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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2021

Amanda C. Demmer
Amanda C. Demmer
Affiliation:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

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Type
Chapter
Information
After Saigon's Fall
Refugees and US-Vietnamese Relations, 1975–2000
 , pp. 311 - 318
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Index

Abrams, Elliot, 121
advocacy. See also congressional advocacy
efforts toward Amerasians, 113, 122–124, 140, 151–153
failures in US policy, 101–110
failures in US-SRV relations, 101–110
for family reunification, 12–13, 107, 128, 138–139
nonexecutive advocacy, 10–16, 137–144
nonstate advocacy, 107, 130
for POWs/MIAs, 139–140, 153
reeducation camps, 12, 13
AFL-CIO, 49, 74
Agent Orange impact, 15
Albright, Madeline, 223
Amerasian Homecoming Act (1987), 8, 152–153
Amerasian Immigration Act (1982) (AIA), 8, 113–114, 122–124, 151
Amerasians. See also South Vietnamese migrants
advocacy efforts toward, 113, 122–124, 140, 151–153
as American responsibility, 130
Black Amerasians, 112
continued detainment of, 100–107
emigration permissions, 209
emigration stalemate, 136–137, 176
introduction to, 6
moral obligation toward, 113
politics of information and, 127–128
US policy toward, 227
American Civil Liberties Union, 49
American Council of Voluntary Agencies, 74
American Immigration and Citizenship Conference, 74
American Jewish Committee, 154
Amnesty International (AI), 12, 73, 104–105, 121, 169, 178, 222–223, 228
Amnesty International’s American chapter (AIUSA), 12, 81, 107–108, 114–115, 178
anticommunism policy, 7–8, 55, 114, 136, 142–143
Armitage, Richard, 40, 112, 179
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), 26, 33, 68–69, 105, 140, 192
Asia Watch, 209–210
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 65, 70, 86, 171
asylum camps, 135
asylum nations, 7, 59, 65, 69, 73, 77, 85–86, 174, 217
Aurora Foundation, 12, 13, 17, 52, 115, 121–122, 130, 137–138, 141–142, 166, 178–179, 222, 228. See also Sagan, Ginetta
Baez, Joan, 106–107, 108
Baker, James, 180, 182–183, 184
Bell, Anthony, 66
Berlin Wall, 147, 165, 179, 230–231
Biden, Joe, 40
boat people crisis, 6, 25, 54–55, 56, 86, 176, 181–182, 227. See also refugees; South Vietnamese migrants
Boschwitz, Rudy, 14, 61, 81, 148, 154, 155, 172–173, 178, 229
Brown, L. Dean, 48
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 70–71, 76, 77, 79
Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM), 212
Bush, George H. W.
POWs/MIAs policies under, 194–195, 197
“Roadmap to US-SRV Normalization,” 165–168, 186–195, 231
US-Vietnamese relations under, 18, 161, 179
Cambodia
Khmer Rouge, 28–29, 70, 75–77
Third Indochina War, 4
US policy toward, 90–91, 92
withdrawal of troops from, 156, 226
Carter, Jimmy
human rights of refugees, 59–62, 88
normalization process and, 62–71, 75–87
US emigration policies under, 103
US leadership role in the normalization process, 87–91
Cherne, Leo, 60–61, 71–72, 73
Childress, Richard, 112, 124, 179
China-US relations, 76, 82, 92, 226
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 7
Christopher, Warren, 220
Church World Services, 74
Citizens Commission on Indochinese Refugees (CCIR), 12, 17, 60–61, 71–76, 79, 83–84, 86–87, 93, 141–142, 228
Clapp, Priscilla, 202
Clarke, Thurston, 41
Clinton, William J., 3, 198, 202–208, 219–220, 223–225
Coalition for a Democratic Majority, 74
