Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T13:38:19.816Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2023

Timur Kuran
Affiliation:
Duke University, North Carolina
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Freedoms Delayed
Political Legacies of Islamic Law in the Middle East
, pp. 341 - 410
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbas, Megan Brankley. “Between Western Academia and Pakistan: Fazlur Rahman and the Fight for Fusionism.” Modern Asian Studies, 51 (2017): 736–68.Google Scholar
Abbas, Raouf. “Labour Movement in Egypt.” Developing Economies, 11 (1973): 6275.Google Scholar
Abdelrahman, Maha M. Civil Society Exposed: The Politics of NGOs in Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Abdolalizadeh, Zoha, and Beygi, Elham. “Corporate and Social Responsibility in Iran.” In Sovereign Wealth Funds, Local Content Policies and CSR, edited by Pereira, Eduardo G., Spencer, Rochelle, and Moses, Jonathon W., pp. 511–25. Cham: Springer International, 2021.Google Scholar
Abdolmohammadi, Pejman, and Cama, Giampiero. Contemporary Domestic and Foreign Policies of Iran. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.Google Scholar
Abdou, Ehaab, Atia, Mona, Hussein, Noha, Kharas, Homi, and Maaty, Amira. “How Can the U.S. and International Finance Institutions Best Engage Egypt’s Civil Society?” Brookings Institution Policy Paper, June 2011.Google Scholar
Abdulhaq, Najat. Jewish and Greek Communities in Egypt: Entrepreneurship and Business before Nasser. London: I. B. Tauris, 2016.Google Scholar
Abdullah, Thabit A. J. Merchants, Mamluks, and Murder: The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth-Century Basra. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Abdul Rahman, Sira. “Religion and Animal Welfare – An Islamic Perspective.” Animals, 7 (2017): 16.Google Scholar
Abdul Razak, Hamzah. “Zakat and Waqf as Instrument of Islamic Wealth in Poverty Alleviation and Redistribution.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40 (2020): 249–66.Google Scholar
Abi-Mershed, Osama W. Apostles of Modernity: Saint-Simonians and the Civilizing Mission in Algeria. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Abir, Mordechai. Saudi Arabia: Government, Society and the Gulf Crisis. London: Routledge, 1993.Google Scholar
Abisaab, Rula Jurdi. Converting Persia: Religion and Power in the Safavid Empire. London: I. B. Tauris, 2004.Google Scholar
Abou-El-Haj, Rifaʿat ʿAli. The 1703 Rebellion and the Structures of Ottoman Politics. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Institut, 1984.Google Scholar
Abrahamian, Ervand. A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Abugidieri, Hibba. Gender and the Making of Modern Medicine in Colonial Egypt. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010.Google Scholar
Abu-Lughod, Janet L. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Abu-Manneh, Butrus. “The Christians between Ottomanism and Syrian Nationalism: The Ideas of Butrus Al-Bustani.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 11 (1980): 287304.Google Scholar
Abu-Manneh, Butrus. Studies on Islam and the Ottoman Empire in the 19th Century (1826–1876). Istanbul: ISIS Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Abu-Odeh, Lama. “Modernizing Muslim Family Law: The Case of Egypt.” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 37 (204): 1043–146.Google Scholar
Abu-Rabia-Queder, Sarab. “The Bedouin in the Middle East.” In Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East, edited by Rowe, Paul S., pp. 301–12. London: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
Abu Yusuf, . Taxation in Islam, translated by A. Ben Shemesh from the Arabic original of 790. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.Google Scholar
Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid. Critique of Religious Discourse, translated by Jonathan Wright from the Arabic original of 1990. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Hassan, Tarek A., and Tahoun, Ahmed. “The Power of the Street: Evidence from Egypt’s Arab Spring.” Review of Financial Studies, 31 (2018): 142.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James A.. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review, 91 (2001): 1369–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James A.. “The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth.” American Economic Review, 95 (2005): 546–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York: Crown Business, 2012.Google Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty. New York: Penguin Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Adar, Sinem. “Religious Difference, Nationhood and Citizenship in Turkey: Public Reactions to an Interreligious Marriage in 1962.” History of the Family, 24 (2019): 520–38.Google Scholar
Adıgüzel, Serkant. “Non-Media Favors and Pro-Government Media Bias: Evidence from Turkey.” Working paper, Duke University, 2022.Google Scholar
Adıgüzel, Serkant, and Kuran, Timur. “Inequality-Preserving Benevolence: Wealth Sheltering through the Islamic Waqf.” Working paper, Duke University, 2023.Google Scholar
Adraoui, Mohamed-Ali. “Salafism in France: Ideology, Practices, and Contradictions.” In Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement, edited by Meijer, Roel, pp. 364–84. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Afary, Janet. “Civil Liberties and the Making of Iran’s First Constitution.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 25 (2005): 341–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ağır, Seven. “The Rise and Demise of Gedik Markets in Istanbul, 1750–1860.” Economic History Review, 71 (2018): 133–56.Google Scholar
Ağır, Seven, and Artunç, Cihan. “The Wealth Tax of 1942 and the Disappearance of Non-Muslim Enterprises in Turkey.” Journal of Economic History, 79 (2019): 201–43.Google Scholar
Ağır, Seven, and Artunç, Cihan. “Set and Forget? The Evolution of Business Law in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey.” Business History Review, 95 (2021): 703–38.Google Scholar
Ágoston, Gábor. Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Agrama, Hussein Ali. “Ethics, Tradition, Authority: Toward an Anthropology of the Fatwa.” American Ethnologist, 37 (2010): 218.Google Scholar
Agrast, Mark David, Botero, Juan Carlos, Ponce-Rodríguez, Alejandro, and Dumas, Claudia. The World Justice Project Rule of Law Index: Measuring Adherence to the Rule of Law around the World. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association, 2008.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Feroz. The Making of Modern Turkey. London: Routledge, 1993.Google Scholar
Ahmad, Sheikh Mahmud. Economics of Islam, 2nd ed. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1952.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Habib. Role of Zakāh and Awqāf in Poverty Alleviation. Jeddah: Islamic Development Bank, 2004.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Shahab. What Is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Akarlı, Engin Deniz. The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861–1920. London: I. B. Tauris, 1993.Google Scholar
Akbari, Mahsa, Bahrami-Rad, Duman, and Kimbrough, Erik O.. “Kinship, Fractionalization and Corruption.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 166 (2019): 493528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akçam, Taner. From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide. London: Zed Books, 2004.Google Scholar
Akhter, Muhammad Wajid. “4 Reasons Why Muslims Should Not Celebrate the New Year.” Muslim Matters, 28 December 2012.Google Scholar
Akkır, Ramazan. CHP’nin Din Politikaları. Istanbul: Pınar Yayınları, 2019.Google Scholar
Akrami, Seyed Mohammad, Montazeri, Vahideh, Shomali, Somaieh Rashid, Heshmat, Ramin, and Larijani, Bagher. “Is There a Significant Trend in Prevalence of Consanguineous Marriage in Tehran? A Review of Three Generations.” Journal of Genetic Counseling, 18 (2009): 8286.Google Scholar
Aksan, Virginia H. Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged. Harlow: Pearson, 2007.Google Scholar
AKSAV. Antalya Altın Portakal Kültür ve Sanat Vakfı Resmi Senedi. Antalya: AKSAV, 1995.Google Scholar
Akşit, Bahattin, Şentürk, Recep, Küçükural, Önder, and Cengiz, Kurtuluş. Türkiye’de Dindarlık: Muhafazakârlık ve Laiklik Ekseninde İnanma Biçimleri ve Yaşam Deneyimleri. Istanbul: İletişim, 2012.Google Scholar
Aktar, Ayhan. Varlık Vergisi ve ‘Türkleştirme’ Politikaları. Istanbul: İletişim, 2000.Google Scholar
Akyıldız, Ali. Anka’nın Sonbaharı: Osmanlı’da İktisadî Modernleşme ve Uluslararası Sermaye. Istanbul: İletişim, 2005.Google Scholar
Akyol, Mustafa. Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty. New York: W. W. Norton, 2011.Google Scholar
Akyol, Mustafa. Reopening Muslim Minds: A Return to Reason, Freedom, and Tolerance. New York: St. Martin’s, 2021.Google Scholar
Al, Hüseyin, and Akar, Şevket Kamil. Galata Borsası (1830–1873). Istanbul: Borsa İstanbul, 2013.Google Scholar
Alam, Muzaffar. “Competition and Co-existence: Indo-Islamic Interaction in Medieval North India.” Itinerario, 13 (1989): 3760.Google Scholar
Al-Anani, Khalil. “Rethinking the Repression–Dissent Nexus: Assessing Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood’s Response to Repression since the Coup of 2013.” Democratization, 26 (2019): 1329–41.Google Scholar
Al-Azm, Sadik J. Is Islam Secularizable? Challenging Political and Religious Taboos. Berlin: Gerlach Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Al-Azm, Sadik J. On Fundamentalisms. Berlin: Gerlach Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Al-Azmeh, Aziz. Secularism in the Arab World: Contexts, Ideas and Consequences, translated by David Bond from the Arabic original of 2008. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Al-Azmeh, Aziz. “Abbasid Culture and Universal History of Freethinking Humanism.” Critical Muslim, 12 (2014): 7388.Google Scholar
Albouy, David Y.The Colonial Origins of Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review, 102 (2012): 3059–76.Google Scholar
Alff, Kristen. “Levantine Joint-Stock Companies, Trans-Mediterranean Partnerships, and Nineteenth-Century Capitalist Development.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 60 (2018): 150–77.Google Scholar
Algar, Hamid. Religion and State in Iran 1785–1906. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Algar, Hamid. “Religious Forces in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Iran.” In The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 7, edited by Avery, Peter, Hambly, Gavin, and Melville, Charles, pp. 705–31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Algar, Hamid. Imam Khomeini: A Short Biography. Tehran: Institute for the Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, 1999.Google Scholar
Algar, Hamid. Wahhabism: A Critical Essay. Oneanta, NY: Islamic Publications International, 2002.Google Scholar
Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid. Revival of the Religious Sciences, issued as Imam Ghazali’s Ihya Ulum-id-Din, vol. 1, translated by Fazul-ul-Karim. Lahore: Sind Sagar Academy, 1978; original Arabic edition around 1100.Google Scholar
Al Hariri, Youssef, Magdy, Walid, and Wolters, Maria. “Arabs and Atheism: Religious Discussions in the Arab Twittersphere.” Social Informatics, (2019): 18–34.Google Scholar
Ali, Hassanein. “The Rise and Fall of Islamic State: Current Challenges and Future Prospects.” Asian Affairs, 51 (2020): 7194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ali, Souad Tagelsir. A Religion, Not a State: Ali ‘Abd al-Raziq’s Islamic Justification of Political Secularism. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Aliyu, Shehu Usman Rano. “A Treatise on the Socioeconomic Roles of Waqf.” Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 2018.Google Scholar
Alkadry, Mohamed G.Reciting Colonial Scripts: Colonialism, Globalization and Democracy in the Decolonized Middle East.” Administrative Theory & Praxis, 24 (2002): 739–62.Google Scholar
Alkan, Necati. “Fighting for the Nuṣayrī Soul: State, Protestant Missionaries and the ʿAlawīs in the Late Ottoman Empire.” Die Welt des Islams, 52 (2012): 2350.Google Scholar
Al-Kandari, Ali A., and Dashti, Ali A.. “Fatwa and the Internet: A Study of the Influence of Muslim Religious Scholars on Internet Diffusion in Saudi Arabia.” Prometheus: Critical Studies in Innovation, 32 (2015): 127–44.Google Scholar
Al-Khalidi, Ashraf, and Tanner, Victor. “Sectarian Violence: Radical Groups Drive Internal Displacement of Iraq.” Washington, DC: Brookings Institution-University of Bern occasional paper, 2006.Google Scholar
Allani, Alaya. “The Islamists in Tunisia between Confrontation and Participation: 1980–2008.” Journal of North African Studies, 14 (2009): 257–72.Google Scholar
Allievi, Stefano. “Relations and Negotiations: Issues and Debates on Islam.” In Muslims in the Enlarged Europe: Religion and Society, edited by Maréchal, Brigitte, Allievi, Stefano, Dassetto, Felice, and Nielsen, Jørgen, pp. 331–68. Leiden: Brill, 2003.Google Scholar
Allouini, A. Aziz. “The Labor Movement in Syria.” Middle East Journal, 13 (1959): 6476.Google Scholar
Al-Māwardī, . The Ordinances of Government: Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭaniyya wʾal-Wilāyāt al-Dīniyya, translated by Wafaa H. Wahba from the Arabic original of around 1050. Reading: Garnet, 1996.Google Scholar
