Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-12T19:38:08.959Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - The Measurement of Well-Being at Work

from Part III - Major Issues Relating to Stress and Well-Being

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 February 2023

By
Kevin Daniels ,
Emma Russell ,
George Michaelides ,
Emike Nasamu  and
Sara Connolly
Edited by
Laurent M. Lapierre  and
Sir Cary Cooper
Laurent M. Lapierre
Affiliation:
University of Ottawa
Sir Cary Cooper
Affiliation:
University of Manchester
Get access

Summary

In this chapter, we outline the main and emerging issues in the measurement of workplace well-being, considering positive and negative markers of well-being. The chapter has four main sections. First, we present a brief history of major developments in the measurement of well-being, providing an overview of prominent concepts in the field and contextualising the other sections. Second, we outline recent developments in how to establish monetised benefits from changes in well-being, which can inform policy makers and organizational decision makers on cost-effective interventions to improve well-being. Third, because one of the core elements of well-being, affective experience, is highly volatile, we consider issues in assessing the dynamics of well-being. Finally, we examine variability between people in well-being and why between-person variability might matter.

Keywords

well-being measurementwell-being and policyemotion dynamicswell-being inequalities
Type
Chapter
Information
Organizational Stress and Well-Being , pp. 347 - 386
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bache, I., & Reardon, L. (2016). The politics and policy of well-being: Understanding the rise and significance of a new agenda. Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Banks, M. H., Clegg, C. W., Jackson, P. R., Kemp, N. J., Stafford, E. M., & Wall, T. D. (1980). The use of the General Health Questionnaire as an indicator of mental health in occupational studies. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 187–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, L. F., Gross, J., Christensen, T. C., & Benvenuto, M. (2001). Knowing what you’re feeling and knowing what to do about it: Mapping the relation between emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cognition & Emotion, 15, 713–724.Google Scholar
Beal, D. J., & Ghandour, L. (2011). Stability, change, and the stability of change in daily workplace affect. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 526–546.Google Scholar
Beal, D. J., Trougakos, J. P., Weiss, H. M., & Dalal, R. S. (2013). Affect spin and the emotion regulation process at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 593–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bliese, P. D., Edwards, J. R., & Sonnentag, S. (2017). Stress and well-being at work: A century of empirical trends reflecting theoretical and societal influences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 389–402CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyle, G. J. (1991). Does item homogeneity indicate internal consistency or item redundancy in psychometric scales? Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 291–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brayfield, A. H., & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279–307.Google Scholar
Bringmann, L. F., Pe, M. L., Vissers, N., Ceulemans, E., Borsboom, D., Vanpaemel, W., … Kuppens, P. (2016). Assessing temporal emotion dynamics using networks. Assessment, 23, 425–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bringmann, L. F., Vissers, N., Wichers, M., Geschwind, N., Kuppens, P., Peeters, F., … Tuerlinckx, F. (2013). A network approach to psychopathology: New insights into clinical longitudinal data. PLoS ONE, 8, e60188.Google Scholar
Bryce, A., Bryan, M., Connolly, S., & Nasamu, E. (2020). Workplace cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) calculator: User manual. What Works Centre for Well-Being.Google Scholar
Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Leeka, J. (1989). Diurnal variation in the positive affects. Motivation and Emotion, 13, 205–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, C. L., & Marshall, J. (1976). Occupational sources of stress: A review of the literature relating to coronary heart disease and mental ill health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 49, 11–28.Google Scholar
Coyle, D. (2014). GDP: A brief but affectionate history. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cranford, J. A., Shrout, P. E., Iida, M., Rafaeli, E., Yip, T., & Bolger, N. (2006). A procedure for evaluating sensitivity to within-person change: Can mood measures in diary studies detect change reliably? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 917–929.Google Scholar
Daniels, K. (2000). Measures of five aspects of affective well-being at work. Human Relations, 53, 275–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniels, K., Connolly, S., Ogbonnaya, C., Tregaskis, O., Bryan, M. L., Robinson-Pant, A., & Street, J. (2018). Democratisation of well-being: Stakeholder perspectives on policy priorities for improving national well-being through paid employment and adult learning. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 46, 492–511.Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J. (2015). Comment: Affective chronometry has come of age. Emotion Review, 7, 368–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Neve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derks, D., Bakker, A. B., Peters, P., & van Wingerden, P. (2016). Work-related smartphone use, work–family conflict and family role performance: The role of segmentation preference. Human Relations, 69, 1045–1068.Google Scholar