Cold War
counterrevolutionary guerillas and, 142
end of, 179
fall of Saigon and, 4, 25
family reunification and, 15–16
resurgence of animosities, 79, 99, 122
thawing of, 145, 160, 168, 171
US-Soviet negotiations, 136
US Vietnam policy and, 76, 77
COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), 77
communism
anticommunism policy, 7–8, 55, 114, 136, 142–143
Da Nang invasion, 23–24, 27–28
opposition to, 114, 128
in post-war Saigon, 1
Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA), 8, 167, 170–171, 174–175, 196–197, 199–200, 209, 214–219, 221–222, 231, 232
Congressional activism/advocacy, 13–14, 19, 25, 34, 35–37, 53, 54, 61, 64, 69–70, 74–75, 81–82, 84, 91, 92, 98–99, 113–114, 120, 123, 131, 133–134, 146–147, 148, 152, 155–156, 168, 168, 172–173, 177–178, 185–186, 187, 188, 190–191, 193, 196, 198, 201, 203, 204, 205–207, 210–211, 214–218, 219, 223, 229–230
Congressional Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, 201–202
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951), 8, 11, 35, 65, 84, 153
counterrevolutionary groups, 133, 142, 157
Coven, Phyllis, 213
Daly, Ed, 27
DeHaan, Dale S., 36, 73
Denney, Stephen, 121
Denton, Jeremiah “Jerry,” 113
diplomatic relations, 75–87, 219–225, 226
doi moi (new thinking), 144–145, 191, 231
Dole, Robert J. “Bob,” 14, 61, 70, 120, 143–144, 211, 229
Dong, Pham Van, 125
Dorminey, A. Blair, 182
Eagleburger, Lawrence, 173, 174
economic migrants, 167, 171
economic relations between the US and Vietnam, 4, 18, 50, 99, 166, 190, 193, 195, 198, 208, 210–211, 213–214, 219, 223
Eilberg, Joshua, 69–70
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 25
emigration policies of US, 103, 131–137, 168, 202–203
evacuation planning/policies
category of evacuees, 43, 44
in fall of Saigon, 1–2, 28–34, 37–40
of Ford, 30–33, 37–40
of Kissinger, 28–29, 39, 42
moral obligation toward evacuees, 38–39, 45, 48, 60, 90
report on, 30, 43
use of American troops, 43
Evian Conference (1938), 89
fall of Saigon
Cold War and, 4, 25
Da Nang invasion, 23–24, 27–28
evacuation planning/policies, 1–2, 28–34, 37–40
Ford administration and, 23, 25–28
introduction to, 17, 23–25
parole power and, 28–44
POW/MIA concerns after, 51–54
refugee resettlement programs, 48–50
summary of, 56–58
Families of Vietnamese Political Prisoners Association (FVPPA), 12, 13, 16, 17, 52, 97, 119, 130
humanitarian progress, 144–154, 155–156, 160, 202, 220–222
influence on US reeducation policy, 166, 168–177, 180–181, 186–195, 228
limits of, 159
over twenty-one policy, 212–213
rise of, 137–144
family reunification
advocacy for, 12–13, 107, 128, 138–139
as driving goal, 43–44, 62, 63, 78–79, 85, 92–93, 100, 123–124, 188
humanitarian aid toward, 15–16, 18, 113–114, 117, 122, 131, 143–144, 189–190, 199, 200, 209
McCain Amendment and, 221
as moral imperative, 148
postwar reconciliation and, 213
preference categories, 103
Ford, Gerald
evacuation policies, 30–33, 37–40
fall of Saigon, 23, 25–28
funding issues for refugee resettlement, 49
moral obligation toward evacuees, 8, 38–39, 60, 173
Operation Frequent Wind, 45–47
presidential nomination and, 53
Vietnam War as “finished,” 44–48
Freedom House, 74
Funseth, Robert F., 140–141, 143–144, 157, 170, 174–175, 176–177
gender politics, 108
Geneva Accords, 71
Geneva Conference, 89–90, 91, 171
Geyelin, Philip L., 109
Giang, Vo Dong, 136–137
Gilchrest, Wayne T., 206
globalization of humanitarian aid, 10
Go Public campaign, 52
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 130, 136, 145
Grassley, Chuck, 201, 230
grassroots-level organizations, 12
Gunderson, Steve, 218
Habib, Philip, 28–29
Hamilton, Lee, 206
Hanh, Nguyen Van, 194
Hartling, Poul, 73
Hatfield Amendment (1987), 153–154
Helms, Jesse, 158, 230
Herrington, Stuart A., 27
Holbrooke, Richard, 63–64, 85–86
Holocaust Commission, 81–82
Holocaust memory, 81–82, 83
human rights
advocacy and formal talks, 208–211
Congressional influence over, 230
continued violation of, 172
diplomatic relations over, 75–87
humanitarianism vs. 10–11, 200, 232–233
impact on international discourse, 90
normalization and, 198–201
politics of information, 71–75
refugees and, 59–62, 88
reunification of families, 56, 63
stalled talks and normalization, 62–71
summary of, 92–93, 225
suspension of diplomatic relations over, 75–87
US leadership role in, 87–91
US policy toward, 10–13, 15, 25
US-SRV relations, 137–144
Humanitarian Operation (HO) Agreement (1989), 8, 168, 175–177, 196, 199–200, 202, 212
“humanitarian reciprocity,” 149
humanitarianism/humanitarian aid. See also Families of Vietnamese Political Prisoners Association
cooperation between organizations, 10
debate over, 177–183
defined, 200
emigration policies and, 103, 131–137
for family reunification, 15–16, 18, 113–114, 117, 122, 131, 143–144, 189–190, 199, 200, 209
globalization of, 10
human rights vs. 10–11, 200, 232–233
introduction to, 5
normalization and, 198–201, 227–228
progress on, 144–154
to refugees, 36–37
specifics of, 200
US definition of, 15–16
US-SRV relations and, 17–18, 129–130
winding down policies, 201–208
WWI, 10
Humanitas International, 106–107, 222
Immigration and Nationality Act (1965), 16, 33, 34, 65
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 34–35, 103, 213
Indochina Action Resource Center, 154
Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act (1975), 50
Ingersoll, Robert J., 34
Inter-Agency Group on POW/MIA Affairs (IAG), 110
Interagency POW/MIA Task Force, 67, 70, 127, 179
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1987), 145
international financial institution (IFI) funding, 208
International Monetary Fund, 3–4, 145, 205, 207
International Rescue Committee (IRC), 12, 71–72
Isaacs, Arnold R., 23, 31
Jackson-Vanik Amendment (1974), 210, 223
Japanese American Internment, 7
The Jews of Silence (Wiesel), 81
Kennedy, Edward M. “Ted,” 14, 36–37, 61, 73, 74–75, 87, 113, 143–144, 155–156, 187–188, 229
Kennedy, John F., 25
Kennerly, David, 32–33
Kerr, Lawrence, 149
Kerry, John, 14, 178, 191, 192–193, 195, 198, 203, 205, 206, 211, 219, 229
Khmer Rouge, 28–29, 70, 75–77, 147
killed in action/body not recovered (KIA/BNR), 111
Kissinger, Henry, 26, 27, 28–29, 39, 42, 45, 53
Korean War, 7
Le Duan, On, 144
the League. 11. See National League of POW/MIA Families League of Nations
League of Wives of American Vietnam Prisoners of War, 51, 97
Levi, Edward, 34
Levin, Carl, 113
long-stayer populations, 54–56, 135–136, 159, 174, 183
Lowman, Shepard “Shep,” 40, 71
Lugar, Richard, 178, 187–188
Mariel Boat Crisis, 117
Martin, Graham, 40–41, 45
McCain, John, 14, 146–147, 156, 178, 185–186, 201, 206, 211, 212, 213, 219, 229
McCain Amendment (1996), 8, 19, 199–200, 221
McCain-Kerry Amendment (1994), 211
McCarran-Walter Act (1952), 16
McFarlane, Robert C., 134
McKinney, Stewart B., 113
migrants. See South Vietnamese migrants
Mills-Griffiths, Ann, 110, 112, 179, 197
Minh, Le Van, 145–146, 151–152
