Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T09:22:24.789Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

19 - Structural imaging of other anxiety disorders

from Section III - Anxiety Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2011

By
José Alexandre de Souza Crippa  and
Geraldo F. Busatto
Edited by
Martha E. Shenton  and
Bruce I. Turetsky
José Alexandre de Souza Crippa
Affiliation:
Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
Geraldo F. Busatto
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry University of São Paulo São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Martha E. Shenton
Affiliation:
VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
Bruce I. Turetsky
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Compared to the other psychiatric conditions, the diagnostic classification of anxiety disorders was developed relatively late within the history of mental health. This is mainly due to the fact that the various disorders currently referred to as anxious were not even recognized as belonging to the same entity. Until recently, this group of conditions was still thought to be of a purely psychological nature. However, current studies have raised new hypotheses linking biological components to the etiology and to specific symptoms of these disorders.

Besides animal research, earlier post-mortem studies and clinical observations, the research area that has contributed most significantly to bringing new insights into the commonalities and differences among the anxiety disorders and their respective neural circuitries is neuroimaging. Neuroimaging techniques permit the in-vivo evaluation of the human brain, allowing a better understanding of its anatomical, functional and metabolic substrate. Among the various neuroimaging methods used, magnetic resonance (MR) is one of the most frequently employed, mainly because of its high image resolution and the ability to differentiate between different tissues, in addition to being harmless to the patient. MR images can also provide diverse qualitative and quantitative information about the cerebral structure of the patient, allowing the investigation of putative abnormal brain circuits possibly involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Thus, neuroimaging can help elucidate the biological processes that occur in brain regions related to psychological, cognitive and physiological experiences manifested in the different anxiety disorders.

