Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:02:10.229Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Renewable Energy

Setbacks, Successes and Strategies for the Energy Transition

from Part I - America’s Energy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 January 2022

Shanti Gamper-Rabindran
Shanti Gamper-Rabindran
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh
Get access

Summary

Renewable energy, including wind and solar, has won the support of state governments by offering cost-competitive electricity, revenue to rural landowners and job opportunities. Utility companies and private companies are shifting to renewable energy that is already cheaper than coal and natural gas generation in many locations, while retaining their systems’ reliability and resilience. The Trump administration’s attempts to counter market forces that favored cheaper wind and solar largely failed to impede the progress of renewable energy. The United States, as documented in several studies, can achieve 80 percent renewable energy in its electric grid by 2035, up from 20 percent in 2020, using existing technologies, but that transition calls for a variety of supportive policies. Strategies that share the benefits from renewable energy adoption with communities that host renewable energy projects and transmission lines can help accelerate that transition, while securing broad political support. These strategies include assistance to rural electricity cooperatives to shift out of coal, developers’ benefit-sharing agreements with local communities and strategies to enhance project ownership by local communities. Likewise, targeting renewable energy projects at communities hosting fossil fuel power plants and fossil fuel generation can help achieve a more equitable energy transition.

Keywords

equityenergy transitionjust transitiondeep decarbonizationwindsolarstorageFederal Energy Regulatory Commissiondistributed energy sourcesenergy poverty
Type
Chapter
Information
America's Energy Gamble
People, Economy and Planet
 , pp. 58 - 106
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Energy Information Administration. Electricity Explained: Electricity in the United States (March 18, 2021). www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/electricity-in-the-us.php.Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration. Renewable Energy Explained (May 20, 2021). www.eia.gov/energyexplained/renewable-sources.Google Scholar
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Wind Technologies Market Report. Report by M. Bolinger and R. Wiser (2020). https://emp.lbl.gov/wind-technologies-market-report.Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration. Three Turbine Manufacturers Provide More than 75% of US Wind Capacity (November 28, 2016). www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=28912.Google Scholar
American Clean Power. Facts: Clean Power State-By-State (April 2020). https://cleanpower.org/facts/state-fact-sheets/.Google Scholar
Glick, R. and Christiansen, M.. “FERC and Climate Change.” Energy Law Journal 40, no. 1 (2019): 1–46.Google Scholar
Hitaj, C.. “Wind Power Development in the United States.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 65, no. 3 (2013): 394–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Impacts of Federal Tax Credit Extensions on Renewable Deployment and Power Sector Emissions. Report by T. Mai et al. NREL/TP-6A20-65571 (Golden: February 2016). www.nrel.gov/docs/fy16osti/65571.pdf.Google Scholar
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Policies and Market Factors Driving Wind Power Development in the United States. Report by L. Bird et al. NREL/TP-620–34599 (July 2003). www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/34599.pdf.Google Scholar
Lyon, T. P.. “Drivers and Impacts of Renewable Portfolio Standards.” Annual Review of Resource Economics 8, no. 1 (October 2016): 141–155.Google Scholar
Carley, S. et al. “Empirical Evaluation of the Stringency and Design of Renewable Portfolio Standards.” Nature Energy 3 (July 23, 2018): 754–763. www.nature.com/articles/s41560-018-0202-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Energy Information Administration. Nuclear and Coal Will Account for Majority of US Generating Capacity Retirements in 2021 (January 12, 2021). www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=46436.Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration. Five States Have Implemented Programs to Assist Nuclear Power Plants (October 7, 2019). www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=41534.Google Scholar
Lazard. “Levelized Cost of Energy and Levelized Cost of Storage, 2020.” Lazard Insights, October 19, 2020. www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-and-levelized-cost-of-storage-2020/.Google Scholar
Johlas, H., Witherby, S. and Doyle, J. R.. “Storage Requirements for High Grid Penetration of Wind and Solar Power for the MISO Region of North America: A Case Study.” Renewable Energy 146 (2020): 1315–1324.Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z. et al. “Low-Cost Solution to the Grid Reliability Problem with 100% Penetration of Intermittent Wind, Water, and Solar for All Purposes.” Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences of the United States of America 112, no. 49 (December 8, 2015): 15060–15065. www.pnas.org/content/112/49/15060.Google Scholar
Solomon, A. A., Kammen, D. M. and Callaway, D.. “Investigating the Impact of Wind–Solar Complementarities on Energy Storage Requirement and the Corresponding Supply Reliability Criteria.” Applied Energy 168 (2016): 130–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S. C., Rhodes, J. D. and Webber, M. E.. “Understanding the Impact of Non-Synchronous Wind and Solar Generation on Grid Stability and Identifying Mitigation Pathways.” Applied Energy 262 (March 2020): 114492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, D.. “Clean Energy is Catching Up to Natural Gas.” Vox, October 26, 2018. www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/7/13/17551878/natural-gas-markets-renewable-energy.Google Scholar
