Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T22:18:14.006Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Ecology of Leaf-Cutting Ants in Human-Modified Landscapes

from Part I - Landscape Mosaics, Habitat Fragmentation, and Edge Effects

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 September 2017

Paulo S. Oliveira
Affiliation:
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
Suzanne Koptur
Affiliation:
Florida International University
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Ant-Plant Interactions
Impacts of Humans on Terrestrial Ecosystems
, pp. 73 - 90
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Almeida, W. R., Wirth, R. and Leal, I. R. (2008). Edge-mediated reduction of phorid parasitism on leaf-cutting ants in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 129, 251257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Melo, F. P. L., Martínez-Ramos, M., Bongers, F., Chazdon, R. L., Meave, J. A., Norden, N., Santos, B. A., Leal, I. R. and Tabarelli, M. (2017). Multiple successional pathways in human-modified tropical landscapes: new insights from forest succession, forest fragmentation and landscape ecology research. Biological Reviews, 92, 326–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Backé, J. (2015). Lebensgemeinschaften von Blattschneider-ameisen und ihre Rolle als Ökosystemingenieure unter dem Einfluss von Klimawandel und menschlicher Störung in der brasilianischen Caatinga. MSc thesis, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany.Google Scholar
Barrera, C. A., Buffa, L. M., Valladares, G. (2015). Do leaf-cutting ants benefit from forest fragmentation? Insights from community and species-specific responses in a fragmented dry forest. Insect Conservation and Diversity, 8, 456463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basset, Y., Cizek, L., Cuenoud, P. et al. (2012). Arthropod diversity in a tropical forest. Science, 338, 14811484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beattie, A. J. (1985). The Evolutionary Ecology of Ant-Plant Mutualisms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belnap, J. and Lange, O. L. (2001). Biological soil crusts: structure, function, and management. Ecological Studies, 150, 2nd edition. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Bieber, A. G. D., Oliveira, M. A., Wirth, R., Tabarelli, M. and Leal, I. R. (2011). Do abandoned nests of leaf-cutting ants enhance plant recruitment in the Atlantic Forest? Austral Ecology, 36, 220232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadbent, E.N., Asner, G.P., Keller, M., Knapp, D.E., Oliveira, P.J.C. and Silva, J.N. (2008). Forest fragmentation and edge effects from deforestation and selective logging in the Brazilian Amazon. Biological Conservation, 141, 17451757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ceballos, G. and García, A. (1995). Conserving neotropical biodiversity: the role of dry forests in western Mexico. Conservation Biology, 9, 13491356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherrett, J. M. (1989). Leaf-cutting ants. In Ecosystems of the World (eds. Lieth, H. and Werger, M. J. A.). Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 473486.Google Scholar
Coley, P. D. (1980). Effects of leaf age and plant life history patterns on herbivory. Nature, 284, 545546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coley, P. D., and Barone, J. A. (1996). Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical forests. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 27, 305335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coley, P. D., Bryant, J. P. and ChapinIII, F. S. (1985). Resource availability and plant anti-herbivore defense. Science, 230, 895899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corrêa, M. M., Silva, P. S. D., Wirth, R., Tabarelli, M. and Leal, I. R. (2010). How leaf-cutting ants impact forests: drastic nest effects on light environment and plant assemblages. Oecologia, 162, 103115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corrêa, M. M., Silva, P. S. D., Wirth, R., Tabarelli, M. and Leal, I. R. (2016). Foraging activity of leaf-cutting ants changes light availability and plant assemblage in Atlantic Forest. Ecological Entomology, 41, 442–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, A. N., Vasconcelos, H. L., Vieira-Neto, E. H. M. and Bruna, E. M. (2008). Do herbivores exert top-down effects in Neotropical savannas? Journal of Vegetation Science, 19, 849854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, U. A. S., Pinto, S. R. R., Silva, F. A., Oliveira, M., Agra, D. B., Marques, E. and Leal, I. R. (2013). O papel das formigas como dispersores secundários de sementes na Floresta Atlântica Nordestina. In Serra Grande: uma floresta de idéias (eds. Tabarelli, M., Aguiar Neto, A. V., Leal, I. R. and Lopes, A. V.). Recife: Editora Universitária da UFPE, pp. 415438.Google Scholar
De Fine Licht, H. H. and Boomsma, J. J. (2010). Forage collection, substrate preparation, and diet composition in fungus-growing ants. Ecological Entomology, 35, 259269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Fine Licht, H. H., Schiott, M., Rogowska-Wrzesinska, A., Nygaard, S., Roepstorff, P. and Boomsma, J. J. (2013). Laccase detoxification mediates the nutritional alliance between leaf-cutting ants and fungus-garden symbionts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 583587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dohm, C., Leal, I. R., Tabarelli, M., Meyer, S. T. and Wirth, R. (2011). Leaf-cutting ants proliferate in the Amazon: an expected response to forest edge? Journal of Tropical Ecology, 27, 645649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falcão, P. F., Pinto, S. R. R., Wirth, R. and Leal, I. R. (2011). Edge-induced narrowing of dietary diversity in leaf-cutting ants. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 101, 305311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farji-Brener, A. G. (1996). Posibles vías de expansión de la hormiga cortadora de hojas Acromyrmex lobicornis hacia la Patagonia. Ecología Austral, 6, 144150.Google Scholar
