī Qirā’atin ‘Ūlā.”[Congratulations to Tunisia: Ratification of the constitution in its first reading]. News Assabah, January 26.Google Scholar
Omri, M.-S. 2014. “The UGTT Labor Union: Tunisia’s Powerbroker.” Tunisia Live, January 22. www.tn-news.com/v4_portal/article/view/69143364.Google Scholar
Ottaway, M. 2012. “The Tunisian Political Spectrum.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 19. www.carnegieendowment.org/2012/06/19/tunisian-political-spectrum-still-unbalanced-pub-48478.Google Scholar
Patel, I. and Belghith, S.. 2013. “Leagues for the Protection of the Tunisian Revolution.” Open Democracy, 25 June. www.opendemocracy.net/en/leagues-for-protection-of-tunisian-revolution/.Google Scholar
Paton, C. 2016. “Tunisia: Isis Seeking to Create Emirate in Ben Guerdane after 53 Killed in Raid from Libya.” International Business Times, March 8. www.ibtimes.co.uk/tunisia-isis-seeking-create-emirate-ben-guerdane-after-53-killed-raid-libya-1548185.Google Scholar
Pfeifer, K. 1999. “How Tunisia, Morocco, and Even Egypt Became IMF ‘Success Stories’ in the 1990s.” Middle East Report, 210, 2327. doi:10.2307/3012499.Google Scholar
Pollock, J. 2011. “Streetbook: How Egyptian and Tunisian Youth Hacked the Arab Spring.” MIT Technology Review, August 23. www.technologyreview.com/s/425137/streetbook/.Google Scholar
Reporters sans Frontieres. 1999. “Silence, on réprime.” Reporters sans Frontieres, June 1. www.rsf.org/fr/rapports/silence-reprime.Google Scholar
Rijkers, B. et al. 2017. “All in the Family: State Capture in Tunisia.” Journal of Development Economics, 124(C), 4159. uri:hdl.handle.net/10986/25014.Google Scholar
Ryan, Y. 2011a. “Former Tunisia Minister Warns of Coup Risk.” Al Jazeera, May 5. www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/05/2011551812282786.html.Google Scholar
Ryan, Y. 2011b. “How Tunisia’s Revolution Began.” Al Jazeera, January 26. www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/01/2011126121815985483.html.Google Scholar
Ryan, Y. 2012. “Building a Tunisian Model for Arab Democracy.” Al Jazeera, November 27. www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/11/20121127143845980112.html.Google Scholar
Sadiki, L. 2016. “The Arab Spring: The ‘People’ in International Relations.” In Fawcett, L., ed., International Relations of the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 325355. doi:10.1093/hepl/9780198708742.003.0016.Google Scholar
Sasmaz, A. 2018. “Who Really Won Tunisia’s First Democratic Local Elections?” Washington Post, June 1. www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/06/01/who-really-won-tunisias-first-democratic-local-elections/.Google Scholar
Sheahan, J. 1980. “Market-Oriented Economic Policies and Political Repression in Latin America.” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 28(2), 267291. doi:10.1086/451172.Google Scholar
Sky News Arabiya. 2013. “Tunis: Mutalabah Bi Ta’addud Al Zawjāt Wa Man’ Al ‘Khtilāt.” [Tunisia: Demand for polygamy and gender segregation]. Sky News Arabia, December 18.Google Scholar
Sofi, M. D. 2019. “From Past to Present, Al-Nahdah’s Journey in Tunisia.” Daily Sabah, March 7. www.dailysabah.com/op-ed/2019/03/07/from-past-to-present-al-nahdahs-journey-in-tunisia.Google Scholar
Stepan, A. 2012. “Tunisia’s Transition and the Twin Tolerations.” Journal of Democracy, 23(2), 89103. doi:10.1353/jod.2012.0034.Google Scholar
Toensing, C. 2011. “Tunisian Labour Leaders Reflect upon Revolt, Middle East Research and Information Project.” Middle East Research and Information Project 258. www.merip.org/2011/04/tunisian-labor-leaders-reflect-upon-revolt/.Google Scholar
Touched, E. 2012. “The Mysterious World of Salafis in Tunisia Sunday.” Arab News, January 2.Google Scholar
Transparency International. 2015. Asset Declarations in Tunisia Illicit Enrichment and Conflicts of Interest of Public Officials. Berlin: Transparency International. www.transparency.org/whatwedo/publication/asset_declarations_in_tunisia_illicit_enrichment_and_conflicts_on_interest.Google Scholar
Transparency International. 2018. Corruption Perceptions Index 2018. Berlin: Transparency International. www.transparency.org/cpi2018.Google Scholar