Colthorpe, A.. “BloombergNEF: ‘Already Cheaper to Install New-Build Battery Storage than Peaking Plants.’” Energy Storage News, April 30, 2020.Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration. Utility-Scale Battery Storage Costs Decreased Nearly 70% between 2015 and 2018 (October 23, 2020). www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=45596.Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration. Battery Storage in the United States: An Update on Market Trends. Report by the Department of Energy (July 2020). www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/electricity/batterystorage/pdf/battery_storage.pdf.Google Scholar
Gamper-Rabindran, S.. “Markets, States and the Federal Government in the Transition to Wind Energy.” Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law 33, no. 2 (2018): 355–378. https://shanti1.weebly.com/uploads/6/2/8/6/6286936/markets_states_and_the_federal_governmen_in_the_transition_to__wind_energy.pdf.Google Scholar
De Silva, D. G., McComb, R. P. and Schiller, A. R.. “What Blows in with the Wind?” Southern Economic Journal 82, no. 3 (January 2016): 826–858.Google Scholar
Castleberry, B. and Greene, J. S.. “Impacts of Wind Power Development on Oklahoma’s Public Schools.” Energy, Sustainability, and Society 7, no. 34 (2017). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13705-017-0138-8.Google Scholar
Shoeib, E. A. H., Infield, E. H. and Renski, H. C.. “Measuring the Impacts of Wind Energy Projects on US Rural Counties’ Community Services and Cost of Living.” Energy Policy 153 (2021): 112279.Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration. New York Generated the Fourth Most Electricity from Renewable Sources of Any State in 2019 (November 23, 2020). www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=45996.Google Scholar
Natural Resource Defense Council. American Wind Farms: Breaking Down the Benefits from Planning to Production. Report by P. Jordan and C. Steger (September 2012). www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/american-wind-farms-IP.pdf.Google Scholar
American Wind Energy Association. Executive Summary: Wind Powers America Annual Report (Washington, DC: 2019). www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/awea_wpa_executivesummary2019.pdf.Google Scholar
Galbraith, K. and Price, A.. The Great Texas Wind Rush: How George Bush, Ann Richards, and a Bunch of Tinkerers Helped the Oil and Gas State Win the Race to Wind Power. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Zarnikau, J.. “Successful Renewable Energy Development in a Competitive Electricity Market: A Texas Case Study.” Energy Policy 39, no. 7 (2011): 3906–3913.Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration. Fewer Wind Curtailments and Negative Power Prices Seen in Texas after Major Grid Expansion (June 24, 2014). www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=16831.Google Scholar
Fell, H., Kaffine, D. T. and Novan, K.. “Emissions, Transmission, and the Environmental Value of Renewable Energy.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13, no. 2 (May 2021): 241–272.Google Scholar
Slattery, M. C. et al. “The Predominance of Economic Development in the Support for Large-Scale Wind Farms in the US Great Plains.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, no. 6 (2012): 3690–3701.Google Scholar
Mills, S. B.. “Preserving Agriculture through Wind Energy Development: A Study of the Social, Economic, and Land Use Effects of Windfarms on Rural Landowners and Their Communities.” Doctor of Philosophy dissertation, University of Michigan (2015). https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/111508/sbmills_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar
Polsinelli. Annual Economic Impacts of Kansas Wind Energy, 2020 Report. Report by A. C. Anderson et al. (Kansas City: March 22, 2021). https://sftp.polsinelli.com/publications/energy/Annual_Economic_Impacts_of_Kansas_Wind_Energy_Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Mills, S.. Farming the Wind: The Impact of Wind Energy on Farming (2015). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/564236bce4b00b392cc6131d/t/575b315d9f7266050a4143aa/1465594217864/Sarah+Mills+Summary+Findings.pdf.Google Scholar
Russ, H.. “Wind Farms Boost Tax Base for Local US Governments-Moody’s.” Reuters, May 7, 2018. www.reuters.com/article/usa-municipals-windfarms-idUSL1N1SE0WH.Google Scholar
Natural Resource Defense Council. Clean Energy Sweeps across Rural America. Report by A. Krishnaswami and E. Mittelman (2018). www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/rural-clean-energy-report.pdf.Google Scholar
NC Sustainable Energy Association. Increased North Carolina County Tax Revenue from Solar Development. Report by C. Carson, D. Brookshire, J. Carey and D. Parker (2019). https://energync.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Small_Increased-NC-County-Tax-Revenue-from-Solar-Developmentv3.pdf.Google Scholar
Walsh, K. D.. “An Industry on the Precipice of Change: Maintaining Solar Energy’s Competitive Advantage in North Carolina after the Expiration of Investment Tax Credits.” North Carolina Law Review 93, no. 6 (2015): 1935.Google Scholar
Crossborder Energy and Solar Energy Industries Association. The Benefits and Costs of Solar Distributed Generation for Arizona Public Service. Report by R. T. Beach and P. G. McGuire (Berkeley: May 8, 2013).Google Scholar
Ajaz, W. and Bernell, D.. “California’s Adoption of Microgrids: A Tale of Symbiotic Regimes and Energy Transitions.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 138 (2021): 110568.Google Scholar
St. John, J.. “New York’s Latest Clean Energy Push Includes 2.5GW of Offshore Wind Contracts for Equinor and BP.” Greentech Media, January 13, 2021. www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/new-yorks-new-green-push-includes-2.5gw-of-offshore-wind-contracts-for-equinor-and-bp.Google Scholar
Columbia Center on Global Energy Policy. The Role of Corporate Renewable Power Purchase Agreements in Supporting US Wind and Solar Deployment. Report by J. Kobus, A. Nasrallah and J. Guidera (March 24, 2021). www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/report/role-corporate-renewable-power-purchase-agreements-supporting-us-wind-and-solar-deployment.Google Scholar
Adler, K.. “Corporate US Renewable Procurement Outlook: Optimism amid a Pessimistic Year.” IHS Markit, November 22, 2020. https://ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/corporate-us-renewable-procurement-outlook-optimism-amid.html.Google Scholar
Grandoni, D. and Mufson, S.. “Trump-Picked Head of Energy Panel Says He Was ‘Demoted for My Independence’ On Climate Change.” Washington Post, November 6, 2020.Google Scholar
Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units: Final Rule. 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 60. Environmental Protection Agency. 80 Federal Register 64661–65120 (October 23, 2015). www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2015-10-23/pdf/2015-22842.pdf.Google Scholar
Environmental Integrity Project. Greenhouse Gases from Power Plants 2005–2020: Rapid Decline Exceeded Goals of EPA Clean Power Plan. Report by E. Schaeffer and T. Pelton (February 25, 2021). https://environmentalintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Greenhouse-Gases-from-Power-Plants-2005-2020-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Repeal of the Clean Power Plan; Emission Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Existing Electric Utility Generating Units; Revisions to Emission Guidelines Implementing Regulations: Final Rule. 40 Code of Federal Regulations 60. Environmental Protection Agency. 84 Federal Register 32520–32584 (July 8, 2019). www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/07/08/2019-13507/repeal-of-the-clean-power-plan-emission-guidelines-for-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-existing.Google Scholar
American Lung Association v. Environmental Protection Agency, No. 19–1140 (D.C. Cir. 2021).Google Scholar
Northey, H. and Storrow, B.. “Bob Murray Drafted 6 Orders on Coal, Climate for Trump.” E&E News, June 6, 2018.Google Scholar
Perry, R.. Secretary of Energy’s Direction That the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Issue Grid Resiliency Rules Pursuant to the Secretary’s Authority. Submitted to Chairman N. Chatterjee, Commissioner C. A. LaFleur and Commissioner R. F. Powelson of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. September 28, 2017.Google Scholar
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and North American Electric Reliability Corporation. Outages and Curtailments during the Southwest Cold Weather Event of February 1–5, 2011 (August 2011). www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/08-16-11-report.pdf.Google Scholar
North American Electric Reliability Corporation. Hurricane Sandy Event Analysis Report (January 2014). www.nerc.com/pa/rrm/ea/Oct2012HurricanSandyEvntAnlyssRprtDL/Hurricane_Sandy_EAR_20140312_Final.pdf.Google Scholar
PJM Interconnection. Analysis of Operational Events and Market Impacts During the January 2014 Cold Weather Events (March 8, 2014). www.hydro.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/PJM-January-2014-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Moore, J., senior attorney and director of the Sustainable FERC Project at the Natural Resources Defense Council. Testimony Regarding Part 2: Powering America: Defining Reliability in a Transforming Electricity Industry. Submitted to the Hearing before House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Energy. October 3, 2017.Google Scholar
Moler, E. A. et al. Comments of the Bipartisan Former FERC Commissioners on Proposed Rule Grid Resiliency Pricing Rule. Submitted to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Docket No. RM18-1–000. October 19, 2017.Google Scholar
Gentile, N. and Kelly, K.. “The Trump Administration Is Stifling Renewable Energy on Public Lands and Waters.” Center for American Progress Energy and Environment, June 25, 2020. www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/reports/2020/06/25/486852/trump-administration-stifling-renewable-energy-public-lands-waters/?_ga=2.29066236.1701253460.1620610966-706434035.1620411321.Google Scholar
Department of the Interior. Vineyard Wind Offshore Wind Energy Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Report by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management and Office of Renewable Energy Programs (December 2018). www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/renewable-energy-program/State-Activities/MA/Vineyard-Wind/Vineyard_Wind_Draft_EIS.pdf.Google Scholar
Gearino, D. and McKenna, P.. “Government Delays First Big US Offshore Wind Farm. Is a Double Standard at Play?” Inside Climate News, August 19, 2019. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/19082019/vineyard-wind-offshore-renewable-energy-delay-boem-environmental-cumulative-review-nepa-massachusetts.Google Scholar
Johnson, E. B., chair of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Addressing the Issue of a Department of Energy Technical Analysis Being Suppressed, Modified, and Delayed by Headquarters Officials. Submitted to D. Brouillette, secretary of Energy. October 23, 2020.Google Scholar
Fairley, P.. “How a Plan to Save the Power System Disappeared.” The Atlantic, August 20, 2020.Google Scholar
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Interconnections Seam Study: Overview. Report by G. Brinkman et al. NREL/PR-6A20-78161 (Golden: October 2020). www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/78161.pdf.Google Scholar
Electric Storage Participation in Markets Operated by Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent System Operators: Final Rule. 18 Code of Federal Regulations 35. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Department of Energy. 83 Federal Register 9580–9633 (March 6, 2018) www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/03/06/2018-03708/electric-storage-participation-in-markets-operated-by-regional-transmission-organizations-and.Google Scholar
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. FERC Order No. 2222: Fact Sheet. September 28, 2020. www.ferc.gov/media/ferc-order-no-2222-fact-sheet.Google Scholar
