Abbreviations

ACP

advance care plan

AD

advance directive

ADRT

advance decision to refuse treatment

AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ALS

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AMD

advance medical directive

AMDA

Advance Medical Directive Act

ARAS

Agency for the Registration of Advance Statements for Life-sustaining Treatment

ASLST

Advance Statement for Life-sustaining Treatment

BLWPA

Beijing Living Will Promotion Association

CC

Criminal Code

CJI

Chief Justice of India

CoE

Code of Ethics

COVID-19

coronavirus disease 2019

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

DNACPR

do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation

DNAR

do not attempt resuscitation

DNR

do-not-resuscitate

DP

dying patient

eHRSS

electronic health record sharing system

ELCP

end-of-life care plan

ELDA

Act on Hospice and Palliative Care and Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment for Patients at the End of Life

FHB

Hong Kong Food and Health Bureau

HDI

Human Development Index

HKLRC

Hong Kong Law Reform Commission

HPCA

Hospice Palliative Care Act

ICU

intensive care unit

IEC

Institutional Ethics Committee

IRIMC

Islamic Republic of Iran Medical Council

IRR

Implementing Rules and Regulations

JMFC

Judicial magistrate first class

KAMS

Korean Association of Medical Societies

LGBT

lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender

LPD

Law on Practicing Doctors

LST

life-sustaining treatment

LSTP

life-sustaining treatment plan

LW

living will

MCA

Mental Capacity Act

MHA

Mental Health Act

MHO

Mental Health Ordinance

MMC

Malaysian Medical Council

MOH

Ministry of Health

MOHME

Ministry of Health and Medical Education

MoNHSRC

Ministry of National Health Services Regulation and Coordination

NCEBR

National Committee for Ethics in Biomedical Research

NCEC

National Clinical Ethics Committee

NCEME

National Committee for Ethics and Medical Education

NCORT

National Committee on Resuscitation Training

NEHR

National Electronic Health Record

NHCO

National Health Commission Office

NHMA

National Mental Health Act

NMEC

National Medical Ethics Committee (Singapore)

OCS

Office of the Council of the State

PAD

psychiatric advance directive

POLST

physician’s order for life-sustaining treatment

PRAA

Patient Right to Autonomy Act

PRC

People’s Republic of China

ReSPECT

Recommended Summary Plan for Emergency Care and Treatment

SA

Saudi Arabia

SCME

Supreme Council on Medical Ethics

SDM

surrogate decision-maker

SMC

Singapore Medical Council

UHC

universal health coverage

UNCRPD

United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities