Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T22:19:14.352Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

16 - Services and Disservices of Ant Communities in Tropical Cacao and Coffee Agroforestry Systems

from Part V - Applied Ant Ecology: Agroecosystems, Ecosystem Engineering, and Restoration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 September 2017

Paulo S. Oliveira
Affiliation:
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
Suzanne Koptur
Affiliation:
Florida International University
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Ant-Plant Interactions
Impacts of Humans on Terrestrial Ecosystems
, pp. 333 - 355
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Armbrecht, I. and Gallego, M. C. (2007). Testing ant predation on the coffee berry borer in shaded and sun coffee plantations in Colombia. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 124, 261267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armbrecht, I., Perfecto, I. and Vandermeer, J. (2004). Enigmatic biodiversity correlations: ant diversity responds to diverse resources. Science, 304, 284286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armbrecht, I., Rivera, L. and Perfecto, I. (2005). Reduced diversity and complexity in the leaf-litter ant assemblage of colombian coffee plantations. Conservation Biology, 19, 897907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asfiya, W., Lach, L., Majer, J., Heterick, B. and Didham, R. (2015). Intensive agroforestry practices negatively affect ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) diversity and composition. Asian Myrmecology, 7, 87104.Google Scholar
Ayenor, G. K., Van Huis, A., Obeng-Ofori, D., Padi, B. and Roeling, N.G. (2007). Facilitating the use of alternative capsid control methods towards sustainable production of organic cocoa in Ghana. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 27, 8594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babacauh, K. D. (1982). Role of insect communities and water in the dissemination of Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. emend. Bras. & Griff. in cacao plantations in the Ivory Coast. Café Cacao Thé, 26, 3136.Google Scholar
Beattie, A. J., Turnbull, C., Knox, R. B. and Williams, E. G. (1984). Ant inhibition of pollen function – a possible reason why ant pollination is rare. American Journal of Botany, 71, 421426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, T. R., Robertson, M. P., Rensburg, B. J. and Parr, C. L. (2014). Elevation–diversity patterns through space and time: ant communities of the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains of southern Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 41, 22562268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bisseleua, H. B. D., Fotio, D., Missoup, A. D. and Vidal, S. (2013). Shade tree diversity, cocoa pest damage, yield compensating inputs and farmers’ net returns in West Africa. PloS one, 8, e56115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bos, M. M., Steffan-Dewenter, I. and Tscharntke, T. (2007). The contribution of cacao agroforests to the conservation of lower canopy ant and beetle diversity in Indonesia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 24292444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bos, M. M., Tylianakis, J. M., Steffan-Dewenter, I. and Tscharntke, T. (2008). The invasive Yellow Crazy Ant and the decline of forest ant diversity in Indonesian cacao agroforests. Biological Invasions, 10, 13991409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castaño-Meneses, G., Mariano, C. S., Rocha, P. et al. (2015). HYMENOPTERA: The ant community and their accompanying arthropods in cacao dry pods: an unexplored diverse habitat. Dugesiana, 22, 1.Google Scholar
Choate, B. and Drummond, F. (2011). Ants as biological control agents in agricultural cropping systems. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews, 4, 157180.Google Scholar
Clough, Y. (2012). A generalized approach to modeling and estimating indirect effects in ecology. Ecology, 93, 18091815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clough, Y., Faust, H. and Tscharntke, T. (2009). Cacao boom and bust: sustainability of agroforests and opportunities for biodiversity conservation. Conservation Letters, 2, 197205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conceição, E. S., Delabie, J. H. C., Della Lucia, T. M. C., Costa-Neto, A. D. O. and Majer, J. D. (2015). Structural changes in arboreal ant assemblages (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in an age sequence of cocoa plantations in the south-east of Bahia, Brazil. Austral Entomology, 54, 315324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, D. W., Cook, S. C., Snelling, R. R. and Chua, T. H. (2003). Explaining the abundance of ants in lowland tropical rainforest canopies. Science, 300, 969972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dejean, A., Djiéto-Lordon, C., Céréghino, R. and Leponce, M. (2008). Ontogenetic succession and the ant mosaic: an empirical approach using pioneer trees. Basic and Applied Ecology, 9, 316323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Toro, I., Ribbons, R. R. and Pelini, S. L. (2012). The little things that run the world revisited: a review of ant-mediated ecosystem services and disservices (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News, 17, 133146.Google Scholar