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. FERC Proposes Policy Statement on State-Determined Carbon Pricing in Wholesale Markets. Policy statement by Chairman N. Chatterjee. October 15, 2020. www.ferc.gov/news-events/news/ferc-proposes-policy-statement-state-determined-carbon-pricing-wholesale-markets.Google Scholar
Patel, S.. “The Significance of FERC’s Recent PJM MOPR Order Explained.” Power, December 26, 2019. www.powermag.com/the-significance-of-fercs-recent-pjm-mopr-order-explained.Google Scholar
St. John, J.. “FERC Denies Rehearings on PJM Capacity Orders, in a Blow to States’ Renewables Plans.” Greentech Media, April 16, 2020. www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/ferc-denies-rehearings-on-its-pjm-capacity-rulings-opening-door-for-legal-challenges.Google Scholar
Roberts, D.. “Trump’s Crude Bailout of Dirty Power Plants Failed, but a Subtler Bailout Is Underway.” Vox, March 23, 2018. www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2018/3/23/17146028/ferc-coal-natural-gas-bailout-mopr.Google Scholar
Metcalf, G.. “The Impact of Removing Tax Preferences for US Oil and Gas Production.” Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 5, no. 1 (2018): 1–37.Google Scholar
PennFuture. Buried Out of Sight: Uncovering Pennsylvania’s Hidden Fossil Fuel Subsidies. Report by E. Persico, R. Altenburg and C. Simeone (February 2021). www.pennfuture.org/Files/Admin/PF_FossilFuel_Report_final_2.12.21.pdf.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Accelerating Decarbonization of the US Energy System. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17226/25932.Google Scholar
Klass, A. B.. “Transmission, Distribution, and Storage: Grid Integration.” In Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States, edited by Gerrard, M. B. and Dernbach, J. C.. 527–546. Washington, DC: Environmental Law Institute, 2019. Reprint.Google Scholar
Environmental Protection Agency. Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2019). www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions.Google Scholar
Princeton University, Andlinger Center and High Meadows Environmental Institute. Net-Zero America: Potential Pathways, Infrastructure, and Impacts. Report by E. Larson et al. (December 15, 2020). https://environmenthalfcentury.princeton.edu/sites/g/files/toruqf331/files/2020-12/Princeton_NZA_Interim_Report_15_Dec_2020_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
Goldman School of Public Policy. 2035 The Report: Plummeting Solar, Wind, and Battery Costs Can Accelerate Our Clean Electricity Future (June 2020). www.2035report.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2035-Report.pdf?hsCtaTracking=8a85e9ea-4ed3-4ec0-b4c6-906934306ddb%7Cc68c2ac2-1db0-4d1c-82a1-65ef4daaf6c1.Google Scholar
MacDonald, A. E. et al. “Future Cost-Competitive Electricity Systems and Their Impact on US CO2 Emissions.” Nature Climate Change 6 (January 25, 2016): 526–531.Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. Z. et al. “The United States Can Keep the Grid Stable at Low Cost with 100% Clean, Renewable Energy in All Sectors Despite Inaccurate Claims.” Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences of the United States of America 114, no. 26 (June 17, 2017): E5021–E5023. www.pnas.org/content/114/26/E5021.Google Scholar
Clack, C. T. M. et al. “Evaluation of a Proposal for Reliable Low-Cost Grid Power with 100% Wind, Water, and Solar.” Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences of the United States of America 114, no. 26 (June 26, 2017). www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2017/06/16/1610381114.full.pdf.Google Scholar
Spector, J.. “90% Clean Grid by 2035 Is Not Just Feasible, but Cheaper, Study Says.” Greentech Media, June 9, 2020. www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/90-clean-grid-by-2035-is-not-just-feasible-but-cheaper-study-says?_ga=2.61205036.1848826001.1618838887-1786218930.1618838887.Google Scholar
Energy Innovation Policy and Technology, LLC. Rewiring the US for Economic Recovery. Report by S. Aggarwal and M. O’Boyle (June 2020). https://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/90-Clean-By-2035-Policy-Memo_June-2020.pdf.Google Scholar
United Nations Environment Programme and Climate and Clean Air Coalition. Global Methane Assessment: Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane Emissions Report by A. R. Ravishankara et al. (2021). www.ccacoalition.org/en/resources/global-methane-assessment-full-report.Google Scholar
Meyer, G.. “Climate Fears Stoke Natural Gas Opposition; US Utilities Protests over Increase in Emissions Prompt Groups to Issue Lower-Carbon Pledge.” Financial Times, February 7, 2020.Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 2021 (February 3, 2021). www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/electricity/sub-topic-02.php.Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration. Renewables Account for Most New US Electricity Generating Capacity in 2021 (January 11, 2021). www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=46416.Google Scholar
Rocky Mountain Institute. The Growing Market for Clean Energy Portfolios. Report by C. Teplin, M. Dyson, A. Engel and G. Glazer (2019). https://rmi.org/insight/clean-energy-portfolios-pipelines-and-plants.Google Scholar
Rocky Mountain Institute. Prospects for Gas Pipelines in the Era of Clean Energy. Report by M. Dyson, G. Glazer and C. Teplin (2019). https://rmi.org/insight/clean-energy-portfolios-pipelines-and-plants.Google Scholar
Plumber, B.. “As Coal Fades in the US, Natural Gas Becomes the Climate Battleground.” New York Times, June 26, 2019.Google Scholar
Fergen, J. and Jacquet, J. B.. “Beauty in Motion: Expectations, Attitudes, and Values of Wind Energy in the Rural US.” Energy Research & Social Science 11 (2016): 133–141.Google Scholar
Energy Systems Integration Group. Transmission Planning for 100% Clean Electricity. Report by L. Azar et al. (February 2021). www.esig.energy/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Transmission-Planning-White-Paper.pdf.Google Scholar
