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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2023

Edited by
Daisy Cheung  and
Michael Dunn
Daisy Cheung
Affiliation:
The University of Hong Kong
Michael Dunn
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore

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Type
Chapter
Information
Advance Directives Across Asia
A Comparative Socio-legal Analysis
 , pp. 337 - 342
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

categorisation of jurisdictions, 13, 312
non-regulated jurisdictions, 14, 314
semi-regulated jurisdictions, 14, 312
well-regulated jurisdictions, 13, 312
China’s Mainland, 225
adult guardianship, 226
appointing guardians, 228
Best Interest Principle, 230
maximum respect for true wishes, 230
voluntary guardianship, 229, 232–233, 235, 240
attitudes towards ADs, 236–237
attitudinal and cultural factors, 236–237
awareness of ADs, 236–237
Beijing Living Will Promotion Association, 239
Chinese Medical Doctor Association Code of Ethics, 231, 233–234
Civil Code, 226, 230
LGBT Rights Advocacy China, 240
mental capacity
Civil Code, 228–229
Civil Procedure Law, 229, 235
collusion, 54, 86, 287, 328
comparisons across jurisdictions
conservative features, 315
generative accommodation, 332
key relevant laws or guidelines, 310
lack of awareness, understanding and/or utilisation, 316
non-regulated jurisdictions, 314
role of family, 327
role of religion, 323
semi-regulated jurisdictions, 312
sociocultural and religious influences, 319
specificity of formalities, 321
specificity of regulation, 319
well-regulated jurisdictions, 312
Confucianism, 71, 86, 146, 236, 258, 268
filial piety, 71, 86, 146
conscientious objection, 28, 42, 82
designated form, 30, 41
DNACPR, 138, 141
psychiatric AD, 119
durable power of attorney, 29, 34
euthanasia, 20, 23, 27, 59, 112, 115, 125, 138, 157, 178, 214, 273
active, 93, 97, 244, 249
definition of, 27
passive, 20, 23, 27, 31, 53, 110, 114
family-based decision-making, 53, 71, 80, 82, 86, 88, 146, 168, 181, 184, 194, 237, 258
generative accommodation, 332
Hong Kong S.A.R., 133
attitudes towards ADs, 146
awareness of ADs, 145
emergency rescue personnel, 140–141
Food and Health Bureau
Consultation Paper (2009), 135
Consultation Paper (2019), 137
Consultation Report (2020), 137
Hong Kong Law Reform Commission Consultation Report, 135
Hospital Authority guidelines
do-not-attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR), 136
Guidance for HA Clinicians on ADs in Adults, 136
life-sustaining treatment in the terminally ill, 134
influence of family, 146
legislative proposal, 137
formalities, 139
revocation, 139
safeguards, 140
mental capacity test, 142
common law, 142
Hospital Authority guidelines, 143
Mental Health Ordinance, 143
piecemeal approach, 142
policy developments, 134
sociocultural influences, 144
uptake of ADs, 144
India, 110
Aruna Shanbaug case, 112, 122
Buddhism, 124
Common Cause case (2018), 114
key guidelines, 116
good death, 124
Hinduism, 121, 123–124
Jainism, 124
Judicial magistrate first class, 117
Law Commission of India Reports, 113
medico-cultural context, 125
psychiatric AD, 119, 122
role of the family, 120
scepticism, 121
survey on awareness of ADs, 126
Iran, 150
attitudes towards ADs, 159
criteria for valid AD, 156
cultural beliefs, 169
DNR orders, 160
family-centric patient autonomy, 168
fatwa, 153, 164, 168
future directions, 172
governance of medical practice, 153
three-level hierarchy, 153
government and legislative apparatus, 152
history of medical ethics and law, 151
Iran Charter of Patient Rights, 154, 156–157
Islam, 151, 153, 157, 163
guardianship, 157
principles applying to ADs, 165
Islamic Republic of Iran Medical Council, 154–155
General Guidelines of Professional Ethics (2020), 154, 157
surrogate decision-maker, 157, 162
Israel, 19
Arad case, 22
conscientious objection, 28