Almond, Douglas, Mazumder, Bhashkar, and van Ewijk, Reyn. 2015. “In Utero Ramadan Exposure and Children’s Academic Performance.” Economic Journal, 125 (2015): 1501–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almond, Gabriel A., and Verba, Sidney. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963.Google Scholar
Al-Mutairi, Saad, Connerton, Ian, and Dingwall, Robert. “Understanding ‘Corruption’ in Regulatory Agencies: The Case of Food Inspection in Saudi Arabia.” Regulation and Governance, 13 (2019): 507–19.Google Scholar
Al Qaradawi, Yusuf. Fiqh Al Zakah: A Comparative Study of Zakah Regulations and Philosphy in the Light of Qur’an and Sunnah, 2 vols., translated by Monzer Kahf from the Arabic original of 1973. Jeddah: King Abdulaziz University, 1999.Google Scholar
Al-Rasheed, Madawi. “Women Are Still Not in the Driving Seat in Saudi Arabia.” Guardian, 27 September 2017.Google Scholar
Al-Raysuni, Ahmad. Al-Shūrā: The Qur’anic Principle of Consultation, translated by Nancy Roberts from the Arabic original of 2007. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2011.Google Scholar
Alsabagh, Munther H. “Before Banks: Credit, Society, and Law in Sixteenth-Century Palestine and Syria.” PhD dissertation, University of California at Santa Barbara, 2018.Google Scholar
Al-Sayyid, Mustapha K.A Civil Society in Egypt?Middle East Journal 47 (1993): 228–42.Google Scholar
Al-Shiekh, Abdallah. “Zakāt.” Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, vol. 4, pp. 366–70. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Al-Soukkary, Wael Ossama. “Becoming and Being: Atheism as a Social Experience in Egypt.” MA thesis, American University in Cairo, 2015.Google Scholar
Al-Sudairi, Mohammed Turki. “China in the Eyes of the Saudi Media.” Gulf Research Center paper, February 2013.Google Scholar
Altınyıldız, Nur. “The Architectural Heritage of Istanbul and the Ideology of Preservation.” Muqarnas, 24 (2007): 281306.Google Scholar
Amanat, Abbas. “From Ijtihad to Wilayat-i Faqih: The Evolving of Shiʾi Legal Authority into Political Power.” In Apolcalyptic Islam and Iranian Shiʾism, edited by Amanat, Abbas, pp. 179–96, 273–76. London: I. B. Tauris, 2009.Google Scholar
Amanat, Abbas. Iran: A Modern History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Ames, Christine Caldwell. Righteous Persecution: Inquisition, Dominicans, and Christianity in the Middle Ages. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali, and Jambet, Christian. What Is Shi’i Islam? An Introduction, translated by Kenneth Casler and Eric Ormsby from the French original of 2004. London: Routledge, 2018.Google Scholar
Anand, Vikas, Ashforth, Blake E., and Joshi, Mahendra. “Business as Usual: The Acceptance and Perpetuation of Corruption in Organizations.” Academy of Management Executive, 18 (2004): 3955.Google Scholar
Anderson, Betty S. The American University of Beirut: Arab Nationalism and Liberal Education. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. Norman D. “A Law of Personal Status for Iraq.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 9 (1960): 542–63.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. Norman D. “Law Reform in Egypt: 1850–1950.” In Political and Social Change in Modern Egypt, edited by Holt, Peter M., pp. 209–30. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.Google Scholar
Anderson, Lisa. “The State in the Middle East and North Africa.” Comparative Politics, 20 (1987): 118.Google Scholar
Anderson, Perry. Lineages of the Absolutist State. London: Verso, 1974.Google Scholar
Anheier, Helmut K., Lang, Markus, and Toepler, Stefan. “Comparative Nonprofit Sector Research: A Critical Assessment.” In The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, 3rd ed., edited by Powell, Walter W. and Bromley, Patricia, pp. 648–76, 699–701. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
An-Na’im, Abdullahi A., ed. Islamic Family Law in a Changing World: A Global Resource Book. London: Zed Books, 2002.Google Scholar
An-Na’im, Abdullahi A. Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of the Shari’a. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Appignanesi, Lisa, and Maitland, Sara, eds. The Rushdie File. London: Fourth Estate, 1989.Google Scholar
Arab Barometer Wave 5, 2018–2019. www.arabbarometer.org/survey-data/data-analysis-tool/ (accessed 1 February 2023).Google Scholar
Arab, Pooyan Tamimi. “‘A Minaret of Light’: Transducing the Islamic Call to Prayer?Material Religion, 11 (2015): 136–63.Google Scholar
Arafat, Alaa Al-Din. The Rise of Islamism in Egypt. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.Google Scholar
Arat, Yeşim. “Women’s Rights and Islam in Turkish Politics: The Civil Code Amendment.” Middle East Journal, 64 (2010): 235–51.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism, new ed. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace, 1979.Google Scholar
Aritonang, Jan Sihar, and Steenbrink, Karel. A History of Christianity in Indonesia. Leiden: Brill, 2008.Google Scholar
Arjomand, Said Amir. “Religious Extremism (Ghuluww), Ṣūfism and Sunnism in Safavid Iran: 1501–1722.” Journal of Asian History, 15 (1981): 135.Google Scholar
Arjomand, Said Amir. The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam: Religion, Political Order, and Societal Change in Shiʿite Iran from the Beginning to 1890. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Arjomand, Said Amir. “Philanthropy, the Law, and Public Policy in the Islamic World before the Modern Era.” In Philanthropy in the World’s Traditions, edited by Ilchman, Warren F., Katz, Stanley N., and Queen II, Edward L., pp. 109–32. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Arjomand, Said Amir. “Shariʾa and Constitution in Iran: A Historical Perspective.” In Shariʾa: Islamic Law in the Contemporary Context, edited by Amanat, Abbas and Griffel, Frank, pp. 156–64, 229–31. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Arjomand, Said Amir. After Khomeini: Iran under His Successors. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Arkoun, Mohammed. Islam: To Reform or to Subvert? 2nd ed. London: Saqi Books, 2006.Google Scholar
Armstrong, John. “An Introduction to Archival Research in Business History.” Business History, 33 (1991): 734.Google Scholar
Arnaud, Jean-Luc. “Modernization of the Cities of the Ottoman Empire (1800–1920).” In The City in the Islamic World, edited by André, Raymond, Attilio, Petruccioli, and Renat, Holod, pp. 953–76, 1399–408. Leiden: Brill, 2008.Google Scholar
Arom, Eitan. “Members as Monitors: In Search of the Ideal Nonprofit Principal.” Columbia Law Review, 120 (2020): 265–98.Google Scholar
Arora, Jayant. “Egypt Bans Resurrection Ertugrul Turkish TV Series.” Laffaz, 7 April 2020.Google Scholar
Artunç, Cihan. “The Price of Legal Institutions: The Beratlı Merchants in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire.” Journal of Economic History, 75 (2015): 720–48.Google Scholar
Artunç, Cihan. “Religious Minorities and Firm Ownership in Early Twentieth-Century Egypt.” Economic History Review, 72 (2019): 9791007.Google Scholar
Arzova, S. Burak. “Turkey: CSR in Practice.” In Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility, edited by Idowu, Samuel O. and Filho, Walter Leal, pp. 373–91. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2009.Google Scholar
Asad, Talal. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Ashraf, Assef. “The Politics of Gift Exchange in Early Qajar Iran, 1785–1834.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 58 (2016): 550–76.Google Scholar
Ashtor, Eliyahu. “The Kārimī Merchants.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 88 (1956): 4556.Google Scholar
Ashtor, Eliyahu. A Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Askari, Hossein, Cummings, John Thomas, and Glover, Michael. Taxation and Tax Policies in the Middle East. London: Butterworth Scientific, 1982.Google Scholar
Assad, Soraya W.The Rise of Consumerism in Saudi Arabian Society.” International Journal of Commerce and Management, 17 (2007): 73104.Google Scholar
Atay, Hüseyin. “Fatih-Süleymaniye Medreseleri Ders Programları ve İcazet-Nâmeler.” Vakıflar Dergisi, 13 (1981): 172234.Google Scholar
Atçıl, Abdurrahman. “The Safavid Threat and Juristic Authority in the Ottoman Empire during the 16th Century.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 49 (2017): 295314.Google Scholar
Atia, Mona. Building a House in Heaven: Pious Neoliberalism and Islamic Charity in Egypt. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Axiarlis, Evangelia. Political Islam and the Secular State in Turkey: Democracy, Reform and the Justice and Development Party. London: I. B. Tauris, 2014.Google Scholar
Axworthy, Michael. “Nader Shah and Persian Naval Expansion in the Persian Gulf, 1700–1747.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 21 (2011): 3139.Google Scholar
Ayalon, Ami. “Private Publishing in the Nahḍa.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 40 (2008): 561–77.Google Scholar
Aydar, Hidayet, and Atalay, Mehmet. “The Issue of Chanting the Adhan in Languages other than Arabic and Related Social Reactions against It in Turkey.” İstanbul Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13 (2006): 4563.Google Scholar
Aygül, Hasan Hüseyin, and Öztürk, Özgür. “Dini Çoğulculuk ve Kamusal Alanda Dindar Tüketim Kültürü.” Moment Dergi, 3 (2016): 190206.Google Scholar
Ayubi, Nazih N. Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World. New York: Routledge, 1991.Google Scholar
Azak, Umut. Islam and Secularism in Turkey: Kemalism, Religion and the Nation State. London: I. B. Tauris, 2010.Google Scholar
Azam, Ikram. Pakistan and Islamic Economics. Lahore: Amir Publications, 1978.Google Scholar
Azzam, Henry T. The Emerging Arab Capital Markets: Investment Opportunities in Relatively Underplayed Markets. London: Kegan Paul International, 1997.Google Scholar
Babayan, Kathryn. “The Safavid Synthesis: From Qizilbash Islam to Imamate Shiʿism.” Iranian Studies, 27 (1994): 135–61.Google Scholar
Babayan, Kathryn. Mystics, Monarchs, and Messiahs: Cultural Landscapes of Early Modern Iran. Cambridge, MA: Center for Middle Eastern Studies of Harvard University, 2002.Google Scholar
Bacık, Gökhan. Islam and Muslim Resistance to Modernity in Turkey. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.Google Scholar
Bacık, Gökhan. Contemporary Rationalist Islam in Turkey: The Religious Opposition to Sunni Revival. London: I. B. Tauris, 2021.Google Scholar
Baer, Gabriel. A History of Landownership in Modern Egypt, 1800–1950. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Baer, Gabriel. “Social Change in Egypt: 1800–1914.” In Political and Social Change in Modern Egypt, edited by Holt, P. M., pp. 135–61. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.Google Scholar
Baer, Gabriel. Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Baer, Gabriel. “Guilds in Middle Eastern History.” In Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day, edited by Cook, Michael A., pp. 1130. London: Oxford University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Bakhash, Shaul. “The Evolution of Qajar Bureaucracy: 1779–1879.” Middle Eastern Studies, 7 (1971): 139–68.Google Scholar
Balch, Thomas Willing. “French Colonization in North Africa.” American Political Science Review, 3 (1909): 539–51.Google Scholar
Bali, Rıfat N. The “Varlık Vergisi” Affair: A Study on Its Legacy. Istanbul: ISIS Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Bali, Rıfat N. Gayrimüslim Mehmetçikler: Hatıralar, Tanıklıklar. Istanbul: Libra, 2011.Google Scholar
Balla, Eliana, and Johnson, Noel D.. “Fiscal Crisis and Institutional Change in the Ottoman Empire and France.” Journal of Economic History, 69 (2009): 809–45.Google Scholar
Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe. “The Formation of Kızılbaş Communities in Anatolia and Ottoman Responses, 1540s–1630s.” International Journal of Turkish Studies, 20 (2014): 2148.Google Scholar
Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe. “‘Those Heretics Gathering Secretly …’: Qizilbash Rituals and Practices in the Ottoman Empire according to Early Modern Sources.” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association, 6 (2019): 3960.Google Scholar
Banai, Hussein. Hidden Liberalism: Burdened Visions of Progress in Modern Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Banani, Amin. The Modernization of Iran, 1921–1941. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1961.Google Scholar
Bano, Masooda. “Protector of the ‘al-Wasatiyya’ Islam: Cairo’s al-Azhar University.” In Shaping Global Islamic Discourses: The Role of al-Azhar, al-Medina and al-Mustafa, edited by Bano, Masooda and Sakurai, Keiko, pp. 7388. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Bano, Masooda. “At the Tipping Point? Al-Azhar’s Growing Crisis of Moral Authority.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 50 (2018): 715–34.Google Scholar
Bano, Masooda. The Revival of Islamic Rationalism: Logic, Metaphysics, and Mysticism in Modern Muslim Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Bano, Masooda, and Benadi, Hanane. “Regulating Religious Authority for Political Gains: Al-Sisi’s Manipulation of Al-Azhar in Egypt.” Third World Quarterly, 39 (2018): 1604–21.Google Scholar
Baqutayan, Shadiya Mohamed S., Ariffin, Aini Suzana, Mohsin, Magda Ismail A., and Mahdzir, Akbariah Mohd. “Waqf between the Past and Present.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 9 (2018): 149–55.Google Scholar
