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2 - The historical context of the green box

from PART I - The recent evolution of agricultural trade policy reform

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 May 2010

By
Néstor Stancanelli
Edited by
Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz ,
Christophe Bellmann  and
Jonathan Hepburn
Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz
Affiliation:
ICTSD, Geneva, Switzerland
Christophe Bellmann
Affiliation:
ICTSD, Geneva, Switzerland
Jonathan Hepburn
Affiliation:
ICTSD, Geneva, Switzerland
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Summary

Some history

The International Economy

The long-term growth and composition of international trade depends, at the economic level, upon changes in demand and, ultimately, production patterns, and at the political level, on the interaction of conflicts of interest and cooperative efforts among different national states and regions. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), from its inception after the Second World War, and the World Trade Organization (WTO), from 1994 onwards, are clear examples of the struggle to reign over these conflicts of interest and, at the same time, to adapt multilateral institutions to the changing patterns of the international economy. Agriculture by itself is an ideal field of research to test these changes in demand and the political interaction already referred to.

From an economic point of view, for more than 60 years after the crisis of 1929, farming production was affected by decreasing income elasticity of demand, meaning that its share in total consumption diminished at the same time as income grew. This process, which can be called the autonomous trend of demand, led to changes in world relative prices (terms of trade) between agriculture and manufactured goods.

The adjustment in supply that should have followed as a result of this change was nevertheless not automatic, depending on the commercial policies followed at the national level.

Type
Chapter
Information
Agricultural Subsidies in the WTO Green Box
Ensuring Coherence with Sustainable Development Goals
 , pp. 19 - 35
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

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References

Arthur Dunkel Draft of a Final Act (December 1991).Google Scholar
“Domestic Support: The basis for exemption from the reduction commitment” (green box, MTN.GNG/AG/W/1/Add.3) (August 1991).Google Scholar
Note by the Chairman, “Options in the Agriculture Negotiations” (MTN.GNG/AG/W/1) (June 1991).Google Scholar
“The De Zeeuw Text on Agriculture” (MTN.GNG.NG5/W/170) (July 1990).Google Scholar
The Ministerial Declaration of Punta del Este (20 September 1986).Google Scholar
Uruguay Round Final Act, Marrakesh (April 1994).Google Scholar
“Cairns Group Proposal to the Uruguay Round Negotiating Group on Agriculture” (MTN. GNG/NG5/W/21) (26 October 1987).Google Scholar
“An Approach for a Concerted Reduction of Support in the Long Term” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/82) (21 October 1988).Google Scholar
“European Communities Proposal For Multilateral Trade Negotiations on Agriculture” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/19) (26 October 1987).Google Scholar
“Global proposal on the Long Term Objectives of the Negotiations” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/145) (20 December 1989).Google Scholar
“The EEC Approach on the Aggregate Measure of Support” (MTN. GNG/NG5/W/96) (10 July 1989).Google Scholar
“Elaboration of the United States Proposal on Agriculture. The Aggregate Measure of Support” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/75) (13 September 1988).Google Scholar
“United States Proposal for Negotiations on Agriculture” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/14) (7 July 1987).Google Scholar
“The Evolution of International Trade” (Haberler Report) (October 1958).Google Scholar
“Trade Policies for a Better Future” (The Leutwiler Report) (1987).Google Scholar
International Trade Statistics (several years).Google Scholar
“Decoupling: a Conceptual Overview” (Jesús Antón) (1999).Google Scholar
“Decoupling Open Questions” (Jesús Antón) (2005).Google Scholar
OECD, Agricultural Reports (1988–2007).Google Scholar
“Policy Brief. Decoupling Agricultural support from Production” (November 2006).Google Scholar
“The impact on investment and production of different agricultural policy instruments. Principal Findings” (Jesús Antón) (June 2005).Google Scholar
“Agriculture and the GATT: Rewriting the Rules”, Institute for International Economics, Geneva (September 1987).Google Scholar
“Foreign Trade in the Present and a New International Economic Order”, University of Fribourg (1988).Google Scholar
IMF And World Bank Annual Reports.Google Scholar
“Trading for Growth: The next Round of Trade Negotiations”, Institute for International Economics, Geneva (September 1985).Google Scholar
Arthur Dunkel Draft of a Final Act (December 1991).Google Scholar
“Domestic Support: The basis for exemption from the reduction commitment” (green box, MTN.GNG/AG/W/1/Add.3) (August 1991).Google Scholar
Note by the Chairman, “Options in the Agriculture Negotiations” (MTN.GNG/AG/W/1) (June 1991).Google Scholar
“The De Zeeuw Text on Agriculture” (MTN.GNG.NG5/W/170) (July 1990).Google Scholar
The Ministerial Declaration of Punta del Este (20 September 1986).Google Scholar
Uruguay Round Final Act, Marrakesh (April 1994).Google Scholar
“Cairns Group Proposal to the Uruguay Round Negotiating Group on Agriculture” (MTN. GNG/NG5/W/21) (26 October 1987).Google Scholar
“An Approach for a Concerted Reduction of Support in the Long Term” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/82) (21 October 1988).Google Scholar
“European Communities Proposal For Multilateral Trade Negotiations on Agriculture” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/19) (26 October 1987).Google Scholar
“Global proposal on the Long Term Objectives of the Negotiations” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/145) (20 December 1989).Google Scholar
“The EEC Approach on the Aggregate Measure of Support” (MTN. GNG/NG5/W/96) (10 July 1989).Google Scholar
“Elaboration of the United States Proposal on Agriculture. The Aggregate Measure of Support” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/75) (13 September 1988).Google Scholar
“United States Proposal for Negotiations on Agriculture” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/14) (7 July 1987).Google Scholar
“Cairns Group Proposal to the Uruguay Round Negotiating Group on Agriculture” (MTN. GNG/NG5/W/21) (26 October 1987).Google Scholar
“An Approach for a Concerted Reduction of Support in the Long Term” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/82) (21 October 1988).Google Scholar
“European Communities Proposal For Multilateral Trade Negotiations on Agriculture” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/19) (26 October 1987).Google Scholar
“Global proposal on the Long Term Objectives of the Negotiations” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/145) (20 December 1989).Google Scholar
“The EEC Approach on the Aggregate Measure of Support” (MTN. GNG/NG5/W/96) (10 July 1989).Google Scholar
“Elaboration of the United States Proposal on Agriculture. The Aggregate Measure of Support” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/75) (13 September 1988).Google Scholar
“United States Proposal for Negotiations on Agriculture” (MTN.GNG/NG5/W/14) (7 July 1987).Google Scholar
“The Evolution of International Trade” (Haberler Report) (October 1958).Google Scholar
“Trade Policies for a Better Future” (The Leutwiler Report) (1987).Google Scholar
International Trade Statistics (several years).Google Scholar
“Decoupling: a Conceptual Overview” (Jesús Antón) (1999).Google Scholar
“Decoupling Open Questions” (Jesús Antón) (2005).Google Scholar
OECD, Agricultural Reports (1988–2007).Google Scholar
“Policy Brief. Decoupling Agricultural support from Production” (November 2006).Google Scholar
“The impact on investment and production of different agricultural policy instruments. Principal Findings” (Jesús Antón) (June 2005).Google Scholar
“Agriculture and the GATT: Rewriting the Rules”, Institute for International Economics, Geneva (September 1987).Google Scholar
“Foreign Trade in the Present and a New International Economic Order”, University of Fribourg (1988).Google Scholar
IMF And World Bank Annual Reports.Google Scholar
“Trading for Growth: The next Round of Trade Negotiations”, Institute for International Economics, Geneva (September 1985).Google Scholar

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