Brown, P. R. and Botterud, A.. “The Value of Inter-Regional Coordination and Transmission in Decarbonizing the US Electricity System.” Joule 5, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 115–134.Google Scholar
Americans for a Clean Energy Grid and Grid Strategies, LLC. Transmission Projects Ready to Go: Plugging into America’s Untapped Renewable Resources. Report by M. Goggin et al. (April 2021). https://cleanenergygrid.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Transmission-Projects-Ready-to-Go-Final.pdf.Google Scholar
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The Value of Increased HVDC Capacity between Eastern and Western US Grids: The Interconnections Seam Study. Report by A. Bloom et al. NREL/JA-6A20-76580 (Golden: October 2020). www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/76850.pdf.Google Scholar
Tomich, J.. “Can Biden Transmission Order Avoid State Backlash?” E&E News, February 11, 2021.Google Scholar
Gerstle, B.. “Giving Landowners the Power: A Democratic Approach for Assembling Transmission Corridors.” Journal of Environmental Law & Litigation 29 (2014): 535–578.Google Scholar
Winn, R.. “Landowner Compensation in Transmission Siting for Renewable Energy Facilities.” Electricity Journal 27, no. 5 (2014): 21–30.Google Scholar
Center for Rural Affairs. Amplifying Clean Energy with Conservation, Part Two: Leveraging Electric Transmission Lines for Stewardship. Report by C. Smith (November 2020). www.cfra.org/sites/default/files/publications/amplifying-clean-energy-with-conservation-part-two.pdf.Google Scholar
Klain, S. C. et al. “Will Communities ‘Open-Up’ to Offshore Wind? Lessons Learned from New England Islands in the United States.” Energy Research & Social Science 34 (December 2017): 13–26. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629617301172.Google Scholar
Firestone, J. et al. “Faring Well in Offshore Wind Power Siting? Trust, Engagement and Process Fairness in the United States.” Energy Research & Social Science 62 (2020): 101393–101405.Google Scholar
Center for Rural Affairs. Clean Energy Transmission Principles. www.cfra.org/transmission.Google Scholar
Jacquet, J. B. and Fergen, J.. “The Vertical Patterns of Wind Energy: The Effects of Wind Farm Ownership on Rural Communities in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States.” Journal of Rural and Community Development 13, no. 2 (2018): 130–148.Google Scholar
Mills, S.. “Wind Energy and Rural Community Sustainability.” In Handbook of Sustainability and Social Science Research, edited by Filho, W. L., Marans, R. W. and Callewaert, J.. 215–225. Cham: Springer, 2018. Reprint.Google Scholar
McGraw, M. and Hennessy, R.. “Rush to Attract Wind Turbine Investors Leaves Kansas School Districts Shortchanged.” Investigate Midwest, December 4, 2017. https://investigatemidwest.org/2017/12/04/rush-to-attract-wind-turbine-investors-leaves-kansas-school-districts-shortchanged/.Google Scholar
Texas Taxpayers and Research Association. Understanding Chapter 313: School Property Tax Limitations and the Impact on State Finances (January 11, 2017). www.ttara.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/UnderstandingChapter313_Final_Web_1_11_17.pdf.Google Scholar
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Community Wind Power Ownership Schemes in Europe and Their Relevance to the United States. Report by M. Bolinger. LBNL-48357; R&D Project: 57461F; TRN: US200426%%1013 (Berkeley: May 15, 2001). www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/827946-fmUZml/native.Google Scholar
Bolinger, M.. “Community-Owned Wind Power Development: The Challenge of Applying the European Model in the United States, and How States Are Addressing That Challenge.” Global Windpower Conference, Chicago, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, March 28, 2004.Google Scholar
Lantz, E. and Tegen, S.. “Economic Development Impacts of Community Wind Projects: April 2009 Review and Empirical Evaluation.” Windpower Conference and Exhibition, Chicago, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, April 2009.Google Scholar
Jones, K. B. and James, M.. “Distributed Renewables in the New Economy: Lessons from Community Solar Development in Vermont.” In Law and Policy for a New Economy: Sustainable, Just, and Democratic, edited by Scanlan, M. K.. 189–210. Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2017. Reprint.Google Scholar
Institute for Local Self-Reliance. Report: Beyond Sharing – How Communities Can Take Ownership of Renewable Power. Report by J. Farrell (April 26, 2016). https://ilsr.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Beyond-Sharing-report-re-release-ILSR.pdf.Google Scholar
Shaffer, D.. “Southwest Minnesota Wind Farm Sold Out of Bankruptcy to Bank and Local Investors.” Star Tribune, November 25, 2015. www.startribune.com/southwest-minnesota-wind-farm-sold-out-of-bankruptcy-to-bank-and-local-investors/353931451.Google Scholar
Fast, S. et al. “Lessons Learned from Ontario Wind Energy Disputes.” Nature Energy 1, no. 15028 (January 25, 2016). www.nature.com/articles/nenergy201528.pdf.Google Scholar
Walker, C. and Baxter, J.. “‘It’s Easy to Throw Rocks at a Corporation’: Wind Energy Development and Distributive Justice in Canada.” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 19, no. 6 (2017): 754–768.Google Scholar
Earthjustice et al. Building Back Better: A Roadmap to Expand Solar Access for All (Posted at E&E News: April 4, 2021). www.eenews.net/assets/2021/04/21/document_ew_04.pdf.Google Scholar
Bolinger, M. A.. “Making European-Style Community Wind Power Development Work in the US.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 9, no. 6 (2005): 556–575.Google Scholar
Minnesota Project. Lessons & Concepts for Advancing Community Wind. Report by R. Stockwell et al. (December 2009). https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/windustry/legacy_url/1588/Advancing-Community-Wind_Dec09.pdf?1421783488.Google Scholar
Environmental Law & Policy Center. Community Wind Financing: A Handbook by the Environmental Law & Policy Center. Report by C. Kubert et al. (2004). www.mresearch.com/pdfs/docket4185/NG11/doc55.pdf.Google Scholar