Baram, Amatzia. Saddam Husayn and Islam, 1968–2003: Baʿthi Iraq from Secularism to Faith. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Bardakci, Mehmet, Freyberg-Inan, Annette, Giesel, Christoph, and Leisse, Olaf. Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.Google Scholar
Barkan, Ömer Lütfi, and Ayverdi, Ekrem Hakkı. İstanbul Vakıfları Tahrir Defteri 953 (1546) Tarihli. Istanbul: Fetih Cemiyeti, 1970.Google Scholar
Barkey, Karen. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Barkey, Karen. Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Baron, Beth. “Islam, Philanthropy, and Political Culture in Interwar Egypt: The Activism of Labiba Ahmed.” In Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts, edited by Bonner, Michael, Ener, Mine, and Singer, Amy, pp. 239–54. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Barnes, John Robert. An Introduction to Religious Foundations in the Ottoman Empire. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1986.Google Scholar
Bartolucci, Valentina. “The Perils and Prospects of the French Approach to Counterterrorism.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Counterterrorism Policy, edited by Romaniuk, Scott Nicholas, Grice, Francis, Irrera, Daniela, and Webb, Stewart, pp. 437–58. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.Google Scholar
Bashear, Suliman. “On the Origins and Development of the Meaning of Zakāt in Early Islam.” Arabica, 40 (1993): 84113.Google Scholar
Baskin, Jonathan Barron, and Miranti, Paul J. Jr. A History of Corporate Finance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. Chronicles of the Egyptian Revolution and Its Aftermath: 2011–2016. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Baş, Mustafa. Türk Ortodoks Patrikhanesi. Ankara: Aziz Andaç Yayınları, 2006.Google Scholar
Bateson, Mary Catherine. “‘This Figure of Tinsel’: A Study of Themes of Hypocrisy and Pessimism in Iranian Culture.” Daedalus, 108 (1979): 125–34.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, Frank R., Berry, Jeffrey M., Hojnaki, Marie, Kimball, David C., and Leech, Beth L.. Lobbying and Policy Change: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Bayat, Asef. “Activism and Social Development in the Middle East.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 34 (2002): 128.Google Scholar
Baykal, Erol A. F. The Ottoman Press (1908–1923). Leiden: Brill, 2019.Google Scholar
Baykan, Toygar Sinan. The Justice and Development Party in Turkey: Populism, Personalism, Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Baytal, Yaşar. Atatürk Döneminde Sosyal Yardım Faaliyetleri (1923–1938). Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2012.Google Scholar
Ba-Yunus, Ilyas, and Kone, Kassim. Muslims in the United States. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Beard, T. Randolph, Ekelund, Robert B. Jr., Ford, George S., and Tollison, Robert D.. “The Economics of Religious Schism and Switching.” In The Oxford Handbook of Christianity and Economics, edited by Oslington, Paul, pp. 438–62. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Beck, Thorsten, Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, and Merrouche, Ouarda. “Islamic vs. Conventional Banking: Business Model, Efficiency and Stability.” Journal of Banking and Finance, 37 (2013): 433–47.Google Scholar
Becker, Sascha O., Pfaff, Steven, and Rubin, Jared. “Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation.” Explorations in Economic History, 62 (2016): 125.Google Scholar
Bednar, Jenna, Chen, Yan, Liu, Tracy Xiao, and Page, Scott. “Behavioral Spillovers and Cognitive Load in Multiple Games: An Experimental Study.” Games and Economic Behavior, 74 (2012): 1231.Google Scholar
Behar, Cem. A Neighborhood in Ottoman Istanbul: Fruit Vendors and Civil Servants in the Kasap İlyas Mahalle. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Behravesh, Maysam. “Corruption Is a Job Qualification in Today’s Iran.” Foreign Policy, 26 June 2020.Google Scholar
Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. Egypt’s Adjustment to Ottoman Rule: Institutions, Waqf and Architecture in Cairo, 16th and 17th Centuries. Leiden: Brill, 1994.Google Scholar
Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. “The Waqf of a Cairene Notable in Early Ottoman Cairo.” In Le Waqf dans L’Espace Islamique: Outil de Pouvoir Socio-Politique, edited by Deguilhem, Randi, pp. 123–32. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1995.Google Scholar
Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. “Waqf, in Egypt.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 11, pp. 6369. Leiden: Brill, 2002.Google Scholar
Bein, Amit. Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Beinin, Joel. “Formation of the Egyptian Working Class.” MERIP Reports, 94 (1981): 1423.Google Scholar
Beldiceanu, Nicoarä. “Recherches sur la Réforme Foncière de Mehmed II.” Acta Historica, 4 (1965): 2739.Google Scholar
Belhaj, Abdessamad. “Bayt al-Māl.” Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics: Oxford Islamic Studies Online. www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t342/e0116 (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Bellin, Eva. “The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics, 36 (2004): 139–57.Google Scholar
Bengio, Ofra. Saddam’s Word: Political Discourse in Iraq. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Ben Naceur, Sami, Barajas, Adolfo, and Massara, Alexander. “Can Islamic Banking Increase Financial Inclusion?” In Handbook of Empirical Research on Islam and Economic Life, edited by Kabir Hassan, M., pp. 213–52. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2017.Google Scholar
Bennett, Robert J. Local Business Voice: The History of Chambers of Commerce in Britain, Ireland, and Revolutionary America, 1760–2011. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Bensoussan, Georges. Jews in Arab Countries: The Great Uprooting, translated by Andrew Halper from the French original of 2012. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Benthall, Jonathan. “Financial Worship: The Quranic Injunction to Almsgiving.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, n.s., 5 (1999): 2742.Google Scholar
Benthall, Jonathan. Islamic Charities and Islamic Humanism in Troubled Times. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Benthall, Jonathan, and Bellion-Jourdan, Jérôme. The Charitable Crescent: Politics of Aid in the Muslim World. London: I. B. Tauris, 2003.Google Scholar
Berger, Maurits S.The Legal System of Family Law in Syria.” Bulletin d’Études Orientales, 49 (1997): 115–27.Google Scholar
Berkel, Maaike van. “Waqf Documents on the Provision of Water in Medieval Egypt.” In Legal Documents as Sources for the History of Muslim Societies, edited by van Berkel, Maaike, Buskens, Léon, and Sijpesteijn, Petra, pp. 231–44. Leiden: Brill, 2017.Google Scholar
Berkes, Niyazi. The Development of Secularism in Turkey. New York: Routledge, 1998; original edition 1964.Google Scholar
Berkey, Jonathan P. The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Berman, Harold J. Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Bermek, Sevinç. The Rise of Hybrid Political Islam in Turkey: Origins and Consolidation of the JDP. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.Google Scholar
Bermeo, Nancy. “On Democratic Backsliding.” Journal of Democracy, 27 (2016): 519.Google Scholar
Berque, Jacques. Maghreb: Histoire et Sociétés. Algiers: SNED, 1974.Google Scholar
Bertelsen, Rasmus G.Private Foreign-Affiliated Universities, the State, and Soft Power: The American University of Beirut and the American University of Cairo.” Foreign Policy Analysis, 8 (2012): 293311.Google Scholar
Besley, Timothy, and Ghatak, Maitreesh. “Property Rights and Economic Development.” In Handbook of Development Economics, vol. 5, edited by Rodrik, Dani and Rosenzweig, Mark R., pp. 4525–95. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 2010.Google Scholar
Bessard, Fanny. Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Bharier, Julian. “A Note on the Population of Iran, 1900–1966.” Population Studies, 22 (1968): 273–79.Google Scholar
Bikmen, Filiz. The Landscape of Philanthropy and Civil Society in Turkey. Istanbul: Third Sector Foundation of Turkey, 2006.Google Scholar
Binzel, Christine, and Fehr, Dietmar. “Social Distance and Trust: Experimental Evidence from a Slum in Cairo.” Journal of Development Economics, 103 (2013): 99106.Google Scholar
Birdal, Murat. The Political Economy of Ottoman Public Debt: Insolvency and European Financial Control in the Late Nineteenth Century. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2010.Google Scholar
Bishara, Dina. “Legacy Trade Unions as Brokers of Democratization? Lessons from Tunisia.” Comparative Politics, 52 (2020): 173–95.Google Scholar
Bittles, Alan H., and Black, Michael L.. “Consanguinity, Human Evolution, and Complex Diseases.” PNAS, 107 (2010): 1779–86.Google Scholar
Björkman, W.Maks.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 6, pp. 194–95. Leiden: Brill, 1991.Google Scholar
Blackman, Alexandra. “Ideological Responses to Settler Colonialism: Political Identities in Post-Independence Tunisia.” PhD dissertation, Stanford University, 2019.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. “Comment on Eric Chaney’s ‘Democratic Change in the Arab World: Past and Present’.” Brookings Papers in Economic Activity, 42 (2012): 404–10.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. “State Building in the Middle East.” Annual Review of Political Science, 20 (2017): 487504.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. “Mamluks, Property Rights, and Economic Development: Lessons from Medieval Egypt.” Politics and Society, 47 (2019): 395424.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa, and Chaney, Eric. “The Feudal Revolution and Europe’s Rise: Political Divergence of the Christian and Muslim Worlds before 1500 CE.” American Political Science Review, 107 (2013): 1634.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa, Grimmer, Justin, and McQueen, Alison. “Mirrors for Princes and Sultans: Advice on the Art of Governance in the Medieval Christian and Islamic Worlds.” Journal of Politics, 80 (2018): 1150–67.Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa, and Paik, Christopher. “Muslim Trade and City Growth before the Nineteenth Century: Comparative Urbanization in Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia.” British Journal of Political Science, 51 (2021): 845–68.Google Scholar
Bligh, Alexander. “The Saudi Religious Elite (Ulama) as Participant in the Political System of the Kingdom.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 17 (1985): 3750.Google Scholar
Bodinier, Bernard and Teyssier, Eric, with Antoine, François. L’Événement le Plus Important de la Révolution: La Vente des Biens Nationaux. Paris: Éditions du CTHS, 2000.Google Scholar
Boduszyñski, Mieczysław, Fabbe, Kristin, and Lamont, Chritopher, “After the Arab Spring: Are Secular Parties the Answer?Journal of Democracy, 26 (2015): 125–39.Google Scholar
Boettke, Peter J. F. A. Hayek: Economics, Political Economy and Social Philosophy. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.Google Scholar
Boettke, Peter J., and Candela, Rosolino A.. “The Liberty of Progress: Increasing Returns, Institutions, and Entrepreneurship.” Social Philosophy and Policy, 34 (2017): 136–63.Google Scholar
Boghani, Priyanka. “The Paradox of Saudi Arabia’s Reforms.” Frontline, 1 October 2018.Google Scholar
Bohdanowicz, M. Arsalan. “The Truth about the Armenian Question during the First World War.” Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 1 (1953): 184204.Google Scholar
Bohnet, Iris, Hermann, Benedikt, and Zeckhauser, Richard. “Trust and Reference Points for Trustworthiness in Gulf and Western Countries.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 125 (2010): 811–28.Google Scholar
Bonine, Michael E.Islam and Commerce: Waqf and the Bazaar of Yazd, Iran.” Erdkunde, 41 (1987): 182–96.Google Scholar
Bonner, Michael. “Definitions of Poverty and the Rise of the Muslim Urban Poor.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 6 (1996): 335–44.Google Scholar
Bonner, Michael. “Poverty and Charity in the Rise of Islam.” In Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts, edited by Bonner, Michael, Ener, Mine, and Singer, Amy, pp. 1330. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Boogert, Maurits H. van den. “Provocative Wealth: Non-Muslim Elites in Eighteenth-Century Aleppo.” Journal of Early Modern History, 14 (2010): 219–37.Google Scholar
Boogert, Maurits H. van den. “Ottoman Brokers in the 18th-Century Levant Trade.” In Ottoman War and Peace, edited by Castiglione, Frank, Menchinger, Ethan, and Şimşek, Veysel, pp. 368–85. Leiden: Brill, 2020.Google Scholar
Bora, Tanıl. Cereyanlar: Türkiye’de Siyasî İdeolojiler. Istanbul: İletişim, 2017.Google Scholar
Bormans, Maurice. “Le ‘Ministère de l’Enseignement Originel et des Affaires Religieuses,’ en Algérie, et Son Activité Culturelle.” Oriento Moderno, 52 (1972): 467–81.Google Scholar
Bos, Matthijs van den. Mystic Regimes: Sufism and the State in Iran, from the Late Qajar Era to the Islamic Republic. Leiden: Brill, 2002.Google Scholar
Bosker, Maarten, Buringh, Eltjo, and Luiten van Zanden, Jan. “From Baghdad to London: Unraveling Urban Development in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, 800–1800.” Review of Economics and Statistics 95 (2013): 1418–37.Google Scholar