missing in action (MIA). See prisoner of war/missing in action (POW/MIA)
Mondale, Walter, 36, 60, 76, 88–89, 99
moral obligation
by Ford administration, 8, 38–39, 60, 173
toward Amerasians, 113
toward evacuees, 38–39, 45, 48, 49–50, 60, 90
Most Favored Nation (MFN) status, 200, 210
Mrazek, Robert, 146, 151–152
National Association of Evangelicals, 121–122
National Congress of Vietnamese in America, 169
National League of POW/MIA Families, 12, 16, 51–53, 97, 119, 130, 197, 201–202
National Liberation Front, 68
National Security Council (NSC), 62, 67–68, 75, 122
National United Front for the Liberation of Vietnam, 133
Nessen, Ron, 28, 46
New Economic Zones (NEZs), 69, 105, 178
Nixon, Richard
Anticommunism of, 114
Go Public campaign, 52
POW/MIA policies, 52–53
reconstruction aid promise, 3–4, 63
Watergate scandal, 26, 62
non-military combat, 3, 4, 214
nonexecutive advocacy, 10–16, 137–144
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 11–12, 15, 114, 119, 130, 137, 184–186
nonstate advocacy, 107, 130
normalization process. See also US-SRV relations/normalization
after Vietnam War, 2–6
diplomatic relations, 75–87, 219–225
impact on POW/MIA personnel, 9–10, 18, 62–63, 189–195
migration programs, 6–10
nonexecutive actors, 10–16
organizational overview of, 16–19
POWs/MIAs and, 18, 62–63, 189–195
“Roadmap to US-SRV Normalization,” 165–168, 186–195, 231
stalled talks, 62–71
summary of, 92–93, 226–233
US policy debates over, 13–17, 87–91
Oakley, Robert, 78
oceanic migrants, 82, 136
Office of US Coordinator for Refugee Affairs, 84
Operation Baylift, 30–32, 37
Operation Desert Storm, 186–187
Operation Frequent Wind, 45–47
Operation Homecoming, 51, 52–53
Orderly Departure Program (ODP)
bipartisan support of, 92
compliance with, 209
defined, 85–86
diplomatic relations over, 112, 123
emigration through, 7, 8, 117–118, 129, 132, 171–176
expansion of, 170
impact of, 232
suspension of, 153
over twenty-one policy, 212–213
Packwood, Bob, 187–188
parole power, 28–44, 61, 65, 69–70
Peace of Paris Accords (1973), 6, 26, 30, 51, 63–64, 195
Pell, Claiborne, 14, 36, 61, 144, 148, 155–156, 178, 229
Pentagon Papers, 13–14
Peterson, Douglas Brian “Pete,” 14, 206, 219, 223, 229
Phan Hien, 63–64
politics of information, 71–75, 110–119, 127–128
postwar reconciliation, 3, 5, 19, 213, 224, 227, 231
Pot, Pol, 70
President’s Advisory Committee on Refugees, 49
prisoner of war/missing in action (POW/MIA). See also National League of POW/MIA Families
accounting of, 204, 206, 210, 227
advocacy for, 139–140, 153
attention from Hollywood, 19
concerns after fall of Saigon, 51–54
declassification of documents, 204
expanded US approach to, 119–127
flag, 223
humanitarian aid issues over, 179–180, 188
Nixon administration policies, 52–53
normalization process and, 9–10, 18, 62–63, 189–195
office in SRV, 207–208
politics of information on, 110–119
“POW myth,” 133, 139, 201, 204
summary of, 127–128, 225
US belief in return of, 133–135
US policy agenda, 9–10, 15, 17, 100–101
winding down policies, 201–208
Prisoners of Conscience (POC), 105
professionalization of humanitarian aid, 10
Provisional Revolutionary Government, 68
Quang, Phan, 155
Que, Nguyen Dan, 209
Quota Act (1924), 7
racism concerns, 7, 36, 67, 88
Raezer, Thomas, 194
Rajaratnam, S., 86
Rambo films (Rambomania), 133–135, 139, 189
Reagan, Ronald
advocacy for Amerasians, 113
anti-communism of, 136
Berlin Wall address, 147
expanded US approach to POWs/MIAs, 119–127
“family values” rhetoric, 100