continuous treatment, 27, 38
court activism, 21
cultural-religious influence, 35
cyclical treatment, 27
designated form, 30
dying patient, 25
definition of, 25
dying patient (competent), 25–26, 28
definition of, 25
dying patient (incompetent), 25
definition of, 26
dying patient in final stage, 25–28, 30–32, 37
definition of, 25, 28
Dying Patient Act, 24
Guidelines for Implementing the Dying Patient Act, 37
Halakhic law, 23, 28, 32
liberal-secular view, 24–25, 33
public awareness of ADs, 35
Shefer case, 22–23
Tzadok case, 21–22, 32
ultra-orthodox Judaism, 20, 23–24, 32, 35
under-regulation or underutilisation, 31, 33–35, 38–39
Japan, 243
attitudes towards ADs, 254
2018 National Attitude Survey, 254
physician, 255
cultural influences, 255
amae, 259
omakase, 259
reticence, 259
emergency care setting, 253
good death, 260
Imizu Municipal Hospital case, 248
imminence of death, 246
Japan Society for Dying with Dignity, 245, 254
2019 survey, 256
Kawasaki Kyodo Hospital case, 247
nursing home setting, 256–257
Process Guidelines on the Withdrawal of Life-sustaining Treatment, 248
2018 revision, 253
concerns, 250
sociocultural factors, 258
Macao S.A.R., 262
Article 150/2 of Criminal Code, 264, 266–267, 271, 274
presumed consent, 264
attitudes towards ADs, 273
awareness of ADs, 272
influence of family, 268
Kiang Wu Hospital, 270
consent form, 270
Macao Executive, 271
Questions and Future Policy Guidelines for ADs, 272
Malaysia, 174
awareness of ADs, 183
Civil Law Act of 1956, 176
family involvement, 181, 184
Malaysian Medical Council, 178
Mental Health Act 2001, 176
National Palliative Care and Care Policy and Strategy Plan 2019-2030, 174, 189
professional guidelines, 177
Code of Professional Conduct 2019, 179, 181–182
Guidelines on Consent for Treatment of Patients by Registered Medical Practitioners (2017), 179, 181–182
NCORT Guidelines, 179, 181
role of, 180
religious influences, 189
Islamic context
role of physician, 187
role of physicians, 186
sociocultural factors, 184
Pakistan, 276
decision-making by male family members, 284
decision-making role of physicians, 285
healthcare governance structure, 277
healthcare system, 279
lack of financial resources, 289
Mental Health Ordinance 2001, 280
perception of death as taboo, 287
religious influences
Islam, 282
religious interpretation, 292
training for healthcare professionals, 290
Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act 2010, 281
unclear legislative responsibilities, 288
paternalism, 102–103, 125, 188, 217, 231, 290, 298, 319, 327, 329
Philippines, 191
COVID-19 context, 204
ethics guidelines on COVID-19, 204
cultural attitudes
Bahala na, 193–194, 204
disease causation, 192
influence of family, 194
hospital practice, 198
declaration to withdraw or withhold treatment, 201
DNR order, 201–202
instructions regarding ADs, 202–203
living will, 200
next-of-kin laws, 197
notarisation requirements, 202
professional guidelines
role of, 199
psychiatric AD
challenges, 197
National Mental Health Act 2018, 196
religious influences, 192, 202
physician-assisted suicide, 27, 214
psychiatric advance directives, 119, 196
registry, 30, 50, 66
religion
Buddhism, 103–104, 124
Catholicism, 192–193
Christianity, 192
Halakhic law, 23, 28, 32
Hinduism, 121, 123–124
Islam, 157, 163, 187, 281, 292–293, 295–296, 299, 303
Jainism, 124
Judaism, 25, 32, 35
ultra-orthodox Judaism, 20, 23–24, 32, 35
sanctity of life or preservation of life, 23, 25, 157, 165, 282, 296, 323
Saudi Arabia, 293
awareness of ADs
healthcare practitioners, 304
patient, 304
Islam
fatwa, 295, 297, 308
Islamic or Shari’ah law, 293, 295, 299, 303
Fiqhi principles, 300
Hadith of Prophet Muhammad’s death, 299
seeking treatment, 296
sociocultural factors
discussions about death and dying, 307
role of the family, 305
training for healthcare professionals, 308
Singapore, 40
Advance Medical Directive Act 1996, 41