Delabie, J. H. C. (1990). The ant problems of cocoa farms in Brazil. In Applied Myrmecology: A World Perspective, ed. van der Meer, R. K., Jaffé, K. and Cedeño, A.. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 555569.Google Scholar
De la Mora, A., García-Ballinas, J. A. and Philpott, S. M. (2015). Effects of local and landscape factors on predatory impacts of ants in coffee landscapes. Agriculture. Ecosystems, and Environment, 201, 8391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De la Mora, A., Murnen, C. J. and Philpott, S. M. (2013) Local and landscape drivers of ant-communities in Neotropical coffee landscapes. Biodiversity and Conservation, 22, 871888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Disney, R. H. L. (1986). A new genus and three new species of Phoridae (Diptera) parasitizing ants (Hymenoptera) in Sulawesi. Journal of Natural History, 20, 777787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egonyu, J. P., Baguma, J., Ogari, I. et al. (2015). The formicid ant, Plagiolepis sp., as a predator of the coffee twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus. Biological Control, 91, 4246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekadinata, A. and Vincent, G. (2011). Rubber agroforests in a changing landscape: analysis of land use/cover trajectories in Bungo district, Indonesia. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 20, 314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, H. C. (1973). Invertebrate vectors of Phytophthora palmivora, causing black pod disease of cocoa in Ghana. Annals of Applied Biology, 75, 331345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Free, J. B. (1993). Insect Pollination of Crops. 2nd Enlarged Edition. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Galen, C. and Cuba, J. (2001). Down the tube: Pollinators, predators, and the evolution of flower shape in the alpine skypilot. Polemonium viscosum. Evolution, 55, 19631971.Google ScholarPubMed
Ghazoul, J. (2001). Can floral repellents pre-empt potential ant-plant conflicts? Ecology Letters, 4, 295299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giesberger, G. (1983). Biological control of the Helopeltis pest of cocoa in Java. Archives of Cocoa Research, 2, 19001950.Google Scholar
Gillette, P. N., Ennis, K. K., Domínguez Martínez, G. and Philpott, S. M. (2016). Change in species richness, abundance, and composition of arboreal twig-nesting ants along an elevational gradient in coffee landscapes. Biotropica, 47, 711722.Google Scholar
Gonthier, D. J., Ennis, K. K., Philpott, S. M., Vandermeer, J. and Perfecto, I. (2013). Ants defend coffee from berry borer. Biological Control, 58, 815820.Google Scholar
Gove, A. D. (2007). Ant biodiversity and the predatory function. (A response to Philpott and Armbrecht, 2006). Ecological Entomology, 32, 435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gras, P. (2015). Trophic interactions of ants, birds and bats affecting crop yield along shade gradients in tropical agroforestry. PhD thesis, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Germany.Google Scholar
Gras, P., Tscharntke, T., Maas, B. et al. (2016) How ants, birds and bats affect crop yield along shade gradients in tropical cacao agroforestry. Journal of Applied Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/1365–2664.12625CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenslade, P. J. M. (1971). Interspecific competition and frequency changes among ants in Solomon Islands coconut plantations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 8, 323352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanna, A. D., Judenko, E. and Heatherington, W. (1956). The control of Crematogaster ants as a means of controlling the mealybugs transmitting the swollen-shoot virus disease of cacao in the Gold Coast. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 47, 219226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, C. T. and Khoo, K. C. (1997). Partners in biological control of cocoa pests: mutualism between Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Cataenococcus hispidus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 87, 461470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hosang, M. L. A., Schulze, C. H., Tscharntke, T. and Buchori, D. (2010). The potential of artificial nesting sites for increasing the population density of the black cacao ants. Indonesian Journal of Agriculture, 3, 4550.Google Scholar
