Book contents
- America’s Energy Gamble
- Reviews
- America’s Energy Gamble
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Introduction
- Part I America’s Energy
- Part II America’s Lands
- Part III America’s Seas
- 6 Oceans
- 7 Backtracking on Safety
- Part IV America’s Regulatory Process
- Part V The Global Climate
- 12 America at a Crossroads
- Index
- References
7 - Backtracking on Safety
Risking Another BP Oil Spill
from Part III - America’s Seas
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 January 2022
Book contents
- America’s Energy Gamble
- Reviews
- America’s Energy Gamble
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Introduction
- Part I America’s Energy
- Part II America’s Lands
- Part III America’s Seas
- 6 Oceans
- 7 Backtracking on Safety
- Part IV America’s Regulatory Process
- Part V The Global Climate
- 12 America at a Crossroads
- Index
- References
Summary
The expansion of offshore drilling to deeper waters in the Gulf of Mexico and to more remote waters in the Arctic, as well as more intense hurricanes induced by climate change, have heightened risks of major well blowouts and oil spills. The Trump administration worsened these risks by rolling back regulations that had been enacted in response to the 2010 BP oil spill, the largest unintentional spill in the world (as of 2020), and to near misses during the 2013 Shell Arctic expedition. These rollbacks, plus poor government oversight of companies and scant attention to companies’ safety culture, risk a repeat of past oil spill disasters that devastated coastal communities. Members of the bipartisan commission that had investigated the spill reiterated its warnings in 2020 that another major oil spill is simply a matter of time and called for stronger laws governing offshore drilling. A number of congressional members did propose legislation to improve safety in offshore drilling. Unfortunately, despite the shifting tide against offshore drilling in coastal states, the majority of Republicans and those Democrats from states reliant on oil extraction failed to support these initiatives, putting at risk Americans’ lives, livelihoods, coasts and oceans.
Keywords
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- America's Energy GamblePeople, Economy and Planet, pp. 253 - 282Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2022
References
National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling. Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling. Report to the President (Washington, DC: Government Publishing Office, 2011). www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-OILCOMMISSION/pdf/GPO-OILCOMMISSION.pdf.Google Scholar
Associated Press. “New Wave of Suits Linked to BP Oil Spill Hitting Courts.” Associated Press, December 6, 2019. www.businessreport.com/newsletters/new-wave-of-suits-linked-to-bp-oil-spill-hitting-courts.Google Scholar
Lipton, E.. “Targeting Rules ‘Written with Human Blood.’” New York Times, March 11, 2018.Google Scholar
Rowland-Shea, J. and Rehmann, M.. The Favor Factory: President Trump’s Interior Department Is Benefiting Past Political Donors and Lobbying Clients. Center for American Progress (Washington, DC: 2018). www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/reports/2018/08/27/455150/the-favor-factory/.Google Scholar
Transportation Research Board and National Research Council. Responding to Oil Spills in the US Arctic Marine Environment. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2014. www.nap.edu/catalog/18625/responding-to-oil-spills-in-the-us-arctic-marine-environment.Google Scholar
Lefebevre, B.. “Oil and Gas Allies to Trump: Slow Down.” Politico, August 25, 2017. www.politico.com/story/2017/08/25/oil-and-gas-allies-want-trump-to-slow-down-242008.Google Scholar
Harder, A.. “Big Energy’s Surprise Warning: Trump, Slow Down Deregulation.” Axios, May 15, 2017. www.axios.com/big-energys-surprise-warning-trump-slow-down-deregulation-1513302239-894581f4-3d4d-49ee-be4d-133954b2d024.html.Google Scholar
Brown, E. G., governor of California et al. Request for Information and Comments on Preparation of 2019–2024 Outer Continental Shelf Oil and Gas Leasing Program. Submitted to R. Zinke, secretary of the Interior. August 17, 2017.Google Scholar
Hogan, L., governor of Maryland et al. Opposition to the Leasing, Exploration, Development and Production of Oil and Gas in the Atlantic Ocean. Submitted to R. Zinke, secretary of the Interior. January 17, 2018.Google Scholar
Cooper, R., governor of North Carolina et al. Opposition to Seismic Airgun Surveys and Oil and Gas Drilling Off Our Coasts. Submitted to W. L. Ross, Jr., secretary of Commerce, and R. Zinke, secretary of the Interior. December 20, 2018.Google Scholar