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.Google Scholar
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2015). National accounts of subjective well-being. American Psychologist, 70, 234–242.Google Scholar
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., & Oishi, S. (2009). New measures of well-being. In Diener, E. (Ed.), Assessing well-being: Social indicators research series (Vol. 39, pp. 247–266). Springer.Google Scholar
Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. -W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156.Google Scholar
Eaton, L. G., & Funder, D. C. (2001). Emotional experience in daily life: Valence, variability, and rate of change. Emotion, 1, 413.Google Scholar
Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Sawitzki, G. (2007). Ambulatory assessment of affective instability in borderline personality disorder: The effect of the sampling frequency. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23, 238.Google Scholar
Eid, M., & Diener, E. (1999). Intraindividual variability in affect: Reliability, validity, and personality correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 662.Google Scholar
Ekman, P. (1992). Facial expressions of emotion: An old controversy and new findings. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 335, 63–69.Google Scholar
Erbas, Y., Ceulemans, E., Lee Pe, M., Koval, P., & Kuppens, P. (2014). Negative emotion differentiation: Its personality and well-being correlates and a comparison of different assessment methods. Cognition & Emotion, 28, 1196–1213.Google Scholar
Eurofound. (2015). 6th European working conditions survey – technical report. Eurofound.Google Scholar
Eurostat. (2010). Feasibility study for well-being indicators. Task 4: critical review. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.Google Scholar
Feldman Barrett, L., & Russell, J. A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 967–984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, G. G., Matthews, R. A., & Gibbons, A. M. (2016). Developing and investigating the use of single-item measures in organizational research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21, 3.Google Scholar
French, J. R. P., Rodgers, R., & Cobb, S. (1974). Adjustment as person environment fit. In Coelho, G. V., Hamburg, D. A., & Adams, J. E. (Eds.), Coping and adaptation (pp. 316–333). Basic Books.Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (1993). Moods, emotion episodes, and emotions. In Lewis, M. & Haviland, J. M. (Eds.) Handbook of emotions (pp. 381–403). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (2008). The psychologists’ point of view. In Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J. M., & Feldman Barrett, L. (Eds.) Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 68–87). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Fujita, F., Diener, E., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 427–434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., & Elliot, A. J. (2000). Behavioral activation and inhibition in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1135–1149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goff, L., Helliwell, J. F., & Mayraz, G. (2016). The welfare costs of well-being inequality. NBER Working Paper Series, 27. https://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/jhelliwell/papers/w21900.pdfGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (1988). A user’s guide to the General Health Questionnaire. nferNelson.Google Scholar
Gotlib, I. H., & Meyer, J. P. (1986). Factor analysis of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List: A separation of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1161–1165.Google Scholar
Gruber, J., Kogan, A., Quoidbach, J., & Mauss, I. B. (2013). Happiness is best kept stable: Positive emotion variability is associated with poorer psychological health. Emotion, 13, 1–6.Google Scholar
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1974). The Job Diagnostic Survey: An instrument for the diagnosis of jobs and the evaluation of job redesign projects. Yale University School of Organization and Management.Google Scholar
Hofmann, W., Luhmann, M., Fisher, R. R., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2014). Yes, but are they happy? Effects of trait self‐control on affective well‐being and life satisfaction. Journal of Personality, 82, 265–277.Google Scholar
Hollenstein, T. (2015). This time, it’s real: Affective flexibility, time scales, feedback loops, and the regulation of emotion. Emotion Review, 7, 308–315.Google Scholar
Houben, M., Van Den Noortgate, W., & Kuppens, P. (2015). The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 901–930.Google Scholar
House, R. J., & Rizzo, J. R. (1972). Toward the measurement of organizational practices: Scale development and validation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, 388–396.Google Scholar
Huppert, F. A. (2017). Measurement really matters. What Works Centre for Well-Being.Google Scholar
Huppert, F. A., & So, T. T. (2013). Flourishing across Europe: Application of a new conceptual framework for defining well-being. Social Indicators Research, 110, 837–861.Google Scholar