Boston Consulting Group. “When the Clients Take the Lead: Global Wealth 2021.” BCG press release, June 2021. https://web-assets.bcg.com/d4/47/64895c544486a7411b06ba4099f2/bcg-global-wealth-2021-jun-2021.pdf (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Böttcher, Annabelle. “Le Ministère des Waqfs.” Maghreb, Machrek, Monde Arabe, 158 (1997) 1831.Google Scholar
Bottoni, Rossella. “The Headscarf Issue at State Institutions in Turkey: From the Kemalist Age to Recent Developments.” In Freedom of Religion and Belief in Turkey, edited by Ҫınar, Özgür Heval and Yıldırım, Mine, pp. 116–38. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.Google Scholar
Boulby, Marion. “The Islamic Challenge: Tunisia since Independence.” Third World Quarterly, 10 (1988): 590614.Google Scholar
Bouquet, Olivier. Les Pachas du Sultan: Essai sur les Agents Supérieurs de l’État Ottoman (1839–1909). Paris: Petters, 2007.Google Scholar
Bowler, Shaun, and Nicholson, Stephen P.. “Information Cues and Rational Ignorance.” In The Oxford Handbook of Public Choice, vol. 1, edited by Congleton, Roger D., Grofman, Bernard N., and Voigt, Stefan, pp. 381–94. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Boyar, Ebru. “Medicine in Practice: European Influences on the Ottoman Medical Habitat.” Turkish Historical Review, 9 (2018): 213–41.Google Scholar
Boyle, Kevin, and Sheen, Juliet, eds. Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report. London: Routledge, 1997.Google Scholar
Bozarslan, Hamit. Histoire de la Turquie: De L’Empire à Nos Jours. Paris: Tallandier, 2013.Google Scholar
Bras, Jean Philippe. “L’Islam Administré: Illustrations Tunisiennes.” In Public et Privé en Islam: Espaces, Autorités et Libertés, edited by Kerrou, Mohamed, pp. 225–44. Tunis: Institut de Recherche sur le Maghreb Contemporain, 2014.Google Scholar
Bravmann, Meïr. “Surplus of Property: An Early Arab Social Concept,” Der Islam, 38 (1963): 2850.Google Scholar
Brentjes, Sonja. Travellers from Europe in the Ottoman and Safavid Empires, 16th–17th Centuries: Seeking, Transforming, Discarding Knowledge. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010.Google Scholar
Bright Line Watch. “Tempered Expectations and Hardened Divisions a Year into the Biden Presidency.” November 2021 surveys. https://archive.is/NgDZj (accessed 2 February 2023)Google Scholar
Bromley, Patricia. “The Organizational Transformation of Civil Society.” In The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, 3rd ed., edited by Powell, Walter W. and Bromley, Patricia, pp. 123–43. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Broms, Rasmus, and Kokkonen, Andrej. “Inheritance Regimes: Medieval Family Structures and Current Institutional Quality.” Governance, 32 (2019): 619–37.Google Scholar
Browers, Michaelle L. Democracy and Civil Society in Arab Political Thought: Transcultural Possibilities. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Brown, Jonathan A. C.Even If It’s Not True It’s True: Using Unreliable Ḥadīths in Sunni Islam.” Islamic Law and Society, 18 (2011): 152.Google Scholar
Brown, Leon Carl. “The Role of Islam in Modern North Africa.” In State and Society in Independent North Africa, edited by Brown, Leon Carl, pp. 97122. Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, 1966.Google Scholar
Brown, Leon Carl. The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey, 1837–1855. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan J. The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan J.Constitutional Revolutions and the Public Sphere.” In The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East, edited by Lynch, Marc, pp. 296312. New York: Columbia University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan J.The Transition: From Mubarak’s Fall to the 2014 Presidential Election.” Adelphi Series, 55 (2015): 1532.Google Scholar
Brown, Nathan J.Citizenship, Religious Rights, and State Identity in Arab Constitutions: Who Is Free and What Are They Free to Do?” In Freedom of Religion, Secularism, and Human Rights, edited by Bhuta, Nehal, pp. 5368. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Bruce, Benjamin. Governing Islam Abroad: Turkish and Moroccan Muslims in Western Europe. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.Google Scholar
Bruinessen, Martin van. Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. London: Zed Books, 1992.Google Scholar
Brummett, Palmira. Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Bucar, Elizabeth. Pious Fashion: How Muslim Women Dress. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Buchanan, James M., and Tullock, Gordon. The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Buğra, Ayşe. State and Business in Modern Turkey: A Comparative Study. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Buğra, Ayşe. “Labour, Capital, and Religion: Harmony and Conflict among the Constituency of Political Islam in Turkey.” Middle Eastern Studies, 38 (2002): 187204.Google Scholar
Buğra, Ayşe, and Savaşkan, Osman. “Politics and Class: The Turkish Business Environment in the Neoliberal Age.” New Perspectives on Turkey, 46 (2012): 2763.Google Scholar
Bunt, Gary R. Hashtag Islam: How Cyber-Islamic Environments Are Transforming Religious Authority. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Burns, Robert Ignatius, SJ. Medieval Colonialism: Postcrusade Exploitation of Islamic Valencia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Burr, J. Millard, and Collins, Robert O.. Alms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Burton, John. The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Burweila, Aya, and Nomikos, John M.. “Libya and the New Axis of Terror: Reshaping the Security Theater in MENA and Europe.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 32 (2019): 5481.Google Scholar
Bush, Robin. Nahdlatul Ulama and the Struggle for Power within Islam and Politics in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009.Google Scholar
Byman, Daniel. “Understanding the Islamic State – A Review Essay.” International Security, 40 (2016): 127–65.Google Scholar
Byrne, Julie. The Other Catholics: Remaking America’s Largest Religion. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Çadırcı, Musa. Tanzimat Döneminde Anadolu Kentleri’nin Sosyal ve Ekonomik Yapıları. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991.Google Scholar
Caeiro, Alexandre. “The Making of the Fatwa: The Production of Islamic Legal Expertise in Europe.” Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions, 155 (2011): 81100.Google Scholar
Cagaptay, Soner. The New Sultan: Erdogan and the Crisis of Modern Turkey. London: I. B. Tauris, 2017.Google Scholar
Cagaptay, Soner. Erdogan’s Empire: Turkey and the Politics of the Middle East. London: I. B. Tauris, 2020.Google Scholar
Cagaptay, Soner, and Aktas, Oya Rose. “How Erdoganism Is Killing Turkish Democracy: The End of Political Opposition.” Foreign Affairs online, 7 July 2017. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/turkey/2017-07-07/how-erdoganism-killing-turkish-democracy (accessed 6 February 2023).Google Scholar
Çaǧatay, Neşet. “Ribā and Interest Concept and Banking in the Ottoman Empire.” Studia Islamica, 32 (1970): 5368.Google Scholar
Cahen, Claude. “La Régime des Impôts dans le Fayyūm Ayyūbide.” Arabica, 3 (1956): 830.Google Scholar
Cahen, Claude. “Kharādj, in the Central and Western Islamic Lands.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 4, pp. 1030–34 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978).Google Scholar
Cahen, Claude. “Bayt al-Māl, History.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1986), pp. 1143–47.Google Scholar
Çakır, Coşkun. “Türk Aydınının Tanzimat’la İmtihanı: Tanzimat ve Tanzimat Dönemi Siyasî Tarihi Üzerine Yapılan Çalışmalar.” Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 2 (2004): 969.Google Scholar
Çakmak, Yalçın. “Richard Leonhard’ın ‘Galatya’da Kızılbaşlar’ Başlıklı Gözlem-Değerlendirmelerinin Analizi ve Osmanlıca Transkripsiyonu.” Kebikeç, 48 (2019): 5781.Google Scholar
Calamanti, Andrea. “The Tunis Stock Exchange.” Savings and Development, 3 (1979): 157–84.Google Scholar
Cameron, Euan. The European Reformation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Cameron, Lisa, Chaudhuri, Ananish, Erkal, Nisvan, and Gangadharan, Lata. “Propensities to Engage in and Punish Corrupt Behavior: Experimental Evidence from Australia, India, Indonesia, and Singapore.” Journal of Public Economics, 93 (2009): 843–51.Google Scholar
Cammett, Melani. “Business–Government Relations and Industrial Change: The Politics of Upgrading in Morocco and Tunisia.” World Development, 35 (2007): 1889–903.Google Scholar
Cammett, Melani. Globalization and Business Politics in Arab North Africa: A Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Cammett, Melani, Diwan, Ishac, Richards, Alan, and Waterbury, John. A Political Economy of the Middle East, 4th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Cammett, Melani, and Posusney, Marsha Pripstein. “Labor Standards and Labor Market Flexibility in the Middle East: Free Trade and Freer Unions?Studies in Comparative International Development, 45 (2010): 250–79.Google Scholar
Campbell, John. Travels through Egypt, Turkey, Syria and the Holy Land. London: W. Reeve, 1758.Google Scholar
Campbell-Reed, Eileen R. Anatomy of a Schism: How Clergywomen’s Narratives Reinterpret the Fracturing of the Southern Baptist Convention. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Cansunar, Asli. “Distributional Consequences of Philanthropic Contributions to Public Goods: Self-Serving Elites in Ottoman Istanbul.” Journal of Politics, 84 (2022): 889907.Google Scholar
Cansunar, Asli, and Kuran, Timur. “Economic Harbingers of Political Modernization: Peaceful Explosion of Rights in Ottoman Istanbul.” SSRN working paper, 2023.Google Scholar
Cantoni, Davide, Dittmar, Jeremiah, and Yuchtman, Noam. “Religious Competition and Reallocation: The Political Economy of Secularization in the Protestant Reformation.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133 (2018): 2037–96.Google Scholar
Çapa, Mesut. Kızılay (Hilâl-i Ahmer) Cemiyeti (1914–1925). Ankara: Türk Kızılayı, 2009.Google Scholar
Caplan, Bryan. The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Carapico, Sheila. “Egypt’s Civic Revolution Turns ‘Democracy Promotion’ on Its Head.” In Arab Spring in Egypt: Revolution and Beyond, edited by Korany, Bahgat and El-Mahdi, Rabab, pp. 199222. Cairo: University of Cairo Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Çarkoğlu, Ali. “Religiosity, Support for Şeriat and Evaluations of Secularist Public Policies in Turkey.” Middle Eastern Studies, 40 (2004): 111–36.Google Scholar
Çarkoğlu, Ali. “Trends in Individual Giving and Foundation Practices.” In Philanthropy in Turkey: Citizens, Foundations and the Pursuit of Social Justice, edited by Bikmen, Filiz and Zincir, Rana, pp. 95142. Istanbul: Third Sector Foundation of Turkey, 2006.Google Scholar
Carter, Barbara L. The Copts in Egyptian Politics, 1918–1952. London: Croom Helm, 1986.Google Scholar
Carvalho, Jean-Paul. “Veiling.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 128 (2013): 337–70.Google Scholar
Carvalho, Jean-Paul, and Koyama, Mark. “Jewish Emancipation and Schism: Economic Development and Religious Change.” Journal of Comparative Economics, 44 (2016): 562–84.Google Scholar
Casale, Giancarlo. The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Cason, Timothy, and Gangadharan, Lada. “Cooperation Spillovers and Price Competition in Experimental Markets.” Economic Inquiry, 51 (2013): 1715–30.Google Scholar
Çelik, Gözlem Akarsu. “‘Dini Oluşumlar’ Raporu’nu Diyanet, Kime Yazdı?” Gazete Duvar, 31 May 2019. www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/yazarlar/2019/05/31/dini-olusumlar-raporunu-diyanet-kime-yazdi/ (accessed 3 February 2023).Google Scholar
Celso, Anthony N.Al Qaeda in the Maghreb: The ‘Newest’ Front in the War on Terror.” Mediterranean Quarterly, 19 (2008): 8096.Google Scholar
Cengiz, Zerrin, Dilek, Pelin Yenigün, Özdemir, Ezgican, Hande Özhabeş, R. Bülent Tarhan, Ayşe Üstünel Yırcalı, , and Zeytinoğlu, Ceren. Yolsuzluk ve Yolsuzlukla Mücadele Türkiye Değerlendirme Raporu. Istanbul: TESEV, 2014.Google Scholar
Ceron, Andrea. “The Politics of Fission: An Analysis of Faction Breakaways among Italian Parties (1946–2011).” British Journal of Political Science, 45 (2013): 121–39.Google Scholar
Cesari, Jocelyne. Why the West Fears Islam: An Exploration of Muslims in Liberal Democracies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.Google Scholar
Çetinsaya, Gökhan. Ottoman Administration of Iraq, 1890–1908. London: Routledge, 2006.Google Scholar
Ceylan, Ebubekir. The Ottoman Origins of Modern Iraq: Political Reform, Modernization and Development in the Nineteenth-Century Middle East. London: I. B. Tauris, 2011.Google Scholar
Chadwick, Henry. East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Chalcraft, John T. The Striking Cabbies of Cairo and Other Stories: Crafts and Guilds in Egypt, 1863–1914. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Chaney, Eric. “Democratic Change in the Arab World, Past and Present.” Brookings Papers in Economic Activity, 42 (2012): 363414.Google Scholar
Chapra, M. Umer. Islam and the Economic Challenge. Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1992.Google Scholar