Houck, O. A.. “Worst Case and the Deepwater Horizon Blowout: There Ought to Be a Law.” Environmental Law Review 40, no. 11 (2010): 11033–11040. https://marine.rutgers.edu/dmcs/ms606/2010_fall/Houck%202010.pdf.Google Scholar
US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. Investigation Report Executive Summary of Drilling Rig Explosion and Fire at the Macondo Well. Report No. 2010-10-I-OS (Washington, DC: April 12, 2016). www.csb.gov/macondo-blowout-and-explosion/.Google Scholar
Office of Response and Restoration. Largest Oil Spills Affecting US Waters since 1969. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Silver Spring, MD: April 5, 2017). https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and-chemical-spills/oil-spills/largest-oil-spills-affecting-us-waters-1969.html.Google Scholar
Fleming, S. A., director, Physical Infrastructure, Government Accountability Office. Oil Spills: Cost of Major Spills May Impact Viability of Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund. Submitted to GI Testimony before the Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Federal Services, and International Security, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, US Senate GAO-10-795T. June 16, 2010.Google Scholar
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. Offshore Incident Statistics (2018). www.bsee.gov/stats-facts/offshore-incident-statistics.Google Scholar
Muhlenbachs, L., Cohen, M. A. and Gerarden, Todd. “The Impact of Water Depth on Safety and Environmental Performance in Offshore Oil and Gas Production.” Energy Policy 55 (2013): 699–705.Google Scholar
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Deepwater Gulf of Mexico (Washington, DC: November 9, 2017). www.boem.gov/BOEM-Deepwater-Operation-Presentation/.Google Scholar
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. Data Center: Production Data Online Query (2018). www.data.bsee.gov/Production/ProductionData/Default.aspx.Google Scholar
National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council. Macondo Well Deepwater Horizon Blowout: Lessons for Improving Offshore Drilling Safety. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.17226/13273.Google Scholar
Sneath, S.. “After Three Workers Died in Oil Explosion, Government Struggles to Hold Offshore Contractors Accountable.” Nola.com, September 21, 2019. www.nola.com/news/environment/article_405866cc-d672-11e9-9d72-5352ef9c14bb.html.Google Scholar
Government Accountability Office. Climate Change: Energy Infrastructure Risks and Adaptation Efforts. Report by F. Rusco. GAO-14-74 (January 2014). www.gao.gov/assets/670/660558.pdf.Google Scholar
Department of Energy. Climate Change and Energy Infrastructure Exposure to Storm Surge and Sea-Level Rise. Report by J. Bradbury, M. Allen and R. Dell. Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (2015).Google Scholar
ABS Consulting Inc. 2016 Update of Occurrence Rates for Offshore Oil Spills. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (Arlington, VA: 2016). www.bsee.gov/sites/bsee.gov/files/osrr-oil-spill-response-research/1086aa.pdf.Google Scholar
Townsend, F. F.. The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina: Lessons Learned. Executive Office of the President, Washington, DC. 2006. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/reports/katrina-lessons-learned/index.html.Google Scholar
Fears, D.. “After 14 Years, the US’s Longest Offshore Oil Spill Is Finally Starting to Be ‘Contained.’” Washington Post, May 17, 2019.Google Scholar
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Chukchi Sea Planning Area: Draft Second Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement. Department of the Interior (Anchorage, AK: 2014). www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/uploadedFiles/BOEM/About_BOEM/BOEM_Regions/Alaska_Region/Leasing_and_Plans/Leasing/Lease_Sales/Sale_193/Lease_Sale_193_DraftSSEIS_vol1.pdf.Google Scholar
Zukunft, P., commandant, US Coast Guard. Keynote Address at the 7th Symposium on the Impacts of an Ice-Diminishing Arctic on Naval and Maritime Operations. July 18, 2017.Google Scholar
Rowell, A.. US Coast Guard: We Won’t Recover Oil If There’s a Spill in the Arctic. Oil Change International (Washington, DC: July 20, 2017). http://priceofoil.org/2017/07/20/us-coast-guard-we-wont-recover-oil-if-theres-a-spill-in-the-arctic.Google Scholar
