Book contents
- Alexithymia
- Alexithymia
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Part I History, Assessment, and Cultural Shaping of Alexithymia
- Part II Emotion and Cognitive Processing
- Part III Clinical Issues and Somatic and Psychiatric Pathology
- Chapter 7 Alexithymia and Physical Illness: A Psychosomatic Approach
- Chapter 8 Attachment, Trauma, and Alexithymia
- Chapter 9 Relations between Alexithymia and Depressive and Anxiety Disorders and Personality
- Chapter 10 Alexithymia and Maladaptive Regulatory Behaviors in Substance Use Disorders and Eating Disorders
- Chapter 11 Social and Interpersonal Implications of Alexithymia
- Chapter 12 Therapeutic Issues
- Part IV Biological Considerations
- Part V Concluding Remarks
- Index
- References
Chapter 8 - Attachment, Trauma, and Alexithymia
from Part III - Clinical Issues and Somatic and Psychiatric Pathology
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 September 2018
Book contents
- Alexithymia
- Alexithymia
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Part I History, Assessment, and Cultural Shaping of Alexithymia
- Part II Emotion and Cognitive Processing
- Part III Clinical Issues and Somatic and Psychiatric Pathology
- Chapter 7 Alexithymia and Physical Illness: A Psychosomatic Approach
- Chapter 8 Attachment, Trauma, and Alexithymia
- Chapter 9 Relations between Alexithymia and Depressive and Anxiety Disorders and Personality
- Chapter 10 Alexithymia and Maladaptive Regulatory Behaviors in Substance Use Disorders and Eating Disorders
- Chapter 11 Social and Interpersonal Implications of Alexithymia
- Chapter 12 Therapeutic Issues
- Part IV Biological Considerations
- Part V Concluding Remarks
- Index
- References
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- AlexithymiaAdvances in Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice, pp. 127 - 141Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2018
References
Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A., and Taylor, G.J. (1994). The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – I. Item selection and cross‑validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23–32.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., and Parker, J.D.A. (1994). The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 33–40.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., Parker, J.D.A., et al. (2006). The development of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia: Item selection, factor structure, reliability and concurrent validity. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75, 25–39.Google Scholar
Barbasio, C. and Granieri, A. (2013). Emotion regulation and mental representation of attachment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A study using the Adult Attachment Interview. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201, 304–310.Google Scholar
Beckes, L., Ijzerman, H., and Tops, M. (2015). Toward a radically embodied neuroscience of attachment and relationships. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 266.Google Scholar
Berenbaum, H. (1996). Childhood abuse, alexithymia and personality disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 585–595.Google Scholar
Bermond, B., Moormann, P.P., Albach, F., et al. (2008). Impact of severe childhood sexual abuse on the development of alexithymia in adulthood. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77, 260–262.Google Scholar
Bermond, B. and Vorst, H.C. (1998). Validity and Reliability of Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript. The Netherlands: University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Bernard, K. and Dozier, M. (2010). Examining infants’ cortisol response to laboratory tasks among children varying in attachment disorganization: Stress reactivity or return to baseline? Developmental Psychology, 46, 1771–1778.Google Scholar
Besharat, M.A. and Khajavi, Z. (2013). The relationship between attachment styles and alexithymia: Mediating role of defense mechanisms. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6, 571–576.Google Scholar
Bifulco, A. and Thomas, G. (2012). Understanding Adult Attachment in Family Relationships: Research, Assessment and Intervention. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and Loss, vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss, vol. 2. Separation: Anger and Anxiety. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. In Bretherton, I. and Waters, E. (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1–2), Serial No. 299, 3–35.Google Scholar
Bucci, W. (1997a). Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Science: A Multiple Code Theory. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bucci, W. (1997b). Symptoms and symbols: A multiple code theory of somatization. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 17, 151–172.Google Scholar
Bucci, W. (2007). Dissociation from the perspective of multiple code theory, Part I: Psychological roots and implications for psychoanalytic treatment. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 43, 165–184.Google Scholar
Carlson, E.A. (1998). A prospective longitudinal study of attachment disorganization/disorientation. Child Development, 69, 1107–1128.Google Scholar