Charrad, Mounira M. The State and Women’s Rights: The Making of Postcolonial Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, K. N. Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Chaumont, Eric. “Al-Shāfiʿī.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 9, pp. 185–89. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2003.Google Scholar
Chavoshian, Sana. “Secular Atmospheres: Unveiling and Urban Space in Early 20th Century Iran.” Historical Social Research, 44 (2019): 180205.Google Scholar
Chawki, Mohamed. “Islam in the Digital Age: Counselling and Fatwas at the Click of a Mouse.” Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, 5 (2010): 165–80.Google Scholar
Chekir, Hamouda, and Diwan, Ishac. “Crony Capitalism in Egypt.” Journal of Globalization and Development, 5 (2014): 177211.Google Scholar
Choi, Sung-Eun. Decolonization and the French of Algeria: Bringing the Settler Colony Home. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.Google Scholar
Çiçek, Kemal. Ermenilerin Zorunlu Göçü 1915–1917. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2005.Google Scholar
Ciddi, Sinan. Kemalism in Turkish Politics: The Republican People’s Party, Secularism and Nationalism. London: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
CIVICUS. “Enabling Environment Index 2013.” http://civicus.org/eei (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Çizakça, Murat. A Comparative Evolution of Business Partnerships: The Islamic World and Europe, with Special Reference to the Ottoman Archives. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996.Google Scholar
Çizakça, Murat. A History of Philanthropic Foundations: The Islamic World from the Seventh Century to the Present. Istanbul: Boǧaziçi University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Çizakça, Murat. “From Destruction to Restoration – Islamic Waqfs in Modern Turkey and Malaysia.” Endowment Studies, 2 (2018): 83106.Google Scholar
Clarence-Smith, William Gervase. Islam and the Abolition of Slavery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Clark, Janine A.Field Research Methods in the Middle East.” PS: Political Science & Politics, 39 (2006): 417–23.Google Scholar
Clarke, John I.Population Policies and Dynamics in Tunisia.” Journal of Developing Areas, 4 (1969): 4558.Google Scholar
Clay, Christopher. “The Origins of Modern Banking in the Levant: The Branch Network of the Imperial Ottoman Bank, 1890–1914.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 26 (1994): 589614.Google Scholar
Clayer, Nathalie. “An Imposed or a Negotiated Laiklik? The Administration of the Teaching of Islam in Single-Party Turkey.” In Order and Compromise: Government Practices in Turkey from the Late Ottoman Empire to the Early 21st Century, edited by Aymes, Marc, Gourisse, Benjamin, and Massicard, Élise, pp. 97120. Leiden: Brill, 2015.Google Scholar
Cleveland, William L.The Municipal Council of Tunis, 1858–1870: A Study in Urban Institutional Change.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 9 (1978): 3361.Google Scholar
Cline, Lawrence E.The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq.” Journal of Conflict Studies, 20 (2000): 4467.Google Scholar
Cohen, Hayyim J.The Economic Background and the Secular Occupations of Muslim Jurisprudents and Traditionists in the Classical Period of Islam (until the Middle of the Eleventh Century).” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 13 (1970): 1661.Google Scholar
Cohen, Mark R.What Was the Pact of ʿUmar? A Literary-Historical Survey.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam,23 (1999): 100157.Google Scholar
Cohen, Mark R.Feeding the Poor and Clothing the Naked: The Cairo Geniza.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 35 (2005): 407–21.Google Scholar
Çokgezen, Murat. “Can the State Make You More Religious? Evidence from Turkish Experience.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 61 (2022): 349–73.Google Scholar
Çokgezen, Murat, and Kuran, Timur. “Between Markets and Islamic Law: The Evolution of Islamic Credit Cards in Turkey.” Journal of Comparative Economics, 43 (2015): 862–83.Google Scholar
Cole, Juan. “Al-Tahtawi on Poverty and Welfare.” In Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts, edited by Bonner, Michael, Ener, Mine, and Singer, Amy, pp. 223–38. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Cole, Juan. “Why I Left the Far-Right: Joram van Klaveren’s Journey to Islam.” Informed Comment, 30 August 2019: www.juancole.com/2019/08/joram-klaverens-journey.html (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Coleman, James S. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Collinson, Patrick. “The Late Medieval Church and Its Reformation, 1400–1600.” In The Oxford History of Christianity, edited by McManners, John, pp. 243–76. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Commins, David. Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Commins, David. The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2006.Google Scholar
Constable, Giles. Monastic Tithes: From Their Origins to the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Constable, Olivia Remie. Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900–1500. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Cook, David. Understanding Jihad. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Cook, Michael. Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Cook, Steven A. False Dawn: Protest, Democracy, and Violence in the New Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Cooray, Arusha, and Potrafke, Niklas. “Gender Inequality in Education: Political Institutions or Culture and Religion?European Journal of Political Economy, 27 (2011): 268–80.Google Scholar
Cora, Yaşar Tolga. “A Muslim Great Merchant [Tüccar] Family in the Late Ottoman Empire: A Case Study of the Nemlizades, 1860–1930.” International Journal of Turkish Studies, 19 (2013): 129.Google Scholar
Corbett, Rosemary R. Making Moderate Islam: Sufism, Service, and the “Ground Zero Mosque” Controversy. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Coşgel, Metin. “Taxes, Efficiency, and Redistribution: Discriminatory Taxation of Villages in Ottoman Palestine, Southern Syria, and Transjordan in the Sixteenth Century.” Explorations in Economic History, 43 (2006): 332–56.Google Scholar
Coşkun, Ali. Sosyal Değişme ve Dini Normlar. Istanbul: Dem, 2005.Google Scholar
Cougar, Yves. After Nine Hundred Years: The Background of the Schism between the Eastern and Western Churches. New York: Fordham University Press, 1959.Google Scholar
Coulson, Noel J.Bayt al-Māl.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 1, pp. 1141–43. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1986.Google Scholar
Courbage, Youssef, and Fargues, Philippe. Christians and Jews under Islam, translated by Judy Mabro from the French original of 1992. London: I. B. Tauris, 1997.Google Scholar
Cox, Gary W.Was the Glorious Revolution a Constitutional Watershed?Journal of Economic History, 72 (2012): 567600.Google Scholar
Cox, Gary W. Marketing Sovereign Promises: Monopoly Brokerage and the Growth of the English State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Cragin, R. Kim. “Tactical Partnerships for Strategic Effects: Recent Experiences of US Forces Working by, with, and through Surrogates in Syria and Libya.” Defence Studies, 20 (2020): 318–35.Google Scholar
Cromer, Evelyn Baring. Modern Egypt, 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1909.Google Scholar
Crone, Patricia. Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Crone, Patricia. God’s Rule: Government and Islam. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Crone, Patricia, and Hinds, Martin. God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Cronin, Stephanie. “Importing Modernity: European Military Missions to Qajar Iran.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 50 (2008): 197226.Google Scholar
Cunningham, Robert B., and Sarayrah, Yasin K.. Wasta: The Hidden Force in Middle Eastern Society. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993.Google Scholar
Dabashi, Hamid. Authority in Islam: From the Rise of Muhammad to the Establishment of the Umayyads. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1989.Google Scholar
Dabashi, Hamid. “Mīr Dāmād and the Founding of the ‘School of Iṣfahān’.” In History of Islamic Philosophy, edited by Nasr, Seyyed Hossein and Leaman, Oliver, pp. 1061–124. London: Routledge, 1996.Google Scholar
Dadkhah, Kamran M.Iran and the Global Finance Markets.” In Iran Encountering Globalization: Problems and Prospects, edited by Mohammadi, Ali, pp. 86106. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.Google Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Dahlén, Ashk P. Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity: Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran. New York: Routledge, 2003.Google Scholar
Dallal, Ahmad. “The Islamic Institution of Waqf: A Historical Overview.” In Islam and Social Policy, edited by Heyneman, Stephen P., pp. 1343. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Danon, Dina. The Jews of Ottoman Izmir: A Modern History. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Darling, Linda T. Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy: Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560–1660. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996.Google Scholar
Darling, Linda T. A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East: The Circle of Justice from Mesopotamia to Globalization. London: Routledge, 2013.Google Scholar
Darling, Linda T.Ottoman Customs Registers (Gümrük Defterleri) as Sources for Global Exchange and Interaction.” Review of Middle East Studies, 49 (2015): 322.Google Scholar
Davidson, Christopher. Shadow Wars: The Secret Struggle for the Middle East. London: Oneworld, 2016.Google Scholar
Davidson, James D., Schlangen, Joseph A., and D’Antonio, William V.. “Protestant and Catholic Perceptions of Church Structure.” Social Forces, 47 (1969): 314–22.Google Scholar
Davis, Eric. Challenging Colonialism: Bank Miṣr and Egyptian Industrialization, 1920–1941. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Davis, Ralph. Aleppo and Devonshire Square: English Traders in the Levant in the Eighteenth Century. London: Macmillan, 1967.Google Scholar
Davison, Roderic H. Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963.Google Scholar
Dawson, Lorne. “Church–Sect–Cult: Constructing Typologies of Religious Groups.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion (2018 online ed.), edited by Clarke, Peter B., pp. 1–20.Google Scholar
Deane, Jennifer Kolpacoff. A History of Medieval Heresy and Inquisition. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011.Google Scholar
Deeb, Marius. “Bank Misr and the Emergence of the Local Bourgeoisie in Egypt.” Middle Eastern Studies, 12 (1976): 6986.Google Scholar
Deeb, Marius. “The Socioeconomic Role of the Local Foreign Minorities in Modern Egypt, 1805–1961.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 9 (1978): 1122.Google Scholar
Deffains, Bruno, Espinosa, Romain, and Thöni, Christian. “Political Self-Serving Bias and Redistribution.” Journal of Public Economics, 134 (2016): 6774.Google Scholar
Deguilhem, Randi. “On the Nature of Waqf: Pious Foundations in Contemporary Syria.” In Les Fondations Pieuses (Waqf) en Méditerranée: Enjeux de Société, Enjeux de Pouvoir, pp. 395430. Kuwait: Kuwait Awqaf Public Foundation, 2004.Google Scholar
Deguilhem, Randi. “The Waqf in the City.” In The City in the Islamic World, vol. 2, edited by Jayyusi, Salma Khadra, Holod, Renata, Petruccioli, Antillio, and Raymond, André, pp. 929–56. Leiden: Brill, 2008.Google Scholar
Deguilhem-Schoem, Randi. “The Loan of Mursad on Waqf Properties.” In A Way Prepared: Essays on Islamic Culture in Honor of Richard Bayly Winder, edited by Kazemi, Farhad and McChesney, Robert D., pp. 6879. New York: New York University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
De Jong, Fred. “The Ṣūfī Orders in Egypt during the ʿUrābī Insurrection and the British Occupation (1882–1914): Some Societal Factors Generating Aloofness, Support, and Opposition.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 21 (1984): 131–39.Google Scholar
Deligöz, Halil. “The Legacy of Vakıf Institutions and the Management of Social Policy in Turkey.” Administrative Culture, 15 (2014): 179203.Google Scholar
DellaPergola, Sergio. World Jewish Population, 2010. Storrs: Mandell L. Berman Institute, 2010.Google Scholar
DeLong-Bas, Natana J. Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Delumeau, Jean. Sin and Fear: The Emergence of a Western Guilt Culture, 13th–18th Centuries, translated by Eric Nicholson from the French original of 1983. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Demir, İlhan. Yeni Vakıfların Temel Kitabı. Ankara: Hu-Der, 1998.Google Scholar
Demirel, Ömer. Sivas Şehir Hayatında Vakıfların Rolü. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2000.Google Scholar
Demirezen, İsmail. Tüketim Toplumu ve Din. Istanbul: Değerler Eğitim Merkezi, 2015.Google Scholar
Dennett, Daniel Clement Jr. Conversion and the Poll Tax in Early Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950.Google Scholar
Denoeux, Guilain. Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon. New York: State University of New York Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Deringil, Selim. ‘“There Is No Compulsion in Religion’: On Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire: 1839–1856.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 42 (2000): 547–75.Google Scholar