Deepwater Horizon Spill Natural Resource Damage Assessment Trustees. Gulf Spill Restoration: Gulf Resources Affected by the Deepwater Horizon Spill. National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (n.d.). www.gulfspillrestoration.noaa.gov/affected-gulf-resources.Google Scholar
Lustgarten, A.. Run to Failure: BP and the Making of the Deepwater Horizon Disaster. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2012.Google Scholar
Freudenburg, W. R. and Gramling, Robert. Blowout in the Gulf: The BP Oil Spill and the Future of Energy in America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Boxall, B. and Tankersley, J.. “Oil Rig Missed Inspections, Records Show.” Los Angeles Times, June 12, 2010. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/12/nation/la-na-oil-spill-20100612.Google Scholar
Zellmer, S., Mintz, J. and Glicksman, R. L.. “Throwing Precaution to the Wind: NEPA and the Deepwater Horizon Blowout.” Journal of Energy and Environmental Law 62 (summer 2011): 62–70. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1112&context=lawfacpub.Google Scholar
Biello, D.. “How Science Stopped BP’s Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill.” Scientific American, April 19, 2011. www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-science-stopped-bp-gulf-of-mexico-oil-spill.Google Scholar
Tillerson, R., CEO ExxonMobil. Testimony at the Hearing titled “Drilling Down on America’s Energy Future: Safety, Security, and Clean Energy.” Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, 111th Congress, 2nd Sess. June 15, 2010.Google Scholar
US Coast Guard. Report of Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Multiple Related Marine Casualties and Grounding of the MODU Kulluk (Washington, DC: 2014). www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/5p/CG-5PC/INV/docs/documents/Kulluk.pdf.Google Scholar
Department of the Interior. Review of Shell’s 2012 Alaska Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration Program (Washington, DC: 2013). www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated/news/pressreleases/upload/Shell-report-3-8-13-Final.pdf.Google Scholar
National Transportation Safety Board. Marine Accident Brief: Grounding of Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit Kulluk. DCA13NM012 (Washington, DC: 2015). www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/MAB1510.pdf.Google Scholar
Markey, E., ranking member, Committee on Natural Resources. Failure of Shell’s Containment Dome (to Be Used in Arctic Drilling) during Testing. Submitted to Ken Salazar, secretary, Department of the Interior. December 5, 2012.Google Scholar
Miller, R.. “Shell Abandons Offshore Oil Drilling in Alaska Arctic.” Professional Mariner, January 28, 2016.Google Scholar
US Congress. House. Consolidated Land, Energy, and Aquatic Resources (CLEAR) Act of 2010. H.R. 3534. 111th Congress. Introduced in House, September 8, 2010.Google Scholar
US Congress. House. Offshore Oil and Gas Worker Whistleblower Protection Act of 2010. H.R. 503. 112th Congress. Introduced in House, February 25, 2011.Google Scholar
Sturgis, S.. “The Energy Lobbyists Linked to Trump’s Offshore Drilling Plans.” Facing South, April 15, 2017.Google Scholar
Ladd, A. E.. “Pandora’s Well: Hubris, Deregulation, Fossil Fuels, and the BP Oil Disaster in the Gulf.” American Behavioral Scientist 56, no. 1 (2012): 104–127.Google Scholar
Eisner, M. A.. Regulatory Politics in an Age of Polarization and Drift: Beyond Deregulation. New York: Routledge, 2017.Google Scholar
Transportation Research Board. TRB Special Report 309: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Offshore Safety and Environmental Management Systems. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Vaughn, D.. The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture and Deviance at NASA. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Hopkins, A.. Disastrous Decisions: The Human and Organisational Causes of the Gulf of Mexico Blowout. Sydney, Australia: CCH Australia Limited, 2012.Google Scholar
Leveson, N. G.. Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Hunter, D. M. and McQueen-Borden, K.. “From Santa Barbara to Macondo to SEMS.” LSU Journal of Energy Law and Resources 4, no. 2 (2016): 233–257. https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=jelr.Google Scholar
Boesch, D.. “Trump’s Offshore Oil Drilling Plans Ignore the Lessons of BP Deepwater Horizon.” The Conversation, January 5, 2018. https://theconversation.com/trumps-offshore-oil-drilling-plans-ignore-the-lessons-of-bp-deepwater-horizon-89570.Google Scholar
Watson, J. A.. “A Three-Pronged Approach to Offshore Safety.” Houston Journal of International Law 37 (May 29, 2015) 849–852. http://www.hjil.org/articles/hjil-37-3-watson.pdf.Google Scholar