Carpenter, L. and Chung, M.C. (2011). Childhood trauma in obsessive compulsive disorder: The roles of alexithymia and attachment. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84, 367–388.Google Scholar
Chung, M.C., Di, X., and Wan, K.H. (2016). Past trauma, alexithymia, and posttraumatic stress among perpetrators of violent crime. Traumatology, 22, 104–112.Google Scholar
Craparo, G., Ardino, V., Gori, A., et al. (2014a). The relationships between early trauma, dissociation, and alexithymia in alcohol addiction. Psychiatry Investigation, 11, 330–335.Google Scholar
Craparo, G., Gori, A., Mazzola, E., et al. (2014b). Posttraumatic stress symptoms, dissociation, and alexithymia in an Italian sample of flood victims. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 2281–2284.Google Scholar
Craparo, G., Gori, A., Petruccelli, I., et al. (2014c). Intimate partner violence: Relationships between alexithymia, depression, attachment styles, and coping strategies of battered women. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11, 1484–1494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damasio, A. (2003). Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain. London: Harvest Books.Google Scholar
De Rick, A. and Vanheule, S. (2006). The relationship between perceived parenting, adult attachment style and alexithymia in alcoholic inpatients. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1265–1270.Google Scholar
Deborde, A.S., Miljkovitch, R., Roy, C., et al. (2012). Alexithymia as a mediator between attachment and the development of borderline personality disorder in adolescence. Journal of Personality Disorders, 26, 676–688.Google Scholar
DeClercq, F., Vanheule, S., and Deheegher, J. (2010). Alexithymia and posttraumatic stress: Subscales and symptom clusters. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 1076–1089.Google Scholar
Di Trani, M., Renzi, A., Vari, C., et al. (2016). Gambling disorder and affect regulation: The role of alexithymia and attachment style. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33, 649–659.Google Scholar
Dvir, Y., Ford, J.D., Hill, M., et al. (2014). Childhood maltreatment, emotional dysregulation, and psychiatric comorbidities. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 22, 149–161.Google Scholar
Edel, M.A., Edel, S., Krüger, M., et al. (2015). Attachment, recalled parental rearing, and ADHD symptoms predict emotion processing and alexithymia in adults with ADHD. Annals of General Psychiatry, 14. Art. ID: 43.Google Scholar
Eichhorn, S., Brähler, E., Franz, M., et al. (2014). Traumatic experiences, alexithymia, and posttraumatic symptomatology: A cross-sectional population-based study in Germany. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5. Art. ID: PMC4149745.Google Scholar
Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., et al. (2009). Childhood abuse and neglect as a risk factor for alexithymia in adult male substance dependent inpatients. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 41, 85–92.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P.G., Gergely, G.G., Jurist, E., et al. (2002). Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. New York: Other Press.Google Scholar
Ford, J.D. (2005). Treatment implications of altered neurobiology, affect regulation and information processing following child abuse. Psychiatric Annals, 35, 410–419.Google Scholar
Fossati, A., Acquarini, E., Feeney, J.A., et al. (2009). Alexithymia and attachment insecurities in impulsive aggression. Attachment & Human Development, 11, 165–182.Google Scholar
Fraley, R.C. and Davis, K.E. (1997). Attachment formation and transfer in young adults’ close friendships and romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 4, 131–144.Google Scholar
Franzoni, E., Gualandi, S., Caretti, V., et al. (2013). The relationship between alexithymia, shame, trauma, and body image disorders: Investigation over a large clinical sample. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 185–193.Google Scholar
Frewen, P.A., Dozois, D.J., Neufeld, R.W., et al. (2008b). Meta-analysis of alexithymia in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 243–246.Google Scholar
Frewen, P.A., Lanius, R.A., Dozois, D.J., et al. (2008a). Clinical and neural correlates of alexithymia in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 171–181.Google Scholar
Gaher, R.M., O’Brien, C., Smiley, P., and Hahn, A.M. (2016). Alexithymia, coping styles and traumatic stress symptoms in a sample of veterans who experienced military sexual trauma. Stress and Health, 32, 55–62.Google Scholar
Gao, W., Zhao, J., Li, Y., et al. (2015). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in first time myocardial infarction patients: Roles of attachment and alexithymia. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71, 2575–2584.Google Scholar
Gergely, G. and Watson, J.S. (1996). The social biofeedback theory of parental affect-mirroring. The development of self-awareness and self-control in infancy. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 77, 1191–1212.Google Scholar
Gil, F.P., Scheidt, C.E., Hoeger, D., et al. (2008). Relationship between attachment style, parental bonding and alexithymia in adults with somatoform disorders. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 38, 437–451.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, R.E. and Freyd, J.J. (2005). Awareness for emotional abuse. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5, 95–123.Google Scholar