Deringil, Selim. Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Der Matossian, Bedross. “The Armenian Commercial Houses and Merchant Networks in the 19th Century Ottoman Empire.” Turcica, 39 (2007): 147–74.Google Scholar
De Roover, Raymond. The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963.Google Scholar
Derri, Aviv. “Imperial Creditors, ‘Doubtful’ Nationalities and Financial Obligations in Late Ottoman Syria: Rethinking Ottoman Subjecthood and Consular Protection.” International History Review, 43 (2021): 1060–79.Google Scholar
Devereux, Robert. The First Ottoman Constitutional Period: A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963.Google Scholar
Dinçkal, Noyan. “Reluctant Modernization: The Cultural Dynamics of Water Supply in Istanbul, 1885–1950.” Technology and Culture, 49 (2008): 675700.Google Scholar
Dirusso, Alyssa A.American Nonprofit Law in Comparative Perspective.” Washington University Global Studies Law Review, 10 (2011): 3986.Google Scholar
Dittmar, Jeremiah E., and Meisenzahl, Ralf R.. “Public Goods Institutions, Human Capital, and Growth: Evidence from German History.” Review of Economic Studies, 87 (2020): 959–96.Google Scholar
Diwan, Ishac, Malik, Adeel, and Atiyas, Izak, eds. Crony Capitalism in the Middle East: Business and Politics from Liberalization to the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
[Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı]. Dinî-Sosyal Teşekküller, Geleneksel Dinî-Kültürel Oluşumlar ve Yeni Dinî Yönelişler. Istanbul: Aydınlık, 2019; leaked classified report.Google Scholar
Do, Quy-Doan, Iyer, Sriya, and Joshi, Shareen. “The Economics of Consanguineous Marriages.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 95 (2013): 904–18.Google Scholar
Dogan, Recep. Political Islamists in Turkey and the Gülen Movement. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.Google Scholar
Doja, Albert. “A Political History of Bektashism from Ottoman Anatolia to Contemporary Turkey.” Journal of Church and State, 48 (2006): 434–50.Google Scholar
Dolan, Paul, and Galizzi, Matteo M.. “Like Ripples on a Pond: Behavioral Spillovers and Their Implications for Research and Policy.” Journal of Economic Psychology, 47 (2015): 116.Google Scholar
Doniger, Wendy. On Hinduism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Dönmez, Ali Rıza. “Cumhuriyet Devrinde Vakıflar.” PhD dissertation, Ankara University, 1991.Google Scholar
Donner, Fred M. Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Dorman, W. Judson. “Informal Cairo: Between Islamist Insurgency and the Neglectful State?Security Dialogue, 40 (2009): 419–41.Google Scholar
Doumani, Beshara B.Endowing Family: Waqf, Property Devolution, and Gender in Greater Syria, 1800 to 1860.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 40 (1998): 341.Google Scholar
Doumani, Beshara B. Family Life in the Ottoman Mediterranean: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Doyle, Jessica Leigh. “State Control of Civil Society Organizations: The Case of Turkey.” Democratization, 24 (2017): 244–64.Google Scholar
Dressler, Markus. “Inventing Orthodoxy: Competing Claims for Authority and Legitimacy in the Ottoman-Safavid Conflict.” In Legitimizing the Order: The Ottoman Rhetoric of State Power, edited by Karateke, Hakan T. and Reinkowski, Maurus, pp. 151–73. Leiden: Brill, 2005.Google Scholar
Duderija, Adis. “Critical-Progressive Muslim Thought: Reflections on Its Political Ramifications.” Review of Faith and International Affairs, 11 (2013): 6979.Google Scholar
Duderija, Adis, and Rane, Halim. Islam and Muslims in the West: Major Issues and Debates. Cham: Palgrave, 2019.Google Scholar
Dündar, Sibel, and Taylan, Ömer. “İki Laiklik Modeli ve Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP).” Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7 (2017): 236–45.Google Scholar
Durac, Vincent, and Cavatorta, Francesco. Politics and Governance in the Middle East. London: Palgrave, 2015.Google Scholar
Duri, Abd al-Aziz. Early Islamic Institutions: Administration and Taxation from the Caliphate to the Umayyads and ʿAbbāsids, translated by Razia Ali from the Arabic original of 1988. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2011.Google Scholar
Duwaji, Ghazi. “Land Ownership in Tunisia: An Obstacle to Agricultural Development.” Land Economics, 44 (1968): 129–32.Google Scholar
Düzbakar, Ömer. “Bribery in Islam: Ottoman Penal Codes and Examples from the Bursa Shari’a Court Records of 18th Century.” Bilig, 51 (2009): 5584.Google Scholar
Düzdaǧ, M. Ertuǧrul. Şeyhülislâm Ebussuûd Efendi Fetvaları Işıǧında 16. Asır Türk Hayatı. Istanbul: Enderun Kitabevi, 1983.Google Scholar
Easterlin, Richard A. Growth Triumphant: The Twenty-First Century in Historical Perspective. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Easterly, William, and Levine, Ross. “Tropics, Germs, and Crops: How Endowments Influence Economic Development.” Journal of Monetary Economics, 50 (2003): 339.Google Scholar
Ebrahimnejad, Hormoz. Medicine, Public Health and the Qājār State: Patterns of Medical Modernization in Nineteenth-Century Iran. Leiden: Brill, 2004.Google Scholar
Eccel, A. Chris. Egypt, Islam and Social Change: Al-Azhar in Conflict and Accommodation. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1984.Google Scholar
Economist Intelligence Unit. Democracy Index 2020: In Sickness and Health? London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 2021.Google Scholar
Efrati, Noga. “Negotiating Rights in Iraq: Women and the Personal Status Law.” Middle East Journal, 59 (2005): 577–95.Google Scholar
Edlund, Lena. “Cousin Marriage Is Not Choice: Muslim Marriage and Underdevelopment.” American Economic Review, 108 (2018): 353–57.Google Scholar
Egypt Today staff. “Egypt’s Solidarity Ministry Puts Hand on 413 NGOs due to Affiliation to Terror Organizations.” Egypt Today, article 96579, 18 January 2021.Google Scholar
Ekelund, Robert B., Tollison, Robert D., Anderson, Gary M., Hébert, Robert F., and Davidson, Audrey B.. Sacred Trust: The Medieval Church as an Economic Firm. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Ekelund, Robert B. Jr., Hébert, Robert F., and Tollison, Robert D.. “An Economic Analysis of the Protestant Reformation.” Journal of Political Economy, 110 (2002): 646–71.Google Scholar
Ekinci, Ekrem Buǧra. Tanzimat ve Sonrası Osmanlı Mahkemeleri. Istanbul: Arı Sanat, 2004.Google Scholar
Ekins, Emily. “Poll: 62% of Americans Say They Have Political Views They’re Afraid to Share.” www.cato.org/survey-reports/poll-62-americans-say-they-have-political-views-theyre-afraid-share (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
El Daly, Marwa. Philanthropy in Egypt. Cairo: Center for Development Services, 2007.Google Scholar
Eldem, Edhem. “L’Édit des Tanzimat (1839): Une Relecture.” Turcica, 52 (2021): 201307.Google Scholar
Eldem, Edhem. “Amerika’yı Keşfetme(me)nin Yolları.” Tarih ve Toplum: Yeni Yaklaşımlar, 18 (Spring 2021): 151–76.Google Scholar
Eleftheriadou, Marina. “Christian Militias in Syria and Iraq: Beyond the Neutrality/Passivity Debate.” Middle East Bulletin, 28 (July 2015): 1319.Google Scholar
El Fegiery, Momtaz. “Guarding the Mainstream: Blasphemy and Apostasy in Egypt.” In Freedom of Expression in Islam, edited by Masud, Muhammad Khalid, Vogt, Kari, Larsen, Lena, and Moe, Christian, pp. 111–29. London: I. B. Tauris, 2021.Google Scholar
El-Gamal, Mahmoud A. Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Elling, Rasmus Christian. Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.Google Scholar
Elsammak, M. Y., Alwosaibi, A. A., Al-Howeish, A., and Alsaeed, J.. “Vitamin D Deficiency in Saudi Arabs.” Hormone and Metabolic Research, 42 (2010): 364–68.Google Scholar
Encarnación, Omar G. The Myth of Civil Society: Social Capital and Democratic Consolidation in Spain and Brazil. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.Google Scholar
Ener, Mine. Managing Egypt’s Poor and the Politics of Benevolence, 1800–1952. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Engels, Frederick. Anti-Dühring, translated by Emile Burns from the German original of 1878. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1947.Google Scholar
Ennaji, Mohammed. Slavery, the State, and Islam, translated by Teresa Lavender Fagan from the French original of 2007. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Epstein, M. The Statesman’s Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1931. London: Macmillan, 1931.Google Scholar
Erdem, Yusuf Hakan. “The Greek Revolution and the End of the Old Ottoman Order.” In The Greek Revolution of 1821: A European Event, edited by Pizanias, Petros, pp. 257–64. Istanbul: ISIS Press, 2011.Google Scholar
“Erdoğan, Albayrak’ı Halefi Olarak Hazırlıyor.” www.cumhuriyet.com.tr, 1028188 (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Eren, Muhammet Emin. “İslam Toplumunda Ayrıştırıcı/Ötekileştirici Söylemin Oluşumunda İftirâk (73 Fırka) Hadisinin Rolü.” In Kur’an ve Toplumsal Bütünleşme (Mezhepler ve Dinî Gruplar Arası İlişkiler), edited by Hökelekli, Hayati and Bilgin, Vejdi, pp. 1934. Bursa: Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları, 2015.Google Scholar
Erken, Ali. “The Making of Politics and Trained Intelligence in the Near East: Robert College of Istanbul.” European Review of History, 23 (2016): 554–71.Google Scholar
Erkilet-Başer, Alev. “Sağ Siyasetin Payandası: Araçsalcı Dinsellik.” İslâmiyât, 3 (2000): 6978.Google Scholar
Eroler, Elif Gençkal. “Dindar Nesil Yetiştirmek”: Türkiye’nin Eğitim Politikalarında Ulus ve Vatandaş İnşası (2002–2016). Istanbul: İletişim, 2019.Google Scholar
Ertem, Adnan. “Osmanlıdan Günümüze Vakıflar.” Vakıflar Dergisi, 36 (2011): 2565.Google Scholar
Ertit, Volkan. “God Is Dying in Turkey as Well: Application of Secularization Theory to a Non-Christian Society.” Open Theology, 4 (2018): 192211.Google Scholar
Esack, Farid. The Qur’an: A User’s Guide. Oxford: Oneworld, 2005.Google Scholar
Europa World Year Book 2003, The, vol. 1. London: Europa Publications, 2003.Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, Edward E.Arab Status in Cyrenaica under the Italians.” Sociological Review, 36 (1944): 117.Google Scholar
Eyuboğlu, İsmet Zeki. Günün Işığında Tasavvuf: Tarikatlar, Mezhepler Tarihi. Istanbul: Geçit Kitabevi, 1987.Google Scholar
Fahmy, Dalia F., and Faruqi, Daanish, eds. Egypt and the Contradictions of Liberalism: Illiberal Intelligentsia and the Future of Egyptian Democracy. London: Oneworld, 2017.Google Scholar
Fahmy, Khaled. All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army and the Making of Modern Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Fahmy, Ninette S. The Politics of Egypt: State–Society Relationship. London: Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar
Fakhry, Majid. Averroes (Ibn Rushd): His Life, Works and Influence. Oxford: Oneworld, 2001.Google Scholar
Fakhry, Majid. A History of Islamic Philosophy, 3rd ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Farha, Mark, and Mousa, Salma. “Secular Autocracy vs. Sectarian Democracy? Weighing Reasons for Christian Support for Regime Transition in Syria and Egypt.” Mediterranean Politics, 20 (2015): 178–97.Google Scholar
Faroqhi, Suraiya. Anadolu’da Bektaşilik, translated by Nasuh Barın from the German original of 1981. Istanbul: Simurg, 2003.Google Scholar
Faroqhi, Suraiya. Artisans of Empire: Crafts and Craftspeople under the Ottomans. London: I. B. Tauris, 2009.Google Scholar
Farouk-Sluglett, Marion, and Sluglett, Peter. “Labor and National Liberation: The Trade Union Movement in Iraq, 1920–1958.” Arab Studies Quarterly, 5 (1983): 139–54.Google Scholar
Fatafta, Marwa. “Transnational Digital Repression in the MENA Region.” POMEPS Studies, 43 (August 2021): 4147.Google Scholar
Fattah, Hala. “The Politics of the Grain Trade in Iraq c. 1840–1917.” New Perspectives on Turkey, 5–6 (1991): 151–65.Google Scholar
Fattah, Khaled, and Fierke, K. M.. “A Clash of Emotions: The Politics of Humiliation and Political Violence in the Middle East.” European Journal of International Relations, 15 (2009): 6793.Google Scholar
Faust, Aaron M. The Baʿthification of Iraq: Saddam Hussein’s Totalitarianism. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Fayed, Ahmed Alaa. “The Current Status of Corruption in Egypt.” Contemporary Arab Affairs, 10 (2017): 510–21.Google Scholar
Fawaz, Leila Tarazi. Merchants and Migrants in Nineteenth-Century Beirut. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Fawaz, Leila Tarazi. An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Fealy, Greg, and McGregor, Katharine. “Nahdlatul Ulama and the Killings of 1965–66: Religion, Politics, and Remembrance.” Indonesia, 89 (2010): 3760.Google Scholar
Feldman, Noah. The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
“Fezzan.” Encylopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., vol. 10, pp. 307–9. New York: Encyclopeadia Britannnica, 1910–11.Google Scholar
Fildis, Ayse Tekdal. “Roots of Alawite–Sunni Rivalry in Syria.” Middle East Policy, 19 (2012): 148–56.Google Scholar
Findley, Carter V. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789–1922. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Findley, Carter V.The Acid Test of Ottomanism: The Acceptance of Non-Muslims in the Late Ottoman Bureaucracy.” In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, vol. 1, edited by Braude, Benjamin and Lewis, Bernard, pp. 339–68. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982.Google Scholar