presidential nomination and, 53
Rambomania and, 134
US policy on reeducation, 97–101
US-SRV relations, 145
Vietnam War and, 4
reeducation camps
advocacy over, 12, 13
for boat people, 6
diplomatic relations and, 75–87, 219–225
expanded US approach to, 119–127
FVPPA influence on, 166, 168–177, 180–181, 186–195
over twenty-one policy, 212–213
US policy on, 68, 103–107, 114–119
US-SRV relations and, 97–101, 130, 133, 141, 149–151, 153, 157–158
Refugee Act (1980), 8, 61–62, 75, 84–85, 91, 92, 99, 117–118, 126, 153, 183, 229, 230, 233
Refugee Resettlement and Protection Act (1987), 154
refugee status, defined, 8–9, 24
refugees. See also Amerasians; South Vietnamese migrants
boat people crisis, 6, 25, 54–55, 56, 86, 176, 181–182, 227
death of, 27
debate over humanitarian issues, 177–183
disagreements over status, 131–137
expanded US approach to, 119–127
human rights of, 59–62, 88
humanitarian aid to, 36–37
long-stayer populations, 135–136
in Malaysia, 78
moral obligation toward evacuees, 38–39, 45, 48, 49–50, 90
normalization concerns, 211–219
parole power and, 28–44, 61, 65, 69–70
resettlement programs, 48–50, 67–71, 87–91
resettlement/reunification programs, 48–50, 56, 63, 67–71, 87–91, 101–110, 232
“Roadmap to US-SRV Normalization,” 165–168, 186–195, 231
summary of, 195–197
surge of, 62–71
rehabilitation centers, 207
repatriation efforts, 149, 153–154, 171, 214–219
Resettlement Accord, 151–152
Resettlement Opportunities for Vietnamese Refugees (ROVR) (1996), 8, 19, 199, 222, 231
resettlement/reunification programs, 48–50, 56, 63, 67–71, 87–91, 101–110, 232
Ridge, Thomas, 151–152
“Roadmap to US-SRV Normalization” 165–168, 186–195, 231
Rosenblatt, Lionel A., 181–182
Rusch, Theresa L., 212
Sagan, Ginetta, 12–13, 80–81, 106–110, 114–116, 120–122, 127–128, 130, 138, 149, 172, 178–179, 183–184, 222–223, 228. See also Aurora Foundation
Schlesinger, James, 28, 42
Schultz, George, 98, 126–127, 138–139, 147
Schwartz, Eric, 212, 213
Sigur, Gaston J., 129, 157–159
Sino-Vietnamese relations, 75
Smith, Bob, 158, 211, 230
Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV). See also US-SRV relations/normalization
business interest clashes, 166
Clinton delegation to, 205, 207
prevention from joining UN, 50
US embargo on, 99–100, 198, 210
US policy debates over, 13–16, 89–90
US relations with, 1–2, 62, 123
Solarz, Stephen, 14, 61, 70, 123, 182, 229
Solomon, Gerald B. H., 139
Solomon, Richard, 187, 188–189
South Vietnam, 1–2, 3, 226
South Vietnamese migrants. See also Amerasians; refugees
boat people crisis, 6, 25, 54–55, 56, 86, 176, 181–182
economic migrants, 167, 171
legal statuses of, 8
normalization process and, 6–10, 18–19
oceanic migrants, 82, 136
repatriation efforts, 149, 153–154, 171, 214–219
resettlement of, 4, 5
Soviet Union, 16, 121–122, 136, 230–231
Soviet-Vietnamese Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, 82
Stern, Lewis M., 192, 194
Stockdale, Sybil, 51, 108, 118
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 122
suspension of diplomatic relations, 75–87
Sykes, Charles, 212, 215
Tang, Truong Nhu, 68
Thach, Nguyen Co, 112, 116–117, 124, 125–126, 132, 184
Thieu, Nguyen Van, 26, 114, 194
Third Indochina War, 4, 16
Tho, Khuc Minh, 12, 13, 35, 46, 66–67, 77–78, 97, 108, 110, 118–119, 130, 138–141, 146, 149, 155, 168–177, 183, 186, 212–213, 228–229. See also Families of Vietnamese Political Prisoners Association
Tokyo Economic Summit, 87
Top Gun (film), 131, 134