Jackson, D., Skillman, J. and Vandermeer, J. (2012). Indirect biological control of the coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix, by the entomogenous fungus Lecanicillium lecanii in a complex coffee agroecosystem. Biological Control, 61, 8997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, D., Vandermeer, J., Perfecto, I. and Philpott, S. M. (2014) Population responses to environmental change in a tropical ant: the interaction of spatial and temporal dynamics. PLosOne, 9, e97809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jha, S., Bacon, C. M., Philpott, S. M. et al. (2014). Shade coffee: update on a disappearing refuge for biodiversity. BioScience, 64, 416428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiménez-Soto, E., Cruz-Rodríguez, J. A., Vandermeer, J. and Perfecto, I. (2013). Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its interactions with Azteca instabilis and Pheidole synanthropica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in a shade coffee agroecosystem. Environmental Entomology, 42, 915924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keane, P. J. and Putter, C. A. J. (1992). Cocoa pest and disease management in Southeast Asia and Australasia. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper, 112. Rome: Food & Agriculture OrganisationGoogle Scholar
Khoo, K. C. and Ho, C. T. (1992). The influence of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on losses due to Helopeltis theivora (Heteroptera: Miridae), black pod disease, and mammalian pests in cocoa in Malaysia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 82, 485491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kone, M., Konate, S., Yeo, K., Kouassi, P. K. and Linsenmair, K. E. (2014). Effects of management intensity on ant diversity in cocoa plantation (Oume, centre west Côte d’Ivoire). Journal of Insect Conservation, 18, 701712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, A. and Philpott, S. M. (2010). Twig-nesting ants: the hidden predators of the coffee berry borer in Chiapas, Mexico. Biotropica, 42, 342347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leston, D. (1970). Entomology of the cocoa farm. Annual Review of Entomology, 15, 273294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majer, J. D. (1972). The ant mosaic in Ghana cocoa farms. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 62, 151160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majer, J. D. (1976). The influence of ants and ant manipulation on the cocoa farm fauna. Journal of Applied Ecology, 13, 157175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maňák, V., Nordenhem, H., Björklund, N., Lenoir, L. and Nordlander, G. (2013). Ants protect conifer seedlings from feeding damage by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 15, 98105.Google Scholar
McGregor, A. J. and Moxon, J. E. (1985). Potential for biological control of tent building species of ants associated with Phytophthora palmivora pod rot of cocoa in Papua New Guinea. Annals of Applied Biology, 107, 271277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moguel, P. and Toledo, V. M. (1999). Biodiversity conservation in traditional coffee systems of Mexico. Conservation Biology, 13, 1121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, J. R., Vandermeer, J. and Perfecto, I. (2015). A keystone ant species provides robust biological control of the coffee berry borer under varying pest densities. PloS one, 10, e0142850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagy, C., Cross, J. V. and Markó, V. (2013). Sugar feeding of the common black ant, Lasius niger (L.), as a possible indirect method for reducing aphid populations on apple by disturbing ant-aphid mutualism. Biological Control, 65, 2436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagy, C., Cross, J. V. and Markó, V.. (2015). Can artificial nectaries outcompete aphids in ant-aphid mutualism? Applying artificial sugar sources for ants to support better biological control of rosy apple aphid. Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini in apple orchards. Crop Protection, 77, 127138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niesenbaum, R. (1999). The effects of pollen load size and donor diversity on pollen performance, selective abortion, and progeny vigor in Mirabilis jalapa. American Journal of Botany, 86, 261268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Offenberg, J. (2015). Ants as tools in sustainable agriculture. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52, 11971205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perfecto, I. and Vandermeer, J. (1996). Microclimatic changes and the indirect loss of ant diversity in a tropical agroecosystem. Oecologia, 108, 577582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J. and Philpott, S. M. (2014) Complex ecological interactions in the coffee Agroecosystem. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 45, 137158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philpott, S. M. (2005). Changes in arboreal ant populations following pruning of coffee shade-trees in Chiapas, Mexico. Agroforestry Systems, 64, 219224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philpott, S. M., Arendt, W., Armbrecht, I. et al. (2008) Biodiversity loss in Latin American coffee landscapes: reviewing evidence on ants, birds, and trees. Conservation Biology, 22, 10931110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Philpott, S. M. and Armbrecht, I. (2006). Biodiversity in tropical agroforests and the ecological role of ants and ant diversity in predatory function. Ecological Entomology, 31, 369377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philpott, S. M., Bichier, P., Rice, R. A. and Greenberg, R. (2008). Biodiversity conservation, yield, and alternative products in coffee agroecosystems in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 17, 18051820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philpott, S. M. and Foster, P. F. (2005). Nest-site limitation in coffee agroecosystems: artificial nests maintain diversity of arboreal ants. Ecological Applications, 15, 14781485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philpott, S. M., Greenberg, R., Bichier, P. and Perfecto, I. (2004) Impacts of major predators on tropical agroforest arthropods: comparisons within and across taxa. Oecologia, 140, 140149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Philpott, S. M., Pardee, G. L. and Gonthier, D. (2012). Cryptic biodiversity effects: Importance of functional redundancy revealed through addition of food web complexity. Ecology, 93, 9921001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Philpott, S. M., Perfecto, I. and Vandermeer, J. (2008a). Behavioral diversity of predatory arboreal ants in coffee agroecosystems. Environmental Entomology, 37, 181191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Philpott, S. M., Perfecto, I. and Vandermeer, J. (2008b) Effects of predatory ants on lower trophic levels across a gradient of coffee management complexity. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77, 505511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Philpott, S. M., Uno, S. and Maldonado, J. (2006). The importance of ants and high-shade management to coffee pollination and yield in Chiapas, Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15, 487501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ploetz, R. (2016). The impact of diseases on cacao production: a global overview. In Cacao Diseases, ed. Bailey, B. A. and Meinhardt, L. W.. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rizali, A., Clough, Y., Buchori, D. et al. (2013a). Long-term change of ant community structure in cacao agroforestry landscapes in Indonesia. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 6, 328338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rizali, A., Clough, Y., Buchori, D. and Tscharntke, T. (2013b). Dissimilarity of ant communities increases with precipitation, but not reduced land-use intensity, in Indonesian cacao agroforestry. Diversity, 5, 2638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Room, P. M. (1971). The relative distributions of ant species in Ghana’s cocoa farms. Journal of Animal Ecology, 40, 735751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Room, P.M. (1972a). The constitution and natural history of the fauna of the mistletoe Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. & K. Krause) growing on cocoa in Ghana. Journal of Animal Ecology, 41, 519535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Room, P. M. (1972b). The fauna of the mistletoe Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. & K. Krause) growing on cocoa in Ghana: relationships between fauna and mistletoe. Journal of Animal Ecology, 41, 611621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Room, P. M. and Smith, E. S. C. (1975). Relative abundance and distribution of insect pests, ants and other components of the cocoa ecosystem in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Applied Ecology, 12, 3146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubiana, R., Rizali, A., Denmead, L. H. et al. (2015). Agricultural land use alters species composition but not species richness of ant communities. Asian Myrmecology, 7, 7385.Google Scholar
Ruf, F. O. (2011). The myth of complex cocoa agroforests: the case of Ghana. Human Ecology, 39, 373388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sam, K., Koane, B. and Novotny, V. (2014) Herbivore damage increases avian and ant predation of caterpillars on trees along a complete elevational forest gradient in Papua New Guinea. Ecography, 37, 18.Google Scholar