Findley, Carter V. Ottoman Civil Officialdom: A Social History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Finer, S. E. The History of Government, 3 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Fiori, Stefano. “Adam Smith and the Unintended Consequences of History.” History of Economic Ideas, 22 (2014): 5574.Google Scholar
Firro, Kais. M. “Lebanese Nationalism versus Arabism: From Bulus Nujaym to Michel Chiha.” Middle Eastern Studies, 40 (2004): 127.Google Scholar
Fischbach, Michael R. Jewish Property Claims against Arab Countries. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Fischer, Michael M. J. Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Fishman, James J. The Faithless Fiduciary and the Quest for Charitable Accountability, 1200–2005. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Floor, Willem M.The Bankers (ṣarrāf) in Qājār Iran.” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 129 (1979): 263–81.Google Scholar
Floor, Willem. A Fiscal History of Iran in the Safavid and Qajar Periods, 1500–1925. New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Foa, Roberto Stefan, and Mounk, Yascha. “The Signs of Deconsolidation.” Journal of Democracy, 28 (2017): 515.Google Scholar
Fowler, Megan. “Why Congregations Aren’t Waiting to Leave the United Methodist Church.” Christianity Today, 16 July 2021.Google Scholar
Fox, Jonathan. “Religion and State Constitutions Dataset.” www.religionandstate.org (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Frampton, Martyn. The Muslim Brotherhood and the West: A History of Enmity and Engagement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fredriksen, Paula. When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Freedom House. Freedom in the World 2012: The Arab Uprisings and Their Global Repercussions. Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2012.Google Scholar
Freedom House. Freedom in the World 2020. Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2020.Google Scholar
Freedom House. Freedom in the World 2021. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2021/democracy-under-siege (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Freedom House. Freedom on the Net 2019: The Crisis of Social Media. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2019/crisis-social-media (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Freely, John. A History of Robert College, 2 vols. Istanbul: Yapı-Kredi Yayınları, 2000.Google Scholar
Frend, William H. C. The Rise of the Monophysite Movement: Chapters in the History of the Church in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Friedman, Yaron. “Ibn Taymiyya’s Fatāwā against the Nuṣayri-ʿAlawī Sect.” Der Islam, 82 (2005): 349–63.Google Scholar
Friedmann, Yohanan. Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadī Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Fromkin, David. A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East, expanded 2nd ed. New York: Henry Holt, 2009.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, Francis. The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.Google Scholar
Fung, Archon. “Associations and Democracy: Between Theories, Hopes, and Realities.” Annual Review of Sociology, 29 (2003): 515–39.Google Scholar
Gaborieau, Marc, Popovic, Alexandre, and Zarkone, Thierry, eds. Naqshbandis. Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Gadelrab, Sherry Sayed. “Medical Healers in Ottoman Egypt, 1517–1805.” Medical History, 54 (2010): 365–86.Google Scholar
Gaffney, Patrick D.The Changing Voices of Islam: The Emergence of Professional Preachers in Contemporary Egypt.” Muslim World, 81 (1991): 2747.Google Scholar
Gallagher, Nancy Elizabeth. Medicine and Power in Tunisia, 1780–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Gammer, Moshe. “The Imam and the Pasha: A Note on Shamil and Muhammad Ali.” Middle Eastern Studies, 32 (1996): 336–42.Google Scholar
Gardet, Louis. “Dīn.”Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 2, pp. 293–96. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991.Google Scholar
Gasiorowski, Mark J.The Failure of Reform in Tunisia.” Journal of Democracy, 3 (1992): 8597.Google Scholar
Gaus, Gerald. “The Egalitarian Species.” Social Philosophy and Policy, 31 (2015): 127.Google Scholar
Gause, F. Gregory III. “Can Democracy Stop Terrorism?Foreign Affairs, 84 (2005): 6276.Google Scholar
Geaves, Ron. “Sufism in the UK.” In Routledge Handbook on Sufism, edited by Ridgeon, Lloyd, pp. 449–60. New York: Routledge, 2021.Google Scholar
Gedikli, Fethi. Osmanlı Şirket Kültürü: XVI.–XVII. Yüzyıllarda Mudârebe Uygulaması. Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 1998.Google Scholar
Gelderblom, Oscar. Cities of Commerce: The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250–1650. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Gelderblom, Oscar, De Jong, Abe, and Jonker, Joost. “The Formative Years of the Modern Corporation: The Dutch East India Company VOC, 1602–1623.” Journal of Economic History, 73 (2013): 1050–76.Google Scholar
Gellately, Robert. Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Genç, Mehmet. Osmanlı İmparatorluǧunda Devlet ve Ekonomi. Istanbul: Ötüken, 2000.Google Scholar
Gerber, Haim. Economy and Society in an Ottoman City: Bursa, 1600–1700. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1988.Google Scholar
Gerber, Haim. State, Society, and Law in Islam: Ottoman Law in Comparative Perspective. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Gerber, Haim. Islamic Law and Culture, 1600–1840. Leiden: Brill, 1999.Google Scholar
Gerber, Haim. “The Public Sphere and Civil Society in the Ottoman Empire.” In The Public Sphere in Muslim Societies, edited by Hoexter, Miriam, Eisenstadt, Shmuel N., and Levtzion, Nehemia, pp. 6582. New York: State University of New York Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Gerges, Fawaz A. The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Gerges, Fawaz A. The Rise and Fall of Al-Qaeda. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Gerges, Fawaz A. ISIS: A History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Gerring, John, Hoffman, Michael, and Zarecki, Dominic. “The Diverse Effects of Diversity on Democracy.” British Journal of Political Science, 48 (2018): 283314.Google Scholar
Gervais, Will M., and Najle, Maxine B.. “How Many Atheists Are There?Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9 (2018): 310.Google Scholar
Geyikdağı, V. Necla. Foreign Investment in the Ottoman Empire: International Trade and Relations 1854–1914. London: I. B. Tauris, 2011.Google Scholar
Ghabra, Shafeeq. “The Egyptian Revolution: Causes and Dynamics.” In Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization, edited by Sadiki, Larbi, pp. 199214. New York: Routledge, 2015.Google Scholar
Ghamari-Tabrizi, Behrooz. “Abdolkarim Soroush.” In Key Islamic Political Thinkers, edited by Esposito, John L. and Shahin, Emad El-Din, pp. 219–44. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
GhaneaBassiri, Kambiz. “Structuring Sovereignty: Islam and Modernity in the Mosque of Muhammad ʿAli Pasha.” Material Religion, 16 (2020): 317–44.Google Scholar
Giannakopoulos, Angelos. “Yunanistan ve Türkiye’deki Yolsuzluk Algıları ve Bu Algıların Yolsuzlukla Mücadele Politikaları Üzerindeki Etkisi.” Turkish Journal of Business Ethics, 3 (2010): 3545.Google Scholar
Gibb, H. A. R., and Bowen, Harold. Islamic Society and the West: A Study of the Impact of Western Civilisation on Moslem Culture in the Near East, vol. 1, 2 parts. London: Oxford University Press, 1950.Google Scholar
Gil, Moshe. “The Earliest Waqf Foundations.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 57 (1998): 125–40.Google Scholar
Gilbar, Gad. “Qajar Dynasty viii. ‘Big Merchants’ in the Late Qajar Period.” Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2015. www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qajar-big-merchants (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Gill, Anthony, and Owen, John M. IV. “Religious Liberty and Economic Prosperity: Four Lessons from the Past.” Cato Journal, 37 (2017): 115–34.Google Scholar
Gillespie, Kate, and Okruhlik, Gwenn. “Cleaning up Corruption in the Middle East.” Middle East Journal, 42 (1988): 5982.Google Scholar
Ginio, Eyal. “Living on the Margins of Charity: Coping with Poverty in an Ottoman Provincial City.” In Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts, edited by Bonner, Michael, Ener, Mine, and Singer, Amy, pp. 165–84. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Glaeser, Edward. Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier. New York: Penguin Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Glass, Joseph B., and Kark, Ruth. “The Jerusalem Chamber of Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture, 1909–1910: An Early Attempt at Inter-Communal Cooperation.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 45 (2018): 269–89.Google Scholar
Göçek, Fatma Müge. Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Goitein, Shelomo D.The Rise of the Near-Eastern Bourgeoisie in Early Islamic Times.” Cahiers d’Histoire Mondiale, 3 (1956): 593604.Google Scholar
Goitein, Shelomo D. A Mediterranean Society, 1: Economic Foundations. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Gökalp, Ziya. Yeni Hayat, Doğru Yol, edited by Cunbur, Müjgan. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1976.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Jan. “On the Origins of Majālis Al-Tujjār in Mid-Nineteenth Century Egypt.” Islamic Law and Society, 6 (1999): 193223.Google Scholar
Goldenberg, David M. The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Goldin, Claudia, Katz, Lawrence F., and Kuziemko, Ilyana. “The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20 (2006): 133–56.Google Scholar
Goldsmith, Leon T.Alawi Diversity and Solidarity: From the Coast to the Interior.” In The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant, edited by Kerr, Michael and Larkin, Craig, pp. 141–58. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Goldziher, Ignáz. “Le Dénombrement des Sectes Mohamétanes.” Revue de l’Histoire des Religions, 26 (1892): 129–37.Google Scholar
Göle, Nilüfer. The Forbidden Modern: Civilization and Veiling. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Göle, Nilüfer. The Daily Lives of Muslims: Islam and Public Confrontation in Contemporary Europe, translated by Jacqueline Lerescu from the French original of 2015. London: Zed Books, 2017.Google Scholar
Goody, Jack. The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Godfrey. The Janissaries. Northampton, MA: Interlink, 1994.Google Scholar
Gözaydın, İştar. Diyanet: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Dinin Tanzimi, 2nd ed. Istanbul: İletişim, 2020.Google Scholar
Greatrex, Joan. “The Scope of Learning within the Cloisters of the English Cathedral Priories in the later Middle Ages.” In Medieval Monastic Education, edited by Ferzoco, George and Muessig, Carolyn, pp. 4155. London: Leicester University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Greengrass, Mark. Christendom Destroyed: Europe 1517–1648. New York: Penguin, 2014.Google Scholar
Greif, Avner. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Greif, Avner. “Family Structure, Institutions, and Growth: The Origins and Implications of Western Corporations.” American Economic Review, 96 (2006): 308–12.Google Scholar
Greif, Avner, and Tabellini, Guido. “The Clan and the Corporation: Sustaining Cooperation in China and Europe.” Journal of Comparative Economics, 45 (2017): 135.Google Scholar
Griffel, Frank. “Toleration and Exclusion: Al-Shāfiʾī and al-Ghazālī on the Treatment of Apostates.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 44 (2001): 339–54.Google Scholar
Griffel, Frank. Al-Ghazālī’s Philosophical Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Grigor, Talinn. “Tehran: A Revolution in Making.” In Political Landscapes of Capital Cities, edited by Christie, Jessica Joyce, Bogdanović, Jelena, and Guzmán, Eulogio, pp. 347–76. Louisville: University Press of Colorado, 2016.Google Scholar
Grohmann, A.ʿUshr.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st ed., vol. 4, pp. 1050–52. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1936.Google Scholar
Grunebaum, Gustave E. von. Medieval Islam: A Study in Cultural Orientation, 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1953.Google Scholar
Guaaybess, Tourya. “Media Ownership in Egypt (2000–2020): Categories and Configurations.” In Routledge Handbook on Contemporary Egypt, edited by Springborg, Robert, Adly, Amr, Gorman, Anthony, Moustafa, Tamir, Saad, Aisha, Sakr, Naomi, and Smierciak, Sarah, pp. 412–23. London: Routledge, 2021.Google Scholar
Guiso, Luigi, Sapienza, Paola, and Zingales, Luigi. “People’s Opium? Religion and Economic Attitudes.” Journal of Monetary Economics, 50 (2003): 225–82.Google Scholar
Guiso, Luigi, Sapienza, Paola, and Zingales, Luigi. “Social Capital as Good Culture.” Journal of the European Economic Association, 6 (2008): 295320.Google Scholar
Gül, Murat. The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City. London: I. B. Tauris, 2009.Google Scholar
Gülalp, Haldun. “Religion, Law and Politics: The ‘Trickle-Down’ Effects of ECtHR Judgments on Turkey’s Headscarf Battles.” Religion and Human Rights, 14 (2019): 135–68.Google Scholar