Farji-Brener, A. G. (2001). Why are leaf-cutting ants more common in early secondary forests than in old-growth tropical forests? An evaluation of the palatable forage hypothesis. Oikos, 92, 169177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farji-Brener, A. G. and Ghermandi, L. (2008). Leaf-cutting ant nests near roads increase fitness of exotic plant species in natural protected areas. Proceedings of the Royal Society B –Biological Sciences, 275, 14311440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farji-Brener, A. G. and Illes, A. E. (2000). Do leaf-cutting ant nests make ‘bottom-up’ gaps in Neotropical rain forests? A critical review of the evidence. Ecology Letters, 3, 219227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farji-Brener, A. G., Lescano, N. and Ghermandi, L. (2010). Ecological engineering by a native leaf-cutting ant increases the performance of exotic plant species. Oecologia, 163, 163169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farji-Brener, A. G. and Ruggiero, A. (1994). Leaf-cutting ants (Atta and Acromyrmex) inhabitating Argentina: patterns in species richness and geographical range sizes. Journal of Biogeography, 21, 391399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farji-Brener, A. G. and Silva, J. (1995). Leaf-cutting ants and forest groves in a tropical parkland savanna of Venezuela: facilitated succession? Journal of Tropical Ecology, 11, 651669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farji-Brener, A. G. and Silva, J. (1996). Leaf-cutter ants’ (Atta laevigata) aid to the establishment success of Tapirira velutinifolia (Anacardiaceae) seedlings in a parkland savanna? Journal of Tropical Ecology, 12, 163168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farji-Brener, A. G. and Werenkraut, V. (2015). A meta-analysis of leaf-cutting ant nest effects on soil fertility and plant performance. Ecological Entomology, 40,150158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, H. G. and Claver, S. (1991). Leaf-cutter ant assemblies: effects of latitude, vegetation, and behavior. In Ant-Plant Interactions (eds. Huxley, C. R. and Cutler, D. F.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 5159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, H. G., Pagani, M. I., Silva, O. A., Forti, L. C. and Sales, N. B. (1989). A pest is a pest is a pest? The dilemma of neotropical leaf-cutting ants: keystone taxa of natural ecosystems. Environmental Management, 13, 671675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, H. G., Pereira da Silva, V., Forti, L. C., Saes, N. B. (1986). Population dynamics of leaf-cutting ants: a brief review. In Fire Ants and Leaf-Cutting Ants: Ecology and Management (eds. Lofgren, C. S. and Vander Meer, R. K.). Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 123145.Google Scholar
Garrettson, M., Stetzel, J. F., Halpern, B. S., Hearn, D. J., Lucey, B. T. and McKone, M. J. (1998). Diversity and abundance of understory plants on active and abandoned nests of leaf-cutting ants (Atta cephalotes) in a Costa Rican rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 14, 1726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girão, L. C., Lopes, A. V., Tabarelli, M. and Bruna, E. M. (2007). Changes in tree reproductive traits reduce functional diversity in a fragmented Atlantic Forest landscape. PLoS ONE, 2, e908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grau, H. R., Gasparri, N. I. and Aide, T. M. (2008). Balancing food production and nature conservation in the neotropical dry forests of northern Argentina. Global Change Biology, 14, 985997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, C. A., Komar, O., Chazdon, R. et al. (2008). Integrating agricultural landscapes with biodiversity conservation in the Mesoamerican hotspot. Conservation Biology, 22, 815.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herz, H., Beyschlag, W. and Hölldobler, B. (2007). Herbivory rate of leaf-cutting ants in a tropical moist forest in Panama at the population and ecosystem scales. Biotropica, 39, 482488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hölldobler, B. and Wilson, E. O. (1990). The Ants. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hölldobler, B. and Wilson, E. O. (2011). The Leafcutter Ants: Civilization by Instinct. London: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Joly, C. A., Metzger, J. P. and Tabarelli, M. (2014). Experiences from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: ecological findings and conservation initiatives.New Phytologist, 204, 459473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kauffman, B., SanfordJr., R. L., Cummings, D. L., Salcedo, I. H. and Sampaio, E. V. S. B. (1993). Biomass and nutrient dynamics associated with slash fires in neotropical dry forests. Ecology, 74, 140151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kost, C., Gama de Oliveira, E., Knoch, T. and Wirth, R. (2005). Temporal and spatial patterns, plasticity, and ontogeny of foraging trails in leaf-cutting ants. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 21, 677688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landsberg, J. and Ohmart, C. (1989). Levels of insect defoliation in forests: patterns and concepts. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 4, 96100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurance, W. F., Nascimento, H. E. M., Laurance, S. G. et al. (2006). Rain forest fragmentation and the proliferation of successional trees. Ecology, 87, 469482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laurance, W. F., Sayer, J. and Cassman, K. G. (2014). Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 29, 107116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leal, I. R., Silva, J. M. C., Tabarelli, M. and Lacher, T. E. (2005). Changing the course of biodiversity conservation in the Caatinga of Northeastern Brazil. Conservation Biology, 19, 701706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leal, I. R., Wirth, R., Tabarelli, M. (2014a). The multiple impacts of leaf-cutting ants and their novel ecological role in human-modified neotropical forests. Biotropica, 46, 516528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leal, L. C., Andersen, A. N. and Leal, I. R. (2014b). Anthropogenic disturbance reduces seed dispersal services for myrmecochorous plants in the Brazilian Caatinga. Oecologia, 174, 173181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leal, L. C., Andersen, A. N., Leal, I. R. (2015). Disturbance winners or losers? Plants bearing extrafloral nectaries in Brazilian Caatinga. Biotropica, 47, 468474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lôbo, D., Leão, T., Melo, F. P. L., Santos, A. M. M. and Tabarelli, M. (2011). Forest fragmentation drives Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil to biotic homogenization. Diversity and Distribution, 17, 287296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melo, F. P. L., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Fahrig, L., Martínez-Ramos, M. and Tabarelli, M. (2013). On the hope for biodiversity-friendly tropical landscapes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 28, 461468.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, S. T., Leal, I. R., Tabarelli, M. and Wirth, R. (2011a). Ecosystem engineering by leaf-cutting ants: nests of Atta cephalotes drastically alter forest structure and microclimate. Ecological Entomology, 36, 1424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, S. T., Leal, I. R., Tabarelli, M. and Wirth, R. (2011b). Performance and fate of tree seedlings on and around nests of the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes: ecological filters in a fragmented forest. Austral Ecology, 36, 779790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, S. T., Leal, I. R. and Wirth, R. (2009). Persisting hyper-abundance of keystone herbivores (Atta spp.) at the edge of an old Brazilian Atlantic Forest fragment. Biotropica, 41, 711716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, S. T., Neubauer, M., Sayer, E. J., Leal, I. R., Tabarelli, M. and Wirth, R. (2013). Leaf-cutting ants as ecosystem engineers: topsoil and litter perturbations around Atta cephalotes nests reduce nutrient availability. Ecological Entomology, 38, 497504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montoya-Lerma, J., Giraldo-Echeverri, C., Armbrecht, I., Farji-Brener, A. G. and Calle, Z. (2012). Leaf-cutting ants revisited: towards rational management and control. International Journal of Pest Management, 58, 225247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreira, A. A, Forti, L. C., Andrade, A. P. P., Boaretto, M. A. C. and Lopes, J. F. S. (2004a). Nest architecture of Atta laevigata (F. Smith 1858) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39, 109116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreira, A. A., Forti, L. C., Boaretto, M. A. C., Andrade, A. P. P., Lopes, J. F. S. and Ramos, V. M. (2004b). External and internal structure of Atta bisphaerica Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) nests. Journal of Applied Entomology, 128, 204211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, U. G., Rehner, S. A. and Schultz, T. R. (1998). The evolution of agriculture in ants. Science, 281, 20342038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennington, R.T., Lavin, M. and Oliveira-Filho, A. (2009). Woody plant diversity, evolution, and ecology in the tropics: perspectives from seasonally dry tropical forests. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 40, 437–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, I. M., Andrade, L. A., Sampaio, E. V. S. B. and Barbosa, M. R. V. (2003). Use-history effects on structure and flora of Caatinga. Biotropica, 35, 154165.Google Scholar
Ramos, M. A. and Albuquerque, U. P. (2012). The domestic use of firewood in rural communities of the Caatinga: how seasonality interferes with patterns of firewood collection. Biomass and Bioenergy, 39, 147158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, J. P. and Kotanen, P. M. (1994). Terrestrial plant tolerance to herbivory. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9,145148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sampaio, E. V. S. B. (1995). Overview of the Brazilian Caatinga. In Seasonally Dry Forests (eds. Bullock, S. H., Mooney, H. A. and Medina, E.