Torres, Art, 180
Trading with the Enemy Act (TWEA), 208
Two-Year Plan, 135, 137
Ullman, Al, 26
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 11, 53, 55–, 65, 73, 78, 80, 88, 89, 117, 132, 167, 173, 4, 222, 232
United Nations Security Council, 180
United States Committee for Refugees (USCR), 125
United States (US)
American paternalism, 6, 32
anti-communism policy, 7–8
Cold War negotiations with the Soviet Union, 136
embargo on SRV, 99–100, 198, 210
emigration policies, 103, 131–137, 168, 202–203
foreign relations and human rights, 10–11
post-Vietnam War impact on, 3–4
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 10, 15, 65, 83, 85, 137–138
US-Chinese relations, 76, 82, 92
US Committee for Refugees, 154
US Department of State, 75
US policy on POWs/MIAs. See prisoner of war/missing in action
US-SRV relations/normalization. See also normalization process
advocacy failures, 101–110
during Bush administration, 18
collaboration between countries, 18–19
Congressional influence over, 230
diplomatic relations, 75–87, 219–225
economic relations, 18
human rights policy, 10–13
introduction to, 129–131
leadership role in normalization process, 87–91
limits of, 154–159
in the 1970s, 17
nonexecutive actors and, 230
nonexecutive advocacy, 137–144
over humanitarianism, 17–18, 196
policy debates over normalization process, 13–17
politics of information and, 110–119
progress on humanitarian aid, 144–154
rebuff of US demands, 131–137
reeducation camps and, 97–101, 130, 133, 141, 149–151, 153, 157–158
refugee status, defined, 8–9, 24
resettlement, 97–101
stalled talks, 62–71
summary of, 160–161
understanding of, 227
Van Es, Hubert, 1
Vance, Cyrus, 64–66
Vessey, John, Jr., 145, 148–149, 179, 203, 210
Vietnam Most Favored Nation Status, 198
Vietnam War
American distance from, 77
anti-Asian racism and, 7
backlash against, 13–14
ending of, 24
as “finished,” 44–48
impact of, 140
normalization after, 2–6
post-war impact on South Vietnam, 3
post-war impact on the United States, 3–4
postwar reconciliation, 3, 5, 19, 213, 224, 227, 231
revisionism of, 98
as “unfinished,” 50–56
Vietnamese American organizations, 169–170
Violations of Human Rights in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, April 30, 1975–April 30, 1983 (Sagan), 120–122, 127–128, 137–138, 178–179
Wain, Barry, 76
Wallace, Mike, 116–117
War Powers Act (1973), 13–14, 25, 39
Washington Special Actions Group (WSAG), 28
Watergate scandal, 26, 62
Westmoreland, William, 211
Weyland, Frederick C., 32–33
Wiesel, Elie, 81
Winter, Roger, 154
Wolf, Frank, 172, 182, 187–188
Wolff, Lester L., 59
Wolfowitz, Paul D., 123–124
World Bank, 3–4, 145

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  • Index
  • Amanda C. Demmer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
  • Book: After Saigon's Fall
  • Online publication: 08 April 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108770354.011
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  • Index
  • Amanda C. Demmer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
  • Book: After Saigon's Fall
  • Online publication: 08 April 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108770354.011
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Amanda C. Demmer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
  • Book: After Saigon's Fall
  • Online publication: 08 April 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108770354.011
Available formats
×