Ilies, R., Aw, S. S., & Pluut, H. (2015). Intraindividual models of employee well-being: What have we learned and where do we go from here? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 24, 827–838.Google Scholar
Ilies, R., & Judge, T. A. (2004). An experience-sampling measure of job satisfaction and its relationships with affectivity, mood at work, job beliefs, and general job satisfaction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13, 367–389.Google Scholar
Ilies, R., Schwind, K. M., & Heller, D. (2007). Employee well-being: A multilevel model linking work and nonwork domains. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16, 326–341.Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1977). Human emotions. Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Jahng, S., Wood, P. K., & Trull, T. J. (2008). Analysis of affective instability in ecological momentary assessment: Indices using successive difference and group comparison via multilevel modeling. Psychological Methods, 13, 354–375.Google Scholar
Jongerling, J., Laurenceau, J.-P., & Hamaker, E. L. (2015). A multilevel ar (1) model: Allowing for inter-individual differences in trait-scores, inertia, and innovation variance. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 50, 334–349.Google Scholar
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity. Wiley.Google Scholar
Kammann, R., & Flett, R. (1983). Affectometer 2: A scale to measure current level of general happiness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 82, 1007–1022.Google Scholar
Kennedy-Moore, E., Greenberg, M. A., Newman, M. G., & Stone, A. A. (1992). The relationship between daily events and mood: The mood measure may matter. Motivation and Emotion, 16, 143–155.Google Scholar
Kline, P. (1986). A handbook of test construction: Introduction to psychometric design. Methuen.Google Scholar
Koval, P., Kuppens, P., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2012). Getting stuck in depression: The roles of rumination and emotional inertia. Cognition & Emotion, 26, 1412–1427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koval, P., Pe, M. L., Meers, K., & Kuppens, P. (2013). Affect dynamics in relation to depressive symptoms: Variable, unstable or inert? Emotion, 13, 1132–1141.Google Scholar
Koval, P., Sütterlin, S., & Kuppens, P. (2016). Emotional inertia is associated with lower well-being when controlling for differences in emotional context. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1997.Google Scholar
Kuppens, P., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. B. (2010a). Emotional inertia and psychological maladjustment. Psychological Science, 21, 984–991.Google Scholar
Kuppens, P., Oravecz, Z., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2010b). Feelings change: Accounting for individual differences in the temporal dynamics of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1042–1060.Google Scholar
Kuppens, P., Sheeber, L. B., Yap, M. B., Whittle, S., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2012). Emotional inertia prospectively predicts the onset of depressive disorder in adolescence. Emotion, 12, 283.Google Scholar
Kuppens, P., Van Mechelen, I., Nezlek, J. B., Dossche, D., & Timmermans, T. (2007). Individual differences in core affect variability and their relationship to personality and psychological adjustment. Emotion, 7, 262.Google Scholar
Kuppens, P., & Verduyn, P. (2015). Looking at emotion regulation through the window of emotion dynamics. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 72–79.Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. (1988). What are the data of emotion. In Hamilton, V., Bower, G. H., & Frijda, N. (Eds.), Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation (NATO ASI Series D, Vol. XXXXIV, pp. 173–191). Kluwer.Google Scholar
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 25–29.Google Scholar
Layard, R. (2016). Measuring well-being and cost-effectiveness analysis using subjective well-being, What Works Centre for Well-Being.Google Scholar
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In Dunnette, M. D. (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297–1343). Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Linder, A., Gerdtham, U. G., Trygg, N., Fritzell, S., & Saha, S. (2020). Inequalities in the economic consequences of depression and anxiety in Europe: A systematic scoping review. European Journal of Public Health, 30, 767–777.Google Scholar
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.Google Scholar
Marsh, H. W., Huppert, F. A., Donald, J. N., Horwood, M. S., & Sahdra, B. K. (2020). The well-being profile (WB-Pro): Creating a theoretically based multidimensional measure of well-being to advance theory, research, and practice. Psychological Assessment, 32, 294–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, R., Thomas, G., Legood, A., & Dello Russo, S. (2018). Leader–member exchange (LMX) differentiation and work outcomes: Conceptual clarification and critical review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39, 151–168.Google Scholar
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., Leiter, M. P., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schwab, R. L. (1986). Maslach burnout inventory (Vol. 21). Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. F. (1992). EdITS manual for the Profile of Mood States. Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Google Scholar
