Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2023
This article analyses and eventually rejects the existing orthodoxy that there was a precocious reform of abbatial investitures in Normandy in the eleventh century that anticipated changes elsewhere. It focuses specifically on evidence from the abbey of Le Bec and analyses in detail the content and construction of the text known as the De Libertate Beccensis monasterii, written between c. 1136 and 1140. It then locates its evidence within the context of the considerable liturgical evidence for practice within Normandy and neighbouring regions and proceeds to demonstrate that the De Libertate was both anachronistic in its presentation and designed to reinterpret the abbey’s history for a mid-twelfth-century audience in the light of the 1107 Anglo-Norman settlement of the controversy about investitures. In general terms, the investiture of the abbots at Le Bec should be seen as resembling that elsewhere and to reflect the fact that an abbot’s role became an increasingly priestly one. The article constructs a revised narrative of the abbatial investitures at Le Bec and offers the reflection that every aspect of this history needs to be viewed in terms of the pragmatic political concerns of all involved: namely, the monks of Le Bec, the bishops of Normandy, and the duke of Normandy.
La Normandie est supposée avoir connu une réforme précoce des investitures abbatiales qui triompherait à Saint-Évroult dès 1059 et au Bec en 1078. Sous l’influence de théories émises par Fulbert de Chartres (mort en 1028), puis relayées par Albert de Marmoutier et Lanfranc, l’intervention ducale serait limitée à la donation externe du patrimoine du monastère à travers la concession du bâton pastoral (réduit à un simple signe temporel). De son côté, l’évêque transmettrait le pouvoir spirituel interne lors de la cérémonie de bénédiction abbatiale en concédant la cura animarum. La Normandie aurait donc été un premier terrain d’application des idées réformatrices qu’Yves de Chartres puis Anselme du Bec devaient faire triompher à la fin du XIe siècle, formant une sorte de préhistoire du mouvement réformateur.
À première vue, cette position historiographique paraît difficilement contestable, d’autant qu’elle est soutenue, au moins pour l’Anjou et la Champagne, par des actes de la pratique conservés en originaux ou en copie contemporaine du XIe siècle.
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