Tunisia Weekly. 2012. “March 2011–October 2011: Tunisia under Beji Caid-Essebsi.” Tunisia Weekly, February 18. www.tunisiaweekly.wordpress.com/2012/02/18/march-2011-october-2011-tunisia-under-beji-caid-essebsi/.Google Scholar
United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG). 2014. “Local Governments in Tunisia’s New Constitution.” UCLG, February 7. www.uclg.org/en/media/news/local-governments-tunisia%E2%80%99s-new-constitution.Google Scholar
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2015. The Political Economy of Public Administration Reforms: A Study of the Arab Transitions. New York: UNDP.Google Scholar
United States Agency for International Development (USAID). 2018. Fiscal Reform for a Strong Tunisia (FIRST) Fact Sheet Tunisia. Washington, DC: USAID. www.usaid.gov/tunisia/fact-sheets/first.Google Scholar
Volkmann, E. 2019. “Human Rights Report Traces Tunisia’s Bloody Past, Demands Plan for Justice.” Al-Monitor, April 18. www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/04/tunisia-transitional-justice-report-violations-presidents.html.Google Scholar
Ware, L. B. 1985. “The Role of the Tunisian Military in the Post-Bourguiba Era.” The Middle East Journal, 39(1), 2747. www.jstor.org/stable/4326972.Google Scholar
Ware, L. B. 1988. “Ben Ali’s Constitutional Coup in Tunisia.” The Middle East Journal 42, no. 4: 587601. www.jstor.org/stable/4327834.Google Scholar
Waterbury, J. 1989. “The Political Management of Economic Adjustment and Reform.” In Nelson, J., ed. Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustment. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, pp. 3956.Google Scholar
World Bank (WB). 1995. Republic of Tunisia: Growth Policies and Poverty Alleviation, 2 vols. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.Google Scholar
World Bank (WB). 1996. Tunisia’s Global Integration and Sustainable Development: Strategic Choices for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.Google Scholar
World Bank (WB). 2011. Tunisia – Participatory Service Delivery for Reintegration. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. www.documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/367321468120534989/Tunisia-Participatory-Service-Delivery-for-Reintegration-Project.Google Scholar
World Bank (WB). 2014. The Unfinished Revolution: Bringing Opportunity, Good Jobs, and Greater Wealth to all Tunisians. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. www.worldbank.org/en/country/tunisia/publication/unfinished-revolution.Google Scholar
World Bank (WB). 2015. “Consolidating Social Protection and Labor Policy in Tunisia: Building Systems, Connecting to Jobs.” Washington, DC: World Bank Group. www.worldbank.org/en/country/tunisia/publication/consolidating-social-protection-and-labor-policy-in-tunisia-building-systems-connecting-to-jobs.Google Scholar
Yerkes, S. and Muasher, M.. 2017. “Tunisia’s Corruption Contagion: A Transition at Risk.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 25. www.carnegieendowment.org/2017/10/25/tunisia-s-corruption-contagion-transition-at-risk-pub-73522.Google Scholar
Zaman, A. 2019. “Tunisia’s Democracy on Life Support as Politicians Squabble.” Al-Monitor, January 24. www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/01/tunisia-democracy-life-support-revolution-economy.html.Google Scholar
Zelin, A. 2012. “Who Is Jabhat al-Islah?” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 18. www.carnegieendowment.org/sada/48885.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Tunisia
  • Stephen J. King, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book: The Arab Winter
  • Online publication: 14 February 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108769792.002
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Tunisia
  • Stephen J. King, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book: The Arab Winter
  • Online publication: 14 February 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108769792.002
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Tunisia
  • Stephen J. King, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book: The Arab Winter
  • Online publication: 14 February 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108769792.002
Available formats
×