Moskowitz, D., & Zuroff, D. C. (2004). Flux, pulse, and spin: Dynamic additions to the personality lexicon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukuria, C., Rowen, D., Peasgood, T., & Brazier, J. (2016). An empirical comparison of well-being measures used in UK. Research Interim Report RR0027: University of Sheffield and the University of York.Google Scholar
Neumann, A., Van Lier, P. A., Frijns, T., Meeus, W., & Koot, H. M. (2011). Emotional dynamics in the development of early adolescent psychopathology: A one-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 657–669.Google Scholar
NICE (2013). Guide to the methods of appraisal. National Institute of Health and Care Excellence.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, G., Deaton, A., Durand, M., Halpern, D., & Layard, R. (2014). Well-being and Policy. Legatum Institute.Google Scholar
ONS. (2011). Initial investigation into subjective well-being from the opinions survey. Cardiff: Office for National Statistics.Google Scholar
Oravecz, Z., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2011). The linear mixed model and the hierarchical Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model: Some equivalences and differences. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 64, 134–160.Google Scholar
Oravecz, Z., Tuerlinckx, F., & Vandekerckhove, J. (2011). A hierarchical latent stochastic differential equation model for affective dynamics. Psychological Methods, 16, 468–490.Google Scholar
Ouweneel, E., Le Blanc, P. M., Schaufeli, W. B., & van Wijhe, C. I. (2012). Good morning, good day: A diary study on positive emotions, hope, and work engagement. Human Relations, 65, 1129–1154.Google Scholar
Park, Y., Fritz, C., & Jex, S. M. (2011). Relationships between work–home segmentation and psychological detachment from work: The role of communication technology use at home. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 457–467.Google Scholar
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 137–152.Google Scholar
Pe, M. L., Kircanski, K., Thompson, R. J., Bringmann, L. F., Tuerlinckx, F., Mestdagh, M. … Gotlib, I. H. (2015). Emotion-network density in major depressive disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 3, 292–300.Google Scholar
Pickett, K. E., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2015). Income inequality and health: A causal review. Social Science & Medicine, 128, 316–326.Google Scholar
Powdthavee, N. (2012). Jobless, friendless and broke: What happens to different areas of life before and after unemployment? Economica, 79, 557–575.Google Scholar
Quick, A. & Devlin, S. (2018). Measuring well-being inequality: Working paper on the selection of a headline indicator. New Economics Foundation.Google Scholar
Reis, H. T., & Gable, S. L. (2000). Event-sampling and other methods for studying everyday experience. In Reis, H. T. & Judd, C. M. (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 190–222). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rottenberg, J., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2005). Emotion context insensitivity in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 627–639.Google Scholar
Ruggeri, K., Garcia-Garzon, E., Maguire, A., Matz, S., & Huppert, F. A. (2020). Well-being is more than happiness and life satisfaction: A multidimensional analysis of 21 countries. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18, 1–16.Google Scholar
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161–1178.Google Scholar
Russell, E., & Daniels, K. (2018). Measuring affective well-being at work using short-form scales: Implications for affective structures and participant instructions. Human Relations, 71, 1478–1507.Google Scholar
Russell, J. J., Moskowitz, D., Zuroff, D. C., Sookman, D., & Paris, J. (2007). Stability and variability of affective experience and interpersonal behavior in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 578–588.Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., Bernstein, J. H., & Brown, K. W. (2010). Weekends, work, and well-being: Psychological need satisfactions and day of the week effects on mood, vitality, and physical symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 95–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719–727.Google Scholar
Santangelo, P., Reinhard, I., Mussgay, L., Steil, R., Sawitzki, G., Klein, C. … Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2014). Specificity of affective instability in patients with borderline personality disorder compared to posttraumatic stress disorder, bulimia nervosa, and healthy controls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123, 258–272.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W., & De Witte, H. (2017). Outlook work engagement in contrast to burnout: Real and redundant! Burnout Research, 5, 58–60.Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92.Google Scholar
Schimmack, U. (2003). Affect measurement in experience sampling research. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4, 79–106.Google Scholar
Schimmack, U., Radhakrishnan, P., Oishi, S., Dzokoto, V., & Ahadi, S. (2002). Culture, personality, and subjective well-being: Integrating process models of life satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 582–593.Google Scholar
Schuurman, N. K., & Hamaker, E. L. (2019). Measurement error and person-specific reliability in multilevel autoregressive modeling. Psychological Methods, 24, 70–91.Google Scholar