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos, B. A., Peres, C. A., Oliveira, M. A., Grillo, A. S., Alves-Costa, C. P. and Tabarelli, M. (2008). Drastic erosion in functional attributes of tree assemblages in Atlantic Forest fragments of northeastern Brazil. Biological Conservation, 141, 249260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos, B. A., Tabarelli, M., Melo, F.P. L. et al. (2014). Phylogenetic impoverishment of Amazonian tree communities in an experimentally fragmented forest landscape. PLoS One, 9, e113109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos, J. C., Leal, I. R., Almeida-Cortez, J. S., Fernandes, G. W. and Tabarelli, M. (2011). Caatinga: the scientific anonymity experienced by a dry tropical forest. Tropical Conservation Science, 3, 276286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schowalter, T. D., Hargrove, W. W. and CrossleyJr, D. A. (1986). Herbivory in forested ecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology, 31, 177196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, T. R. and Brady, S. G. (2008). Major evolutionary transitions in ant agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 54355440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepherd, J. D. (1985). Adjusting foraging effort to resources in adjacent colonies of the leaf-cutting ant, Atta colombica. Biotropica, 17, 245252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, P. S. D., Bieber, A. G. D., Knoch, T. A., Tabarelli, M., Leal, I. R. and Wirth, R. (2013). Foraging in highly dynamic environments: leaf-cutting ants adjust foraging trail networks to pioneer plant availability. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 147, 110119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, P. S. D., Bieber, A. G. D., Leal, I. R., Wirth, R. and Tabarelli, M. (2009). Decreasing abundance of leaf-cutting ants across a chronosequence of advancing Atlantic Forest regeneration. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 25, 223227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, P. S. D., Leal, I. R., Wirth, R., Melo, P. F. L. and Tabarelli, M. (2012). Leaf-cutting ants alter seedling assemblages across second-growth stands of Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 28, 361368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, S. P. (1998). Chronic disturbance, a principal cause of environmental degradation in developing countries. Environmental Conservation, 25, 12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sobrinho, M. S., Tabarelli, M., Machado, I. C., Sfair, J., Bruna, E. M. and Lopes, A. V. (2016). Land use, fallow period and the recovery of a Caatinga forest. Biotropica, doi: 10.1111/btp.12334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabarelli, M., Aguiar, A. V., Ribeiro, M. C., Metzger, J. P. and Peres, C. A. (2010). Prospects for biodiversity conservation in the Atlantic Forest: lessons from aging human-modified landscapes. Biological Conservation, 143, 23282340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabarelli, M., Lopes, A. V. and Peres, C. A. (2008). Edge-effects drive tropical forest fragments towards an early-successional system. Biotropica, 40, 657661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabarelli, M., Peres, C. A. and Melo, F. P. L. (2012). The ‘few winners and many losers’ paradigm revisited: emerging prospects for tropical forest biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 155, 136140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tabarelli, M., Silva, J. M. C. and Gascon, C. (2004). Forest fragmentation, synergisms and the impoverishment of Neotropical forests. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13, 14191425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teixeira, M. C., Schroeder, J. H. and Mayhé-Nunes, A. J. (2003). Geographic distribution of Atta robusta Borgmeier (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology, 32, 719721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terborgh, J., Lopez, L., Nuñez, V. P. et al. (2001). Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science, 294, 19231926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urbas, P., AraújoJr., M. V., Leal, I. R. and Wirth, R. (2007). Cutting more from cut forests: edge effects on foraging and herbivory of leaf-cutting ants in Brazil. Biotropica, 39, 489495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasconcelos, H. L. (1990). Habitat selection by the queens of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens L. in Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6, 249252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasconcelos, H. L. and Fowler, H. G. (1990). Foraging and fungal substrate selection by leaf-cutting ants. In Applied Myrmecology – A World Perspective, (eds. Vander Meer, R. K., Jaffe, K., and Cedeno, A.). Boulder: Westview Press, pp. 411419.Google Scholar
Vasconcelos, H. L., Vieira-Neto, E. H. M., Mundim, F. M. and Bruna, E. M. (2006). Roads alter the colonization dynamics of a keystone herbivore in Neotropical savannas. Biotropica, 38, 661666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vieira-Neto, E. H. M. and Vasconcelos, H. L. (2010). Developmental changes in factors limiting colony survival and growth of the leaf-cutter ant Atta laevigata. Ecography, 33, 538544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, N. A. (1966). Fungus growing ants. Science, 153, 587604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wirth, R., Beyschlag, W., Herz, H., Ryel, R. J. and Hölldobler, B. (2003). Herbivory of leaf-cutter ants: a case study of Atta colombica in the tropical rainforest of Panama. Ecological Studies, 164. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Wirth, R., Leal, I. R. and Tabarelli, M. (2008). Plant-herbivore interactions at the forest edge. Progress in Botany, 69, 423448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wirth, R., Meyer, S. T., Almeida, W. R., Araujo Jr, M. V., Barbosa, V. S. and Leal, I. R. (2007). Increasing densities of leaf-cutting ants (Atta spp.) with proximity to the edge in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 23, 501505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×