Güleç, M.Y., Altintaş, M., İnanç, L., et al. (2013). Effects of childhood trauma on somatization in major depressive disorder: The role of alexithymia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 146, 137–141.Google Scholar
Hertsgaard, L., Gunnar, M., Erickson, M.F., et al. (1995). Adrenocortical responses to the strange situation in infants with disorganized/disoriented attachment relationships. Child Development, 66, 1100–1106.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, M.M., Zachariae, R., Skytthe, A., et al. (2007). Genetic and environmental factors in alexithymia: A population-based study of 8,785 Danish twin pairs. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 369–375.Google Scholar
Joukamaa, M., Luutonen, S., von Reventlow, H., et al. (2008). Alexithymia and childhood abuse among patients attending primary and psychiatric care: Results of the RADEP study. Psychosomatics, 49, 317–325.Google Scholar
Koelen, J.A., Eurelings-Bontekoe, L.H., and Kempke, S. (2016). Cognitive alexithymia mediates the association between avoidant attachment and interpersonal problems in patients with somatoform disorder. Journal of Psychology, 150, 725–742.Google Scholar
Koelen, J.A., Eurelings-Bontekoe, E.H., Stuke, F., et al. (2015). Insecure attachment strategies are associated with cognitive alexithymia in patients with severe somatoform disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 49, 264–278.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1968). Massive Psychic Trauma. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1978). Trauma and affects. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 33, 81–116.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1982–1983). Alexithymia and the effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 9, 353–388.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1988). Integration and Self-healing: Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.Google Scholar
LeDoux, J.E. (2003). Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Lyons-Ruth, K., Dutra, L., Schuder, M.R., et al. (2006). From infant attachment disorganization to adult dissociation: Relational adaptations or traumatic experiences? Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29, 63–86.Google Scholar
Main, M. (1991). Metacognitive knowledge, metacognive monitoring, and singular (coherent) vs. multiple (incoherent) models of attachment: Findings and directions for future research. In Harris, P., Stevenson-Hinde, J., and Parker, C. (Eds.), Attachment Across the Life Cycle, pp. 127–159. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Main, M., Goldwyn, R., and Hesse, E. (1984–2003). Adult Attachment Scoring and Classification Systems. Unpublished manuscript. Berkeley, CA: University of California.Google Scholar
Maunder, R.G. and Hunter, J.J. (2008). Attachment relationships as determinants of physical health. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 36, 11–32.Google Scholar
McDougall, J. (1989). Theaters of the Body: A Psychoanalytic Approach to Psychosomatic Illness. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Messina, A., Beadle, J.N., and Paradiso, S. (2014). Towards a classification of alexithymia: Primary, secondary and organic. Journal of Psychopathology, 20, 38–49.Google Scholar
Montebarocci, O., Codispoti, M., Baldaro, B., et al. (2004). Adult attachment style and alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 499–507.Google Scholar
Ogawa, J.R., Sroufe, L.A., Weinfield, N.S., et al. (1997). Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 855–879.Google Scholar
Oskis, A., Clow, A., Hucklebridge, F., et al. (2013). Understanding alexithymia in female adolescents: The role of attachment style. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 97–102.Google Scholar
Paivio, S.C. and McCulloch, C.R. (2004). Alexithymia as a mediator between childhood trauma and self-injurious behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 339–354.Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. and Biven, L. (2012). The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Parker, J.D., Keefer, K.V., Taylor, G.J., et al. (2008). Latent structure of the alexithymia construct: A taxometric investigation. Psychological Assessment, 20, 385–396.Google Scholar
Picardi, A., Toni, A., and Caroppo, E. (2005). Stability of alexithymia and its relationships with the “big five” factors, temperament, character, and attachment style. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 74, 371–378.Google Scholar
Porges, S.W. (2011). The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-regulation. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Ruesch, J. (1948). The infantile personality: The core problem of psychosomatic medicine. Psychosomatic Medicine, 10, 134–144.Google Scholar
Schimmenti, A. (2017). The developmental roots of dissociation: A multiple mediation analysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 34, 96–105.Google Scholar
Schimmenti, A. and Bifulco, A. (2015). Linking lack of care in childhood to anxiety disorders in emerging adulthood: The role of attachment styles. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 20, 41–48.Google Scholar
