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O - Object-oriented to Outsourcing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2010

Robert Plant  and
Stephen Murrell
Robert Plant
Affiliation:
University of Miami
Stephen Murrell
Affiliation:
University of Miami
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Summary

Foundation concepts: Programming language, Algorithm.

Definition: A programming style that focuses on data objects and the operations performed on them as a whole, rather than concentrating purely on executable code and treating data as something that passively flows through it.

Overview

Object-oriented is one of the most popular bandwagons for computing professionals and organizations to jump upon. In reality it is a simple logical evolution in programming methodologies that has gradually been solidifying since the 1960s. It is certainly a Good Thing, but not necessarily the shiny bright new technology it is usually thought to be.

In the older, non-object-oriented style of programming, programmers concentrate on designing programs and algorithms that will process data. The data is viewed as a passive entity that flows through the program, and is worked on by it. Starting in a small way with Cobol in 1961, and fully taking off with the far more rational Algol-68 in 1968, programming languages provided ways of encapsulating large and complex data items, even whole databases, as single manipulable objects in a program. Programming was still viewed as producing instructions that say what to do with the data, but the data could be handled as a single well-defined object, not as an amorphous collection of binary digits.

These developments gave rise to the idea of Abstract data types (ADTs) as a tool used in the early stages of software development. With ADTs, all of the different kinds of data that a program will have to deal with are fully and formally defined, and an exact specification is provided for all of the valid operations on those data types.

Type
Chapter
Information
An Executive's Guide to Information Technology
Principles, Business Models, and Terminology
 , pp. 233 - 249
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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References

Weisfeld, M. (2003). The Object Oriented Thought Process (Indianapolis, IN, Sams).Google Scholar
Rumbaugh, J., Blaha, M., Premerlani, W., Eddy, F., and Lorensen, W. (1991). Object Oriented Modeling and Design (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall).Google Scholar
Eli, A.ëns (1995). Principles of Object Oriented Software Development (New York, Addison-Wesley).Google Scholar
Goldberg, A. and Robson, D. (1989). Smalltalk-80, 1st edn. (Boston, MA, Addison-Wesley Professional).
Associated terminology: C++, Java, Programming language, Algorithm.
Thomsen, E. (2002). OLAP Solutions: Building Multidimensional Information Systems (New York, John Wiley and Sons).
Pendse, N. (2004). “Drilling into OLAP benefits,” DM Review Magazine, March.
Associated terminology: Data warehouse, ERP, ETL.
Schneier, B. (1996). Applied Cryptography (New York, John Wiley and Sons).Google Scholar
NTIS brief comments on recent cryptanalytic attacks on secure hashing functions and the continued secuity provided by SHA-1 (http://crsc.nist.gov/hash_standards_comments.pdf).
NTIS (2002). Secure Hash Standard, 2002, August 1, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 180–2 (Washington, DC, NTIS) (http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180_2/fips180_2.pdf).
Plant, R. (2004). “Online communities,”Technology & Society, No. 26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Associated terminology: e-Commerce/e-Business
Free Software Foundation, 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA.
http://www.fsf.org/.
http://www.opensource.org/.
Associated terminology: Linux (see Unix).
Silberschatz, A., Galvin, P., and Gagne, G. (2004). Operating System Concepts (New York, John Wiley and Sons).Google Scholar
Associated terminology: Unix, Compiler.
Bunke, H. and Wang, P. (1997). Handbook of Character Recognition and Document Image Analysis (Singapore, World Scientific Publishing Company).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Associated terminology: Natural language processing, Neural networks, Machine learning.
Yu, F. and Jutamulia, S. (1996). Optical Storage and Retrieval (New York, Marcel Dekker).Google Scholar
W.Stevens, R. (1994). TCP/IP Illustrated (New York, Addison-Wesley).
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1994). ISO/IEC 7498: Open Systems Interconnection, The Basic Model (Geneva, ISO).
Associated terminology: Ethernet, Internet protocol, TCP/IP, Client–server.
Cullen, S. and Willcocks, L. (2004). Intelligent IT Outsourcing (Burlington, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann).Google Scholar
Associated terminology: Application service provider, Hosting, ISP.

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