Samson, D. A., Rickart, E. A. and Gonzales, P. C. (1997). Ant diversity and abundance along an elevational gradient in the Philippines. Biotropica, 29, 349363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroth, G., Läderach, P., Cuero, D. S. B., Neilson, J. and Bunn, C. (2015). Winner or loser of climate change? A modeling study of current and future climatic suitability of Arabica coffee in Indonesia. Regional Environmental Change, 15, 14731482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroth, G., Läderach, P., Martinez-Valle, A. I., Bunn, C. and Jassogne, L. (2016). Vulnerability to climate change of cocoa in West Africa: patterns, opportunities and limits to adaptation. Science of The Total Environment, 556, 231241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See, Y. A. and Khoo, K. C. (1996). Influence of Dolichoderus thoracicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa pod damage by Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Malaysia. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 86, 467474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strickland, A. H. (1951). The entomology of swollen shoot of cacao. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 41, 725748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Styrsky, J. D. and Eubanks, M. D. (2007). Ecological consequences of interactions between ants and honeydew-producing insects. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 274, 151164.Google ScholarPubMed
Tadu, Z., Djiéto-Lordon, C., Youbi, E. M. et al. (2014). Ant mosaics in cocoa agroforestry systems of Southern Cameroon: influence of shade on the occurrence and spatial distribution of dominant ants. Agroforestry Systems, 88, 10671079.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trible, W. and Carroll, R. (2014). Manipulating tropical fire ants to reduce the coffee berry borer. Ecological Entomology, 39, 603609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tscharntke, T., Clough, Y., Bhagwat, S. A. et al. (2011). Multifunctional shade-tree management in tropical agroforestry landscapes – a review. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 619629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandermeer, J., Perfecto, I. and Liere, H. (2009). Evidence for hyperparasitism of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) by the entomogenous fungus, Lecanicillium lecanii, through a complex ecological web. Plant Pathology, 58, 636641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vannette, R. L., Bichier, P. and Philpott, S. M. (2017). The presence of aggressive ants is associated with fewer insect visits to and altered microbe communities in coffee flowers. Basic and Applied Ecology (in press). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2017.02.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, D. (2000). Pollen viability reduction as a potential cost of ant association for Acacia constricta (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany, 87, 711715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wanger, T. C., Wielgoss, A. C., Motzke, I. et al. (2011). Endemic predators, invasive prey and native diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 278, 690694.Google ScholarPubMed
Way, M. J. and Khoo, K. C. (1989). Relationships between Helopeltis theobromae damage and ants with special reference to Malaysian cocoa smallholdings. Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics, 6, 111.Google Scholar
Way, M. J. and Khoo, K. C. (1991). Colony dispersion and nesting habits of the ants, Dolichoderus thoracicus and Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in relation to their success as biological control agents on cocoa. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 81, 341350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Way, M. J. and Khoo, K. C. (1992). Role of ants in pest management. Annual Review of Entomology, 37, 479503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wielgoss, A. C. (2007). The impacts of ants on pests and diseases of cocoa in Indonesian agroforestry systems. Diploma Thesis, University of Würzburg.Google Scholar
Wielgoss, A. C. (2013). Services and disservices driven by ant communities in tropical agroforests. PhD Thesis, University of Göttingen.Google Scholar
Wielgoss, A., Clough, Y., Fiala, B., Rumede, A. and Tscharntke, T. (2012). A minor pest reduces yield losses by a major pest: plant-mediated herbivore interactions in Indonesian cacao. Journal of Applied Ecology, 49, 465473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wielgoss, A., Tscharntke, T., Buchori, D., Fiala, B. and Clough, Y. (2010). Temperature and a dominant dolichoderine ant species affect ant diversity in Indonesian cacao plantations. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 135, 253259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wielgoss, A., Tscharntke, T., Rumede, A. et al. (2014). Interaction complexity matters: disentangling services and disservices of ant communities driving yield in tropical agroecosystems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 281, 20132144.Google ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×