Johnston, S.. “Non-refundable Tax Credits versus Grants: The Impact of Subsidy Form on the Effectiveness of Subsidies for Renewable Energy.” Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economics 6, no. 3 (2019): 433–460.Google Scholar
Pacyniak, G.. “Greening the Old New Deal: Strengthening Rural Electric Cooperative Supports and Oversight to Combat Climate Change.” Missouri Law Review 85, no. 2 (2020): 409.Google Scholar
Klass, A. B. and Chan, G.. “Cooperative Clean Energy.” North Carolina Law Review (2021).Google Scholar
Center for Rural Affairs, Clean Up the River Environment Minnesota, and We Own It. Rural Electrification 2.0: The Transition to a Clean Energy Economy. Report by E. Hatlestad et al. (June 2019). www.cfra.org/sites/default/files/publications/rural-electrification-2.0-the-transition-to-a-clean-energy-economy.pdf.Google Scholar
Center for Science, Technology, and Environmental Policy. Community Shared: Solar in Minnesota Learning from the First 300 Megawatts. Report by G. Chan et al. (March 2018). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b8032c35b409b4d9458387e/t/5bcd6c6ceef1a115dd9b74bd/1540189296387/Community+Shared+Solar+in+Minnesota+%28FINAL+for+web%29.pdf.Google Scholar
Penn, I.. “The Next Energy Battle: Renewables vs. Natural Gas.” New York Times, July 6, 2020.Google Scholar
American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy. The High Cost of Energy in Rural America: Household Energy Burdens and Opportunities for Energy Efficiency. Report by L. Ross, A. Drehobl and B. Stickles (Washington, DC: July 2018).Google Scholar
Rocky Mountain Institute. A Low-Cost Energy Future for Western Cooperatives: Emerging Opportunities for Cooperative Electric Utilities to Pursue Clean Energy at a Cost Savings to Their Members. Report by M. Dyson and A. Engel (August 1, 2018).Google Scholar
Funkhouser, E. et al. “Business Model Innovations for Deploying Distributed Generation: The Emerging Landscape of Community Solar in the US.” Energy Research & Social Science 10 (2015): 90–101.Google Scholar
Chan, G. et al. “Design Choices and Equity Implications of Community Shared Solar.” Electricity Journal 30, no. 9 (2017): 37–41.Google Scholar
Vibrant Clean Energy, LLC. Executive Summary, Why Local Solar for All Costs Less: A New Roadmap for the Lowest Cost Grid. Report by C. T. M. Clack et al. (December 1, 2020). www.vibrantcleanenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/WhyDERs_ES_Final.pdf.Google Scholar
Utility Dive. 2020 Outlook: Utilities Will Be Pushed to Further Embrace Distributed Energy Resources. Report by M. Bandyk (January 17, 2020). www.utilitydive.com/news/2020-outlook-utilities-will-be-pushed-to-further-embrace-distributed-energ/569613.Google Scholar
Lukanov, B. R. and Krieger, E. M.. “Distributed Solar and Environmental Justice: Exploring the Demographic and Socio-Economic Trends of Residential PV Adoption in California.” Energy Policy 134 (2019): 110935.Google Scholar
Sunter, D. A., Castellanos, S. and Kammen, D. M.. “Disparities in Rooftop Photovoltaics Deployment in the United States by Race and Ethnicity.” Nature Sustainability 2 (2019): 71–76.Google Scholar
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Design and Implementation of Community Solar Programs for Low and Moderate-Income Customers. Report by J. Heeter et al. NREL/TP-6A20-71652 (Golden: December 2018). www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/71652.pdf.Google Scholar
Borenstein, S.. “Private Net Benefits of Residential Solar PV: The Role of Electricity Tariffs, Tax Incentives, and Rebates.” Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 4, no. S1 (2017): S85–S122.Google Scholar
Johnson, E. et al. “Peak Shifting and Cross-Class Subsidization: The Impacts of Solar PV on Changes in Electricity Costs.” Energy Policy 106 (2017): 436–444.Google Scholar
Baker, S. H.. “Unlocking the Energy Commons: Expanding Community Energy Generation.” In Law and Policy for a New Economy: Sustainable, Just, and Democratic, edited by Scanlan, M. K.. 211–234. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017. Reprint.Google Scholar
Interstate Renewable Energy Council. Shared Renewable Energy for Low- to Moderate-Income Consumers: Policy Guidelines and Model Provisions. Report by E. Schroeder McConnell et al. (2016). www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/IREC-LMI-Guidelines-Model-Provisions_FINAL.pdf.Google Scholar
Krieger, E. M., Casey, J. A. and Shonkoff, S. B. C.. “A Framework for Siting and Dispatch of Emerging Energy Resources to Realize Environmental and Health Benefits: Case Study on Peaker Power Plant Displacement.” Energy Policy 96 (2016): 302–313.Google Scholar
NAACP. Module 4: Starting Community-Owned Clean Energy Projects. (2014). www.naacp.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Module-4_Starting-Community-Owned-Clean-Energy-Projects_JEP-Action-Toolkit_NAACP.pdf.Google Scholar
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Shared Solar: Current Landscape, Market Potential, and the Impact of Federal Securities Regulation. Report by D. Feldman et al. NREL/TP-6A20-63892 (Golden: May 2015). www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/63892.pdf.Google Scholar
Congressional Research Service. An Overview of USDA Rural Development Programs. Report by T. Cowan. RL31837 (Washington, DC: February 10, 2016). http://fedweb.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Rural-Development-Programs.pdf.Google Scholar
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Distributed Generation Valuation and Compensation. Report by A. C. Orrell et al. White Paper PNNL-27271 (February 2018). www.districtenergy.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=0103ebf1-2ac9-7285-b49d-e615368725b2&forceDialog=0.Google Scholar
Institute for Policy Integrity. Managing the Future of the Electricity Grid: Distributed Generation and Net Metering. Report by R. L. Revesz and B. Unel. Working paper 2016/1 (New York: February 2018). https://policyintegrity.org/files/publications/ManagingFutureElectricityGrid.pdf.Google Scholar
Roemer, K. F. and Haggerty, J. H.. “Coal Communities and the US Energy Transition: A Policy Corridors Assessment.” Energy Policy 151 (April 2021): 112112. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421520308235.Google Scholar
UNC Center for Climate, Energy, Environment and Economics. Communities in Transition: State Responses to Energy-Sector Job Losses. Report by E. Blumenthal (December 2019). https://law.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/CommunitiesinTransition2019.pdf.Google Scholar
Colorado Department of Labor and Employment. Learn about the Legislation: House Bill 19–1314 (2020). https://cdle.colorado.gov/learn-about-the-legislation.Google Scholar
Energy Innovation Policy and Technology, LLC. Comparing 2019 Securitization Legislation in Colorado, Montana, and New Mexico. Report by R. Lehr and M. O’Boyle (September 2020). https://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Securitization-Brief_September-2020.pdf.Google Scholar
Long, N.. “New Mexico Embraces Transition to 100% Clean Energy.” Natural Resource Defense Council Expert Blog, 2019. www.nrdc.org/experts/noah-long/new-mexico-embraces-transition-100-clean-energy.Google Scholar
Just Transition Fund. National Economic Transition: A Visionary Proposal for an Equitable Future Platform (2020). https://nationaleconomictransition.org/platform.Google Scholar
BlueGreen Alliance. Solidarity for Climate Action (July 2019). www.bluegreenalliance.org/work-issue/solidarity-for-climate-action.Google Scholar
Just Transition Listening Project. Workers and Communities in Transition: Report of the Just Transition Listening Project. Report by J. M. Cha et al. (2021). www.labor4sustainability.org/files/JTLP_report2021.pdf.Google Scholar
Congressional Research Service. The POWER Initiative: Energy Transition as Economic Development. Report by M. H. Cecire. R46015 (Washington, DC: November 20, 2019). https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R46015.pdf.Google Scholar
Council of State Governments. Trends and Market Forces Shaping the Future of US Coal Industry. Report by D. Saha (August 2017). http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/CR_coal.pdf.Google Scholar
White House Office of the Press Secretary. Fact Sheet: The Partnerships for Opportunity and Workforce and Economic Revitalization (POWER) Initiative. Obama Administration. March 27, 2015. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/03/27/fact-sheet-partnerships-opportunity-and-workforce-and-economic-revitaliz.Google Scholar
White House Office of the Press Secretary. Fact Sheet: Administration Announces New Economic and Workforce Development Resources for Coal Communities through POWER Initiative. Obama Administration. August 24, 2016. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/08/24/fact-sheet-administration-announces-new-economic-and-workforce.Google Scholar
Brown, D.. “Reclamation Funds Dwindle While Congress Dawdles.” E&E News, August 19, 2019.Google Scholar
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. Report on Abandoned Mine Land Reclamation Economic Development Pilot Program (AML Pilot Program) for FY 2016–FY 2019. OSMRE Program Support Directorate (December 18, 2020). www.osmre.gov/programs/AML/2016_2019_Annual_Report_AML_Economic_Development_Pilot_Program.pdf.Google Scholar
Sayago-Gómez, J. T. et al. “Impact Evaluation of Investments in the Appalachian Region: A Reappraisal.” International Region Science Review 41, no. 6 (2015): 601–629. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017617713822.Google Scholar
Rupasingha, A., Crown, D. and Pender, J.. “Rural Business Programs and Business Performance: The Impact of the USDA’s Business and Industry (B&I) Guaranteed Loan Program.” Journal of Regional Science 59, no. 4 (September 2018): 701–722. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jors.12421.Google Scholar
Volcovici, V.. “Trump Seeks to Ax Appalachia Economic Programs, Causing Worry in Coal Country.” Reuters, March 16, 2017. www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-budget-appalachia-idUSKBN16N2VF.Google Scholar
Brookings. How Renewable Energy Jobs Can Uplift Fossil Fuel Communities and Remake Climate Politics. Report by A. Tomer et al. (2021). www.brookings.edu/research/how-renewable-energy-jobs-can-uplift-fossil-fuel-communities-and-remake-climate-politics/?preview_id=1414272.Google Scholar
Columbia Sabin Center for Climate Change Law. Opposition to Renewable Energy Facilities in the United States. Report by K. Marsh et al. (February 2021). https://climate.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/RELDI%20report%20MBG%202.26.21%20HWA.pdf.Google Scholar
Hess, D. J.. “The Politics of Niche-Regime Conflicts: Distributed Solar Energy in the United States.” Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 19 (2016): 42–50.Google Scholar
Stokes, L. C. and Breetz, H. L.. “Politics in the US Energy Transition: Case Studies of Solar, Wind, Biofuels and Electric Vehicles Policy.” Energy Policy 113 (2018): 76–86.Google Scholar
Sierra Club. The Dirty Truth About Utility Climate Pledges. Report by J. Romankiewicz et al. (January 2021). https://coal.sierraclub.org/the-problem/dirty-truth-greenwashing-utilities.Google Scholar
Karadzhova, V. and Ashfaq, U., “What Biden’s Climate Plan Means for US Utilities.” MSCI Blog, 2021. www.msci.com/www/blog-posts/what-biden-s-climate-plan-means/02278416796.Google Scholar
Hertel-Fernandez, A.. State Capture: How Conservative Activists, Big Businesses, and Wealthy Donors Reshaped the American States – and the Nation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Gallucci, M.. “Renewable Energy Standards Target of Multi-Pronged Attack.” Inside Climate News, March 19, 2013.Google Scholar
Eilperin, J.. “Climate Skeptic Group Works to Reverse Renewable Energy Mandates.” Washington Post, November 24, 2012.Google Scholar
Halper, E.. “Koch Brothers, Big Utilities Attack Solar, Green Energy Policies.” Los Angeles Times, April 19, 2014.Google Scholar
Plumer, B.. “State Renewable Energy Laws Turn Out to Be Incredibly Hard to Repeal.” Washington Post, August 8, 2013.Google Scholar