Oil and Gas and Sulfur Operations in the Outer Continental Shelf-Blowout Preventer Systems and Well Control: Final Rule. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. 81 Federal Register 25887–26038 (April 29, 2016). www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/04/29/2016-08921/oil-and-gas-and-sulfur-operations-in-the-outer-continental-shelf-blowout-preventer-systems-and-well.Google Scholar
Salerno, B., director of the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. Testimony on the Well Control Rule and Other Regulations Related to Offshore Oil and Gas Production in the Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resource. US Senate, 114th Congress. 1st Sess. December 1, 2015.Google Scholar
Oil and Gas and Sulfur Operations on the Outer Continental Shelf-Requirements for Exploratory Drilling on the Arctic Outer Continental Shelf: Final Rule. 30 Code of Federal Regulations 250, 254 and 550. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. 81 Federal Register 46477–46566 (July 15, 2016) www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/07/15/2016-15699/oil-and-gas-and-sulfur-operations-on-the-outer-continental-shelf-requirements-for-exploratory.Google Scholar
Zibel, A.. Bernhardt Buddies: Conflicts of Interest Abound at Trump’s Interior Department. Public Citizen (Washington, DC: January 15, 2020).Google Scholar
American Rivers et al. Letter to Senators: Please Oppose David Bernhardt for Deputy Secretary of the Interior. Submitted to US Senators. May 17, 2017.Google Scholar
Davenport, C.. “Trump Chooses David Bernhardt, a Former Oil Lobbyist, to Head the Interior Dept.” New York Times, February 4, 2019.Google Scholar
Davenport, C.. “Senate Confirms Bernhardt As Interior Secretary Amid Calls for Investigations into His Conduct.” New York Times, April 11, 2019.Google Scholar
Van Schooten, D. and Peterson, L.. Trump’s Ethics Pledge Is Paper-Thin. Project On Government Oversight (Washington, DC: June 2017). www.pogo.org/investigation/2017/06/trumps-ethics-pledge-is-paper-thin/.Google Scholar
Davenport, C.. “Interior Chief’s Lobbying Past Has Challenged the Agency’s Ethics Referees.” New York Times, November 9, 2019.Google Scholar
Warren, E. and Blumenthal, R.. Concern about Potential Ethics Violations Committed by David Bernhardt, the Acting Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Request for an Inspector General Investigation of Mr. Bernhardt’s Actions. Submitted to M. L. Kendall, deputy inspector general, Department of the Interior, Office of Inspector General. February 28, 2019.Google Scholar
Angelle, S.. “Energy Dominance Requires New Thinking.” Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement Blog (Washington, DC), September 22, 2017. www.bsee.gov/blog-post/energy-dominance-requires-new-thinking.Google Scholar
Milito, E., group director, Upstream and Industry Operations, American Petroleum Institute. Testimony on the Well Control Rule and Other Regulations Related to Offshore Oil and Gas Production in the Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resource. US Senate, 114th Congress. 1st Sess. December 1, 2015.Google Scholar
Davies, R.. “To Repeal or Not to Repeal: Reviewing the US Well Control Rule.” Offshore Technology.com, September 14, 2017. www.offshore-technology.com/features/featureto-repeal-or-not-to-repeal-reviewing-the-us-well-control-rule-5885387.Google Scholar
Leatherman, G.. “NOIA Sees Trump Administration As Friend to Offshore Energy.” Ocean News and Technology, April 7, 2017. www.oceannews.com/news/energy/noia-sees-trump-administration-as-friend-to-offshore-energy.Google Scholar
Oil and Gas and Sulphur Operations on the Outer Continental Shelf-Oil and Gas Production Safety Systems: Final Rule. 30 Code of Federal Regulations 250. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. 83 Federal Register 49216–49263 (September 28, 2018) www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/09/28/2018-21197/oil-and-gas-and-sulphur-operations-on-the-outer-continental-shelf-oil-and-gas-production-safety.Google Scholar
Mann, T.. “US Warns Drillers about Bolts – Failure of Fasteners Could Result in an Oil Spill on the Scale of 2010 Disaster, Say.” Wall Street Journal, August 30, 2016.Google Scholar
Oil and Gas and Sulfur Operations in the Outer Continental Shelf-Blowout Preventer Systems and Well Control Revisions: Final Rule. 30 Code of Federal Regulations 250. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. 84 Federal Register 21908–21985 (May 15, 2019). www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/15/2019-09362/oil-and-gas-and-sulfur-operations-in-the-outer-continental-shelf-blowout-preventer-systems-and-well.Google Scholar