Keywords

generalized anxiety disorderMRIneuroimaging techniquessocial anxiety disorderorbito-prefrontal areaspanic disorder
Type
Chapter
Information
Understanding Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Insights from Neuroimaging
 , pp. 274 - 287
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Asami, T, Hayano, F, Nakamura, M, et al. 2008. Anterior cingulate cortex volume reduction in patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 62, 322–30.Google Scholar
Ashburner, J and Friston, K J. 2000. Voxel-based morphometry – the methods. Neuroimage 11, 805–21.Google Scholar
Basser, P J. 1995. Inferring microstructural features and the physiological state of tissues from diffusion-weighted images. NMR Biomed 8, 333–44.Google Scholar
Boshuisen, M L, Horst, G J, Paans, A M, Reinders, A A and Boer, J A. 2002. rCBF differences between panic disorder patients and control subjects during anticipatory anxiety and rest. Biol Psychiatry 52, 126–35.Google Scholar
Bystritsky, A, Pontillo, D, Powers, M, Sabb, F W, Craske, M G and Bookheimer, S Y. 2001. Functional MRI changes during panic anticipation and imagery exposure. Neuroreport 21, 3953–7.Google Scholar
Cammarota, M, Bevilaqua, L R, Vianna, M R, Medina, J H and Izquierdo, I. 2007. The extinction of conditioned fear: structural and molecular basis and therapeutic use. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 29, 80–5.Google Scholar
Cannistraro, P A and Rauch, S L. 2003. Neural circuitry of anxiety: Evidence from structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Psychopharmacol Bull 37, 8–25.Google Scholar
Chaves, C, Trzesniak, C, Derenusson, G N, et al. Submitted. Late-onset social anxiety disorder after traumatic brain injury.
Crippa, J A S, Busatto, G and McGuire, P K. 2004a. Neuroimagem. In Hetem, L A B, Graeff, F G (Eds). Transtornos de Ansiedade. São Paulo (SP): Atheneu, pp. 133–67.
Crippa, J A, Uchida, R, Busatto, G F, et al. 2004b. The size and prevalence of the cavum septum pellucidum are normal in subjects with panic disorder. Braz J Med Biol Res 37, 371–4.Google Scholar
Crippa, J A S, Zuardi, A W, Busatto Filho, G, et al. 2008. Grey matter correlates of cognitive measures of the simulated public speaking test in social anxiety spectrum: a voxel-based study. In 16th European Congress of Psychiatry, 2008, Nice, France. Eur Psychiatry, 23[Abstract].Google Scholar
Dantendorfer, K, Prayer, D, Kramer, J, et al. 1996. High frequency of EEG and MRI brain abnormalities in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res 68, 41–53.Google Scholar
Bellis, M D, Casey, B J, Dahl, R E, et al. 2000. A pilot study of amygdala volumes in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry 48, 51–7.Google Scholar
Bellis, M D, Keshavan, M S, Shifflett, H, et al. 2002. Superior temporal gyrus volumes in pediatric generalized anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry 51, 553–62.Google Scholar
Deakin, J W F and Graeff, F G. 1991. 5-HT and mechanisms of defence. J Psychopharmacol 5, 305–15.Google Scholar
Ferrari, M C, Busatto, G F, McGuire, P K and Crippa, J A. 2008. Structural magnetic resonance imaging in anxiety disorders: An update of research findings. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 30, 251–64.Google Scholar
Fontaine, R, Breton, G, Déry, R, Fontaine, S and Elie, R. 1990. Temporal lobe abnormalities in panic disorder: An MRI study. Biol Psychiatry 27, 304–10.Google Scholar
Freire, R C, Lopes, F L, Valença, A M, et al. 2008. Panic disorder respiratory subtype: A comparison between responses to hyperventilation and CO2 challenge tests. Psychiatry Res 157, 307–10.Google Scholar
Frodl, T, Jäger, M, Smajstrlova, I, et al. 2008. Effect of hippocampal and amygdala volumes on clinical outcomes in major depression: A 3-year prospective magnetic resonance imaging study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 33, 423–30.Google Scholar
Good, C D, Johnsrude, I S, Ashburner, J, Henson, R N, Friston, K J and Frackowiak, R S. 2001. A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains. Neuroimage 14, 21–36.Google Scholar
Gorman, J M, Kent, J M, Sullivan, G M and Coplan, J D. 2000. Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. Am J Psychiatry 157, 493–505.Google Scholar
Gray, J A and McNaughton, N. 2000. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety. An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gross-Isseroff, R, Kushnir, T, Hermesh, H, Marom, S, Weizman, A and Manor, D. 2009. Alteration learning in social anxiety disorder: An fMRI study. World J Biol Psychiatry 19, 1–5.Google Scholar
Guru Raj, A K, Pratap, R C, Jayakumar, R and Ariffin, W A. 1998. Clinical features and associated radiological abnormalities in 54 patients with cavum septi pellucidi. Med J Malaysia 53, 251–6.Google Scholar