Americans for Prosperity. Partner Prospectus (Winter 2015). www.documentcloud.org/documents/2035387-merged-document-2.html.Google Scholar
Center for American Progress. Fact Sheet: Efforts to Repeal or Weaken Renewable Energy Schedules in the States. Report by G. Taraska and A. Cassady (March 10, 2015). www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/reports/2015/03/10/108250/fact-sheet-efforts-to-repeal-or-weaken-renewable-energy-schedules-in-the-states.Google Scholar
Hess, D. J.. “Sustainability Transitions: A Political Coalition Perspective.” Research Policy 43, no. 2 (2014): 278–283.Google Scholar
Stokes, L. C.. Short Circuiting Policy: Interest Groups and the Battle Over Clean Energy and Climate Policy in the American States. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Environment America Research & Policy Center and Frontier Group. Blocking the Sun: 12 Utilities and Fossil Fuel Interests That Are Undermining American Solar Power. Report by G. Weissman and B. Fanshaw (October 2015). https://environmentamerica.org/sites/environment/files/reports/EA_BlockingtheSun_scrn_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis. As Oil and Gas Wane, Texas Wind Industry Ascends. Report by K. Cates et al. (August 2020). https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/As-Oil-and-Gas-Wane_TX-Wind-Industry-Ascends_August-2020.pdf.Google Scholar
Douglas, E.. “Wind Power a Smaller Contributor to Texas Electricity Crisis than Initially Estimated, ERCOT Analysis Shows.” Texas Tribune, April 28, 2021. www.texastribune.org/2021/04/28/texas-power-outage-wind.Google Scholar
Freitas, G. Jr. and Chediak, M.. “Kinder’s $1 Billion Texas Crisis Gain Foreshadows More Windfalls.” Bloomberg, April 22, 2021. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-22/kinder-s-1-billion-surprise-sets-stage-for-more-earnings-shocks.Google Scholar
ERCOT Public. Update to April 6, 2021 Preliminary Report on Causes of Generator Outages and Derates During the February 2021 Extreme Cold Weather Event (April 27, 2021). www.ercot.com/content/wcm/lists/226521/ERCOT_Winter_Storm_Generator_Outages_By_Cause_Updated_Report_4.27.21.pdf.Google Scholar
Cohan, D. and Hayhoe, K.. “Opinion: Texas Needed Power and Leadership. It Got Neither.” Austin American-Statesman, February 24, 2021. www.statesman.com/story/opinion/columns/your-voice/2021/02/24/opinion-texas-needed-power-and-leadership-got-neither/4561323001.Google Scholar
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and North American Electric Reliability Corporation. The South Central United States Cold Weather Bulk Electric System Event of January 17, 2018 (July 2019). www.nerc.com/pa/rrm/ea/Documents/South_Central_Cold_Weather_Event_FERC-NERC-Report_20190718.pdf.Google Scholar
Galvin, G. T.. “Lone Star Solar: Challenges and Opportunities in Post-blackout Texas.” National Law Review 11, no. 132 (April 5, 2021). www.natlawreview.com/article/lone-star-solar-challenges-and-opportunities-post-blackout-texas.Google Scholar
Gearino, D.. “Texas Politicians Aim to Penalize Wind and Solar in Response to Outages. Are Renewables Now Strong Enough to Defend Themselves?” Inside Climate News, April 17, 2021. https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HB-0BEkNYp8J:https://insideclimatenews.org/news/17042021/texas-politicians-wind-solar-natural-gas-winter-storm/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ca.Google Scholar
Wallace, J.. “Texas Senate Passes Bill Aiming to Counter Federal Subsidies for Wind and Solar Power.” Houston Chronicle, March 29, 2021.Google Scholar
Rhodes, J. D.. “Tax Credits for Wind and Solar Work. Why Are Texas Lawmakers Going After Them?” UT News, April 12, 2019. https://news.utexas.edu/2019/04/12/tax-credits-for-wind-and-solar-work-why-are-texas-lawmakers-going-after-them/.Google Scholar
Oil Change International. Dirty Energy Dominance: Dependent on Denial. Report by J. Redman et al. (October 2017). http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2017/10/OCI_US-Fossil-Fuel-Subs-2015-16_Final_Oct2017.pdf.Google Scholar
Brannstrom, C. and Fry, M.. “New Geographies of the Texas Energy Revolution.” In The Routledge Research Companion to Energy Geographies, edited by Bouzarovski, S., Pasqualetti, M. J. and Broto, V. C.. 17–31. New York: Routledge, 2017. Reprint.Google Scholar
Mufson, S. and Hamburger, T.. “Battle Is Looming in States over Fossil Fuels.” Washington Post, 2014.Google Scholar
Henry, D.. “Kansas Set to Repeal Renewable Energy Mandate.” The Hill, May 5, 2015. https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/242353-kansas-set-to-repeal-renewable-energy-mandate.Google Scholar
Schwartz, J.. “Most Voters Want Bold Action on Climate, Survey Finds.” New York Times, January 16, 2021.Google Scholar
Public Opinion Strategies and Citizens for Responsible Energy Solutions. National Republican Voter Online Poll – GOP Candidates. Report by N. Newhouse (June 6–16, 2020). www.citizensfor.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/CRES-Poll-June2020.pdf.Google Scholar
Congressional Research Service. Clean Energy Standards: Selected Issues for the 117th Congress. Report by A. J. Lawson. R46691 (Washington, DC: March 26, 2021). https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R46691.pdf.Google Scholar
Natural Resource Defense Council. Race to 100% Clean. Report by S. Ptacek and A. Levin (Washington, DC: April 16, 2021). www.nrdc.org/resources/race-100-clean.Google Scholar
Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 US 497 (Supreme Court 2007).Google Scholar
Bolinger, M.. Community Wind Power Ownership Schemes in Europe and Their Relevance to the United States. No. LBNL-48357. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (Berkeley, CA, May 2001). https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/community-wind-power-ownership.Google Scholar
Mayer, J.. Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right. New York: Anchor, 2017.Google Scholar
Leonard, C.. Kochland: The Secret History of Koch Industries and Corporate Power in America. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2020.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×