Department of Transportation. Blowout Prevention System Safety: 2017 Annual Report (Washington, DC: 2017). www.safeocs.gov/2017_WCR_Annual_Report_v4.pdf.Google Scholar
Voitier, M. and Hoskins, D.. Dirty Drilling: Trump Administration Proposals Weaken Key Safety Protections and Radically Expand Offshore Drilling. Oceana (April 2019).Google Scholar
Friedman, L.. “Ten Years after Deepwater Horizon, US Is Still Vulnerable to Big Spills.” New York Times, April 20, 2020.Google Scholar
Frosh, B. E., attorney general of Maryland. Docket ID No. BSEE-2017-0008; RIN 1014-AA37Oil and Gas and Sulphur Operations on the Outer Continental Shelf – Oil and Gas Production Safety Systems – Revisions. Submitted to S. A. Angelle, director, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. January 29, 2018.Google Scholar
Eaton, C., associate attorney, Earthjustice. Oil and Gas and Sulfur Operations in the Outer Continental Shelf – Blowout Preventer Systems and Well Control Revisions, 83 Fed. Reg. 22,128 (May 11, 2018), Docket No. BSEE-2018-0002. Submitted to S. A. Angelle, director, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. August 6, 2018.Google Scholar
Hoskins, D., campaign director, Climate and Energy, Oceana. Oil and Gas Sulfur Operations in the Outer Continental Shelf – Blowout Preventer Systems and Well Control Revisions; 83 Fed. Reg. 22,128 (May 11, 2018; Dkt. No. BSEE-2018-0002; RIN 1014-AA39). Submitted to S. A. Angelle, director, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. August 6, 2018.Google Scholar
Mann, T.. “When Safety Rules on Oil Drilling Were Changed, Some Staff Objected. Those Notes Were Cut.” Wall Street Journal, February 26, 2020.Google Scholar
Energy Information Administration. US Gulf of Mexico Crude Oil Production to Continue at Record Highs through 2019 (April 11, 2018). www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=35732.Google Scholar
Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. Oil and Gas and Sulphur Operations in the Outer Continental Shelf – Blowout Preventer Systems and Well Control: Regulatory Impact Analysis, Technical report. RIN 1014-AA11, 30 CFR Part 250 (April 2016).Google Scholar
Mufson, S.. “BP’s Big Spill for the World’s Largest Oil Spill Reaches $61.6 Billion.” Washington Post, July 14, 2016. www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/bps-big-bill-for-the-worlds-largest-oil-spill-now-reaches-616-billion/2016/07/14/7248cdaa-49f0-11e6-acbc-4d4870a079da_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.2ddcd3bf74c6.Google Scholar
Bishop, R. C. et al. “Putting a Value on Injuries to Natural Assets: The BP Oil Spill.” Science 356, no. 6335 (2017): 253–254.Google Scholar
Oil and Gas and Sulphur Operations on the Outer Continental Shelf-Oil and Gas Productions Safety Systems – Revisions: Proposed Rule. 30 Code of Federal Regulations 250. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/12/29/2017-27309/oil-and-gas-and-sulphur-operations-on-the-outer-continental-shelf-oil-and-gas-production-safety.Google Scholar
De Sousa, T. P.. “Oil over Troubled Waters: Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker and the Supreme Court’s Determination of Punitive Damages in Maritime Law.” Villanova Environmental Law Journal 20, no. 2 (2009): 247–273.Google Scholar
Carson, R. T. et al. “Contingent Valuation and Lost Passive Use: Damages from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.” Environmental and Resource Economics 25, no. 3 (2003): 257–286.Google Scholar
Lee-Ashley, M.. 10 Years after Deepwater Horizon, Oil Spills and Accidents Are on the Rise. Center for American Progress (Washington, DC: March 3, 2020). www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2020/03/03/481027/10-years-deepwater-horizon-oil-spills-accidents-rise/.Google Scholar
Fears, D.. “US Suspends Study Aimed at Making Offshore Drilling Safer.” Washington Post, December 26, 2017.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Statement on Stop-Work Order for National Academies Study on the Department of the Interior’s Offshore Oil and Gas Operations Inspection Program. December 21, 2017.Google Scholar
US Congress. House. Safe Coasts, Oceans, And Seaside Towns Act [the Safe COAST Act]. H.R. 1335. 116th Congress. 2nd sess. Introduced in House, February 25, 2019.Google Scholar
Office of Nanette Diaz Barragán, congresswoman of California’s 44th District. “Barragán, Buchanan, Crist, Price and Rooney Announce Offshore Drilling Safety Bill.” News release, May 7, 2019. https://barragan.house.gov/barragan-buchanan-crist-price-and-rooney-announce-offshore-drilling-safety-bill.Google Scholar
Contorno, S.. “Marco Rubio and Rick Scott Want 10-year Ban on Drilling off Florida Coast in Senate Energy Bill.” Tampa Bay Times, March 4, 2020. www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2020/03/04/marco-rubio-and-rick-scott-want-10-year-ban-on-drilling-off-florida-coast-in-senate-energy-bill.Google Scholar
Daly, M.. “Senate Confirms Ex-lobbyist David Bernhardt to Lead Interior.” Associated Press, April 11, 2019. https://federalnewsnetwork.com/people/2019/04/senate-confirms-ex-lobbyist-david-bernhardt-to-lead-interior/+&cd=13&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-b-1-d.Google Scholar
Murkowski, L.. Remarks during the Hearing on the National Commission Report on the BP Oil Spill, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. US Senate, 112th Congress, 1st sess. January 26, 2011.Google Scholar
US Congress. Senate. Big Oil Bailout Prevention Unlimited Liability Act of 2018. S. 3757. Introduced in Senate December 13, 2018.Google Scholar
Greenstone, M, professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Testimony at the Hearing on Liability and Financial Responsibility for Oil Spills under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and Related Statutes, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. House of Representatives, 111th Congress, 2nd Sess. June 9, 2010.Google Scholar
Boesch, D.. Testimony at the Hearing on H.R. 2231, Offshore Energy and Jobs Act Part 1 and 2, Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources, Committee on Natural Resources. June 11, 2013.Google Scholar
US Congress. Senate. Spill Response and Prevention Surety Act. S. 865. Introduced in Senate, 116th Sess. March 25, 2019.Google Scholar
Cohen, M. A. et al. “Deepwater Drilling: Law, Policy and Economics of Firm Organization and Safety.” Vanderbilt Law Review 64 (2011): 1853–1916.Google Scholar
Green, M. and Beitsch, R.. “David Bernhardt Confirmed As New Interior Chief.” The Hill, April 11, 2019. https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/438460-david-bernhardt-confirmed-as-new-interior-chief.Google Scholar
Hearing on “Stakeholder Perspectives on the Importance of the US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board.” Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. 116th Congress, 2nd Sess. January 29, 2020.Google Scholar
Natter, A.. “Trump to Again Propose Eliminating Chemical Safety Board, Official Says.” Bloomberg, July 25, 2018. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-01/trump-said-to-again-propose-eliminating-chemical-safety-board.Google Scholar
Johnson, J.. “Chemical Safety Board Faces an Uncertain Future Despite Strong Backing. Now Down to Two Members, the Board Will Have None Come August.” Chemical and Engineering News 98, no. 5 (January 30, 2020). https://cen.acs.org/safety/industrial-safety/Chemical-Safety-Board-faces-uncertain/98/i5+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-b-1-d.Google Scholar
Healthy Gulf v. David Bernhardt, US Department of Interior, Scott Angelle, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, No. 1:19-cv-02894 (D.C. Cir. 2019).Google Scholar
Herbst, A. F., Marshall, J. F. and Wingender, J.. “An Analysis of the Stock Market’s Response to the Exxon Valdez Disaster.” Global Finance Journal 7, no. 1 (1996): 101–114.Google Scholar
Lee, Y.-G. and Garza-Gomez, X.. “Total Cost of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Reflected in US Stock Market.” Journal of Accounting and Finance 12, no. 1 (2012): 73–83.Google Scholar
Walton, G., vice president, Washington Office, ExxonMobil Corporation. Docket ID. No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2017-0483-Oil and Natural Gas Sector: Emission Standards for New, Reconstructed and Modified Sources Reconsideration: Proposed Rule (October 15, 2018). Submitted to Environmental Protection Agency. December 17, 2018.Google Scholar
Krause, C.. “Trump’s Methane Rule Rollback Divides Oil and Gas Industry.” New York Times, August 29, 2019.Google Scholar
Hammer, D.. “Thousands of Cleanup Workers That Claim BP Oil Spill Made Them Sick Haven’t Had Their Day in Court.” WZZM13, April 20, 2018. www.wzzm13.com/article/news/local/investigations/david-hammer/thousands-of-cleanup-workers-that-claim-bp-oil-spill-made-them-sick-havent-had-their-day-in-court/289-543806235.Google Scholar
Popper, A. F.. “Capping Incentives, Capping Innovation, Courting Disaster: The Gulf Oil Spill and Arbitrary Limits on Civil Liability.” DePaul Law Review 60, no. 4 (2011): 975–1006.Google Scholar