Han, D H, Renshaw, P F, Dager, S R, et al. 2008. Altered cingulate white matter connectivity in panic disorder patients. J Psychiatr Res 42, 399–407.Google Scholar
Hulshoff Pol, H E, Schnack, H G, Mandl, R C, et al. 2001. Focal gray matter density changes in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58, 1118–25.Google Scholar
Javanmard, M, Shlik, J, Kennedy, S H, Vaccarino, F J, Houle, S and Bradwejn, J. 1999. Neuroanatomic correlates of CCK-4-induced panic attacks in healthy humans: A comparison of two time points. Biol Psychiatry 45, 872–82.Google Scholar
Jetty, P V, Charney, D S and Goddard, A W. 2001. Neurobiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 24, 75–97.Google Scholar
Lepola, U, Nousiainen, U, Puranen, M, Riekkinen, P and Rimón, R. 1990. EEG and CT findings in patients with panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 28, 721–7.Google Scholar
Maddock, R J, Buonocore, M H, Copeland, L E and Richards, A L. 2009. Elevated brain lactate responses to neural activation in panic disorder: A dynamic 1H-MRS study. Mol Psychiatry 14, 537–45.Google Scholar
Massana, G, Serra-Grabulosa, J M, Salgado-Pineda, P, et al. 2003a. Amygdalar atrophy in panic disorder patients detected by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 19, 80–90.Google Scholar
Massana, G, Serra-Grabulosa, J M, Salgado-Pineda, P, et al. 2003b. Parahippocampal gray matter density in panic disorder: A voxel-based morphometric study. Am J Psychiatry 160, 566–8.Google Scholar
Mathew, S J and Ho, S. 2006. Etiology and neurobiology of social anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 67 (Suppl 12), 9–13.Google Scholar
Menzies, L, Chamberlain, S R, Laird, S M, Thelen, S M, Sahakian, B J and Bullmore, E T. 2008. Integrating evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32, 525–49.Google Scholar
Milham, M P, Nugent, A C, Drevets, W C, et al. 2005. Selective reduction in amygdala volume in pediatric anxiety disorders: A voxel-based morphometry investigation. Biol Psychiatry 57, 961–6.Google Scholar
Ontiveros, A, Fontaine, R, Breton, G, Elie, R, Fontaine, S and Dery, R. 1989. Correlation of severity of panic disorder and neuroanatomical changes on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1, 404–08.Google Scholar
Paulus, M P. 2008. The role of neuroimaging for the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 25, 348–56.Google Scholar
Paulus, M P and Stein, M B. 2006. An insular view of anxiety. Biol Psychiatry 60, 383–7.Google Scholar
Phan, K L, Orlichenko, A, Boyd, E, et al. 2009. Preliminary evidence of white matter abnormality in the uncinate fasciculus in generalized social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry 66, 691–4.Google Scholar
Potts, N L, Davidson, J R, Krishnan, K R and Doraiswamy, P M. 1994. Magnetic resonance imaging in social phobia. Psychiatry Res 52, 35–42.Google Scholar
Protopopescu, X, Pan, H, Tuescher, O, et al. 2006. Increased brainstem volume in panic disorder: A voxel-based morphometric study. Neuroreport 17, 361–3.Google Scholar
Rauch, S L and Shin, L M. 2002. Structural and functional imaging of anxiety and stress disorders. In Davis, K L, Dennis Charney, D and Coyle, J T (Eds). Neuropsychopharmacology. The Fifth Generation of Progress. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp. 953–66.
Shenton, M E, Dickey, C C, Frumin, M and McCarley, R W. 2001. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 49, 1–52.Google Scholar
Takahashi, T, Wood, S J, Yung, A R, et al. 2009. Progressive gray matter reduction of the superior temporal gyrus during transition to psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66, 366–76.Google Scholar
Trzesniak, C, Araújo, D, Crippa, J A S. 2008. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in anxiety disorders. Acta Neuropsychiatr 20, 56–71.Google Scholar
Uchida, R R, Del-Ben, C M, Busatto, G F, et al. 2008b. Regional gray matter abnormalities in panic disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Res 163, 21–9.Google Scholar
Uchida, R R, Del-Ben, C M, Santos, A C, et al. 2003. Decreased volume of left temporal lobe in panic patients measured through magnetic resonance imaging. Braz J Med Biol Res 36, 925–9.Google Scholar
Uhde, T W and Kellner, C H. 1987. Cerebral ventricular size in panic disorder. J Affect Disord 12, 175–8.Google Scholar
Vythilingam, M, Anderson, E R, Goddard, A, et al. 2000. Temporal lobe volume in panic disorder – a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychiatry Res 99, 75–82.Google Scholar
Wurthmann, C, Bogerts, B, Gregor, J, Baumann, B, Effenberger, O and Döhring, W. 1997. Frontal CSF enlargement in panic disorder: A qualitative CT-scan study. Psychiatry Res 76, 83–7.Google Scholar
Yoo, H K, Kim, M J, Kim, S J, et al. 2005. Putaminal gray matter volume decrease in panic disorder: An optimized voxel-based morphometry study. Eur J Neurosci 22, 2089–94.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×