Schimmenti, A. and Caretti, V. (2016). Linking the overwhelming with the unbearable: Developmental trauma, dissociation, and the disconnected self. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 33, 106–128.Google Scholar
Schimmenti, A., Passanisi, A., Caretti, V., et al. (2017). Traumatic experiences, alexithymia, and Internet addiction symptoms among late adolescents: A moderated mediation analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 314–320.Google Scholar
Schimmenti, A., Passanisi, A., Pace, U., et al. (2014). The relationship between attachment and psychopathy: A study with a sample of violent offenders. Current Psychology, 33, 256–270.Google Scholar
Schore, A.N. (1994). Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Schore, A.N. (2003). Affect Regulation and the Repair of the Self. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Sifneos, P.E. (1988). Alexithymia and its relationship to hemispheric specialization, affect, and creativity. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 11, 287–292.Google Scholar
Simpson, J.A., Collins, W.A., Tran, S., et al. (2007). Attachment and the experience and expression of emotions in romantic relationships: A developmental perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 355–367.Google Scholar
Slade, A. (1999). Representation, symbolization, and affect regulation in the concomitant treatment of a mother and child: Attachment theory and child psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 19, 797–830.Google Scholar
Steele, R.D., Waters, T.E., Bost, K.K., et al. (2014). Caregiving antecedents of secure base script knowledge: A comparative analysis of young adult attachment representations. Developmental Psychology, 50, 2526–2538.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J. (1987). Psychosomatic Medicine and Contemporary Psychoanalysis. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J. (2010). Affects, trauma, and mechanisms of symptom formation: A tribute to John C. Nemiah, MD (1918–2009). Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 79, 339–349.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., Kushner, S.C., et al. (2014). Alexithymia and adult attachment representations: Associations with the five-factor model of personality and perceived relationship adjustment. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, 1258–1268.Google Scholar
Terock, J., Van der Auwera, S., Janowitz, D., et al. (2016). From childhood trauma to adult dissociation: The role of PTSD and alexithymia. Psychopathology, 49, 374–382.Google Scholar
Teten, A.L., Miller, L.A., Bailey, S.D., et al. (2008). Empathic deficits and alexithymia in trauma-related impulsive aggression. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 26, 823–832.Google Scholar
Thorberg, F.A., Young, R.M., Sullivan, K.A., et al. (2011). Attachment security and alexithymia in a heavy drinking sample. Addiction Research & Theory, 19, 566–570.Google Scholar
Troisi, A., D’Argenio, A., Peracchio, F., et al. (2001). Insecure attachment and alexithymia in young men with mood symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189, 311–316.Google Scholar
van Dijke, A., Ford, J.D., van der Hart, O., et al. (2011). Childhood traumatization by primary caretaker and affect dysregulation in patients with borderline personality disorder and somatoform disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2. Art. ID: PMC3402130.Google Scholar
Waters, T.E., Ruiz, S.K., & Roisman, G.I. (2017). Origins of secure base script knowledge and the developmental construction of attachment representations. Child Development, 88, 198–209.Google Scholar
Wearden, A., Cook, L., and Vaughan-Jones, J. (2003). Adult attachment, alexithymia, symptom reporting, and health-related coping. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 55, 341–347.Google Scholar
Wearden, A.J., Lamberton, N., Crook, N., et al. (2005). Adult attachment, alexithymia, and symptom reporting: An extension to the four category model of attachment. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 279–288.Google Scholar
Wingenfeld, K., Riedesel, K., Petrovic, Z., et al. (2011). Impact of childhood trauma, alexithymia, dissociation, and emotion suppression on emotional Stroop task. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 70, 53–58.Google Scholar
Wise, T.N., Mann, L.S., Mitchell, J.D., et al. (1990). Secondary alexithymia: An empirical validation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31, 284–288.Google Scholar
Yearwood, K., Vliegen, N., Luyten, P., et al. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Alexithymia Questionnaire for Children in a Peruvian sample. Revista de Psicología, 35, 97–124.Google Scholar
Yelsma, P., Hovestadt, A.J., Nilsson, J.E., et al. (1998). Clients’ positive and negative expressiveness within their families and alexithymia. Psychological Reports, 82, 563–569.Google Scholar
Zlotnick, C., Mattia, J.I., and Zimmerman, M. (2001). The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, childhood trauma and alexithymia in an outpatient sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 177–188.Google Scholar
Zou, Z., Huang, Y., Wang, J., et al. (2016). Association of childhood trauma and panic symptom severity in panic disorder: Exploring the mediating role of alexithymia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 206, 133–139.Google Scholar
- 10
- Cited by