Scollon, C. N., Kim-Prieto, C., & Diener, E. (2003). Experience sampling: Promises and pitfalls, strengths and weaknesses. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4, 5–34.Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In Snyder, C. R. & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 3–9). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stanton, J. M., Sinar, E. F., Balzer, W. K., & Smith, P. C. (2002). Issues and strategies for reducing the length of self‐report scales. Personnel Psychology, 55, 167–194.Google Scholar
Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 138–161.Google Scholar
Stewart-Brown, S., Tennant, A., Tennant, R., Platt, S., Parkinson, J., & Weich, S. (2009). Internal construct validity of the Warwick–Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): A Rasch analysis using data from the Scottish health education population survey. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 7, 15–22.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, J. E., Sen, A., & Fitoussi, J. P. (2009). Report by the commission on the measurement of economic performance and social progress. Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress.Google Scholar
Suls, J., Green, P., & Hillis, S. (1998). Emotional reactivity to everyday problems, affective inertia, and neuroticism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 127–136.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. F., Brice, J., Buck, N., & Prentice-Lane, E. (2018). British Household Panel Survey user manual volume A: Introduction, technical report and appendices. University of Essex.Google Scholar
Taylor, S. E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: the mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 67–85.Google Scholar
Tomko, R. L., Lane, S. P., Pronove, L. M., Treloar, H. R., Brown, W. C., Solhan, M. B. … Trull, T. J. (2015). Undifferentiated negative affect and impulsivity in borderline personality and depressive disorders: A momentary perspective. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124, 74 –753.Google Scholar
Trull, T. J., Lane, S. P., Koval, P., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2015). Affective dynamics in psychopathology. Emotion Review, 7, 355–361.Google Scholar
Trull, T. J., Solhan, M. B., Tragesser, S. L., Jahng, S., Wood, P. K., Piasecki, T. M., & Watson, D. (2008). Affective instability: Measuring a core feature of borderline personality disorder with ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 647–661.Google Scholar
Tugade, M. M., Fredrickson, B. L., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2004). Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of Personality, 72, 1161–1190.Google Scholar
Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Using the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 219–230.Google Scholar
Wallace, J., Ormston, H., Thurman, B., Diffley, M., McFarlane, M., & Zubairi, S. (2020). Gross domestic well-being (GDWe): An alternative measure of social progress. Carnegie UK Trust.Google Scholar
Wang, L. P., Hamaker, E., & Bergeman, C. (2012). Investigating inter-individual differences in short-term intra-individual variability. Psychological Methods, 17, 567–581.Google Scholar
Warr, P. (1990). The measurement of well‐being and other aspects of mental health. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 193–210.Google Scholar
Warr, P., Bindl, U. K., Parker, S. K., & Inceoglu, I. (2014). Four-quadrant investigation of job-related affects and behaviors. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23, 342–363.Google Scholar
Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 678–691.Google Scholar
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule – expanded form. Department of Psychology Publications.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, 1063–1070.Google Scholar
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219–235.Google Scholar
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes, and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior 18, 1–74.Google Scholar
White, S. C., Gaines, S. O. Jr. & Jha, S. (2014). Inner well-being: Concept and validation of a new approach to subjective perceptions of well-being. Social Indicators Research, 119, 723–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (2000). Psychological well-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 84–94.Google Scholar
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012a). A diary study on the happy worker: How job resources relate to positive emotions and personal resources. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 21, 489–517.Google Scholar
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., & Ilies, R. (2012b). Everyday working life: Explaining within-person fluctuations in employee well-being. Human Relations, 65, 1051–1069.Google Scholar
Xanthopoulou, D., Daniels, K., Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2020). The temporal perspective on well-being at work: Lessons learned and future trends. In Griep, Y., Hansen, S., Vantilborgh, T., & Hofmans, J. (Eds.), Handbook of dynamic organizational behavior. Volume 1: A dynamic look at organizational behavior topics (pp. 290–303). Elgar.Google Scholar
Zhu, Z., Kuykendall, L., & Zhang, X. (2019). The impact of within-day work breaks on daily recovery processes: An event-based pre-/post-experience sampling study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 92, 191–211.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×