capacity threshold, 42
common law, 41, 47
conscientious objection, 42
criminal offences, 44
Living Matters Programme, 55
Mental Capacity Act 2008, 42, 47, 51
revocation, 47
witnessing of, 47
safeguards, 43
terminal illness certification process, 46
uptake of ADs, 51
South Korea, 57
Act on Hospice and Palliative Care and Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment for Patients at the End of Life (ELDA), 63, 65–66
Advance Statement for Life-Sustaining Treatment, 67, 69
Agency for the Registration of Advance Statements for Life-Sustaining Treatment, 66
Boramae Hospital case, 58
consensus building, 60
Council on the Institutionalisation of Forgoing Life-Sustaining Treatments Report, 60
Death with Dignity Campaign, 62
influence of family, 70
definition of family members, 73
Institutional Ethics Committees, 66
Korean Association of Medical Societies Guidelines, 58
life-sustaining treatment plans, 67, 69
National Agency for the Management of Life-Sustaining Treatment, 66
patients at dying stage, 67–68
definition of, 65
registering institutions, 68
Severance Hospital case, 59
sociocultural factors, 70
Task Force for Decision-Making about Futile Life-Sustaining Treatment Report, 61
terminal patient
definition of, 65
utilisation of ADs, 69
verification of patient intentions, 68
Taiwan, 75
Asian Delphi Taskforce for Advance Care Planning, 88
2019 Taipei Declaration on Advance Care Planning, 88
awareness of ADs, 84
conscientious objection, 82
Hospice Palliative Care Act, 76, 82
concerns, 78
letter of intent, 77
penalties, 78
legislative background, 76, 79
Patient Right to Autonomy Act, 79, 82
advance care planning, 81
advance medical decision, 80
protection from liability, 83
role of the family, 86
utilisation of ADs, 84
Thailand, 90
advocate to clarify intention, 95, 105
Buddhism, 103–104
child ADs, 99
collectivism, 102
flexibility or informality, 95, 105
good death, 102, 104
gratitude towards parents, 104, 108
mental capability assessment, 98, 106
ministerial regulations, 94
National Health Act 2007, 93
National Health Commission Office Guidance Manual, 98
Office of the Council of the State Legal Opinion, 91
palliative care, 96
paternalism, 102–103
physicians’ court case (2011), 97
public attitudes towards ADs, 102
socio-cultural influences, 101
Turkey, 207
attitudes towards ADs, 216
awareness of ADs, 216
Civil Code, 212
Constitution (1982), 212
end-of-life context, 208
Oviedo Convention, 210–211
Patient Rights Regulation, 212
professional guidance
Turkey Society of Intensive Care, 214
Turkey Society of Medical and Surgical Intensive Care, 214
Turkish Medical Association, 215
definition of living will, 215
sociocultural factors
importance of family, 218
paternalism, 217
way forward, 218
undue influence or pressure or inducement, 42, 44, 117, 138, 140, 144, 178, 181
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 123, 142, 227
witnessing, 30, 42, 77, 81, 117, 139, 271
psychiatric AD, 119

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  • Index
  • Edited by Daisy Cheung, The University of Hong Kong, Michael Dunn, National University of Singapore
  • Book: Advance Directives Across Asia
  • Online publication: 02 February 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009152631.022
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  • Index
  • Edited by Daisy Cheung, The University of Hong Kong, Michael Dunn, National University of Singapore
  • Book: Advance Directives Across Asia
  • Online publication: 02 February 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009152631.022
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Edited by Daisy Cheung, The University of Hong Kong, Michael Dunn, National University of Singapore
  • Book: Advance Directives Across Asia
  • Online publication: 02 February 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009152631.022
Available formats
×