Gulf Labour Markets and Migration: https://gulfmigration.grc.net/glmm-database/ (accessed 6 February 2023).Google Scholar
Günaydın, Mehmet. “Din Hizmetlerinde Teknolojinin Kullanılması: Hoparlörle Ezan Okuma Meselesi.” In I. Din Hizmetleri Sempozyumu, vol. 2, edited by Bulut, Mehmet, pp. 3144. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2008.Google Scholar
Gürakar, Esra Çeviker. Politics of Favoritism in Public Procurement in Turkey: Reconfigurations of Dependency Networks in the AKP Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.Google Scholar
Gürbüzel, Aslıhan. “Citizens of Piety: Networks of Piety and the Public Sphere in Early Modern Ottoman Cities.” Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies, 18 (2018): 6695.Google Scholar
Güreh, Sarkis. “Karma Evliliğe Takdis Yok.” Agos, 6 October 2010.Google Scholar
Gutkowski, Stacey. Secular War: Myths of Religion, Politics and Violence. London: I. B. Tauris, 2014.Google Scholar
Haarmann, Ulrich. “Joseph’s Law: The Careers and Activities of Mamluk Descendants before the Ottoman Conquest of Egypt.” In Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society, edited by Philipp, Thomas and Haarmann, Ulrich, pp. 5584. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Haberkern, Phillip N. Patron Saint and Prophet: Jan Hus in the Bohemian and German Reformations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Habermas, Jürgen. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, translated by William Rehg from the German original of 1992. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Hacker, Jacob S.Policy Drift: The Hidden Politics of US Welfare State Retrenchment.” In Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies, edited by Streeck, Wolfgang and Thelen, Kathleen, pp. 4082. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Hackett, Conrad, and Grim, Brian. “Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population.” Pew Research Center, December 2011.Google Scholar
Haddad, Bassam. “Business Associations and the New Nexus of Power in Syria.” In Civil Society in Syria and Iran: Activism in Authoritarian Contexts, edited by Aaarts, Paul and Cavatorta, Francesco, pp. 6991. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2013.Google Scholar
Hagen, Gottfried. “Kātib Çelebī.” At www.ottomanhistorians.uchicago.edu, edited by Cemal Kafadar, Hakan Karateke, and Cornell Fleischer (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Haider, Huma. The Persecution of Christians in the Middle East. K4D Helpdesk Report. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, 2017.Google Scholar
Haider, Najam. Shīʿī Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael B.From Fatwās to Furūʿ: Growth and Change in Islamic Substantive Law.” Islamic Law and Society, 1 (1994): 2965.Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael B. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael B. Sharīʿa: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Hallaq, Wael B. The Impossible State: Islam, Politics, and Modernity’s Moral Predicament. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Hamburger, Philip. Separation of Church and State. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Hamdi, Tahrir Khalil. “Edward Said and Recent Orientalist Critiques.” Arab Studies Quarterly, 35 (2013): 130–48.Google Scholar
Hamid, Shadi. Temptations of Power: Islamists and Illiberal Democracy in a New Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Alastair. The Copts and the West, 1439–1822: The European Discovery of the Egyptian Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Hamilton, Alexander, Madison, James, and Jay, John. The Federalist Papers. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009; original letters 1787–88.Google Scholar
Hammer, Juliane. American Muslim Women, Religious Authority, and Activism: More than a Prayer. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Hanafi, Sari, and Tomeh, Azzam. “Gender Equality in the Inheritance Debate in Tunisia and the Formation of Non-Authoritarian Reasoning.” Journal of Islamic Ethics, 3 (2019): 207–32.Google Scholar
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. The Young Turks in Opposition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. “Garbcılar: Their Attitudes toward Religion and their Impact on the Official Ideology of the Turkish Republic.” Studia Islamica, 86 (1997): 133–58.Google Scholar
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. “Blueprints for a Future Society: Late Ottoman Materialists on Science, Religion, and Art.” In Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy, edited by Özdalga, Elisabeth, pp. 27116. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.Google Scholar
Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Hanna, Nelly. Making Big Money in 1600: The Life and Times of Ismaʽil Abu Taqiyya, Egyptian Merchant. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Hansen, Bent. “Interest Rates and Foreign Capital in Egypt under British Occupation.” Journal of Economic History, 43 (1983): 867–84.Google Scholar
Hansmann, Henry. “Reforming Nonprofit Corporation Law.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 129 (1981): 497623.Google Scholar
Hansmann, Henry, Kraakman, Reinier, and Squire, Richard. “Law and the Rise of the Firm.” Harvard Law Review, 119 (2006): 1335–403.Google Scholar
Hanssen, Jens. Fin de Siècle Beirut: The Making of an Ottoman Provincial Capital. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Harris, Jaime, Martin, Robert R., and Finke, Roger. International Religious Freedom Data, 2008 (10 February 2019 version, www.thearda.com/Archive/Files/Descriptions/IRF2008.asp, accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Harris, Kevan. “The Rise of the Subcontractor State: Politics of Pseudo-Privatization in the Islamic Republic of Iran.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 45 (2013): 4570.Google Scholar
Harris, Ron. Going the Distance: Eurasian Trade and the Rise of the Business Corporation, 1400–1700. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Harrison, Robert S.Migrants in the City of Tripoli, Libya.” Geographical Review, 57 (1967): 397423.Google Scholar
Harvard Business School. “Adult Literacy Rates, 1870–2010.” www.hbs.edu/businesshistory/courses/resources/historical-data-visualization/Pages/details.aspx?data_id=31 (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Hasan, Samiul. “Muslim Philanthropy: Praxis and Human Security across Muslim Majority Countries.” In Human Security and Philanthropy: Islamic Perspectives and Muslim Majority Country Practices, edited by Hasan, Samiul, pp. 117–44. New York: Springer, 2015.Google Scholar
Hâtemî, Hüseyin. Önceki ve Bugünkü Türk Hukuku’nda Vakıf Kurma Muamelesi. Istanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi, 1969.Google Scholar
Hâtemî, Hüseyin. Medenî Hukuk Tüzelkişileri, vol. 1. Istanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi, 1979.Google Scholar
Hâtemî, Hüseyin. “Vakıf Kurumuna Hukuk Tarihi Açısından Genel Bir Bakış.” İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, 55 (1997): 111–28.Google Scholar
Hatina, Meir. ʿUlamaʾ, Politics, and the Public Sphere: An Egyptian Perspective. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A. Law, Legislation and Liberty, 3 vols. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1973–79.Google Scholar
Hayek, Friedrich A. The Road to Serfdom, edited by Bruce Caldwell based on the original edition of 1944. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Haykel, Bernard. “On the Nature of Salafi Thought and Action.” In Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement, edited by Meijer, Roel, pp. 3357. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Hegazi, Farah F. “Authoritarian Governance and the Provision of Public Goods: Water and Wastewater Services in Egypt.” PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2019.Google Scholar
Hegghammer, Thomas. Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Helfont, Samuel. Compulsion in Religion: Saddam Hussein, Islam, and the Roots of Insurgencies in Iraq. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Hellyer, Hisham A. Muslims of Europe: The “Other” Europeans. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Helms, Christine Moss. The Cohesion of Saudi Arabia: Evolution of Political Identity. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Henkelman, Wouter F. M., and Kleber, Kristin. “Babylonian Workers in the Persian Heartland: Palace Building at Matannan during the Reign of Cambyses.” In Persian Responses: Political and Cultural Interaction with(in) the Achaemenid Empire, edited by Tuplin, Chrristopher, pp. 163–76. Oxford: Classical Press of Wales, 2007.Google Scholar
Henrich, Joseph. The Weirdest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020.Google Scholar
Henrich, Natalie, and Henrich, Joseph. Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Heper, Metin. “The Ottoman Legacy and Turkish Politics.” Journal of International Affairs, 54 (2000): 6382.Google Scholar
Heper, Metin, and Toktaş, Şule. “Islam, Modernity, and Democracy in Contemporary Turkey: The Case of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.” Muslim World, 93 (2003): 157–85.Google Scholar
Herrold, Catherine E. Delta Democracy: Pathways to Incremental Civic Revolution in Egypt and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Herrold, Catherine E., and Atia, Mona. “Competing rather than Collaborating: Egyptian Nongovernmental Organizations in Turbulence.” Nonprofit Policy Forum, 7 (2016): 389407.Google Scholar
Hertog, Steffen. “Shaping the Saudi State: Human Agency’s Shifting Role in Rentier-State Formation.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 39 (2007): 539–63.Google Scholar
Herzog, Christoph. “Corruption and Limits of the State in the Ottoman Province of Baghdad during the Tanzimat.” MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies, 3 (2003): 3542.Google Scholar
Hilbink, Elisabeth. “Review of Encarnación, Myth of Civil Society.” Latin American Politics and Society, 47 (2005): 171–75.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. Syria: Revolution from Above. New York: Routledge, 2001.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. “Toward a Historical Sociology of State Formation in the Middle East.” Middle East Critique, 19 (2010): 201–16.Google Scholar
Hiro, Dilip. Cold War in the Islamic World: Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Struggle for Supremacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Hives, Christopher L.History, Business Records, and Corporate Archives in North America.” Archivaria, 22 (1986): 4057.Google Scholar
Hodgson, Marshall, G. S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, vol. 1. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Hoexter, Miriam. Endowments, Rulers and Community: Waqf Al-Haramayn in Ottoman Algiers. Leiden: Brill, 1998.Google Scholar
Hoexter, Miriam. “The Waqf and the Public Sphere.” In The Public Sphere in Muslim Societies, edited by Hoexter, Miriam, Eisenstadt, Shmuel N., and Levtzion, Nehemia, pp. 119–38. New York: State University of New York Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Hoexter, Miriam. “Charity, the Poor, and Distribution of Alms in Ottoman Algiers.” In Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts, edited by Bonner, Michael, Ener, Mine, and Singer, Amy, pp. 145–62. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Philip T. Why Did Europe Conquer the World? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Valerie J. The Essentials of Ibādī Islam. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Hogarth, David G. Wandering Scholar in the Levant. London: John Murray, 1896.Google Scholar
Holmes, George. The Later Middle Ages, 1272–1485. Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1962.Google Scholar
Hoşgör, Evren. “Islamic Capital/Anatolian Tigers: Past and Present.” Middle Eastern Studies, 47 (2011): 343–60.Google Scholar
Hourani, Albert H. “Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables.” In Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East, edited by Polk, William R. and Chambers, Richard L., pp. 4168. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1968.Google Scholar
Hourani, Albert H. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939, rev. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Hoyle, Mark S. W.The Structure and Laws of the Mixed Courts of Egypt.” Arab Law Quarterly, 1 (1986): 327–45.Google Scholar
Huff, Toby E. The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Hughes, Geraint Alun. “Syria and the Perils of Proxy Warfare.” Small Wars and Insurgencies, 25 (2014): 522–38.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “Egypt: 3-Year Sentence for Atheist.” www.hrw.org/news/2015/01/13/egypt-3-year-sentence-atheist (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. “They Are Not Our Brothers”: Hate Speech by Saudi Officials. Amsterdam: Human Rights Watch, 2017.Google Scholar
Hume, David. Enquiries Concerning the Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902; original edition 1777.Google Scholar
Hunt, Edwin S., and Murray, James M.. A History of Business in Medieval Europe, 1200–1550. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Hunter, F. Robert. Egypt under the Khedives, 1805–1879. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Hurgronje, C. Snouck. “La Zakāt” (original Dutch edition 1882). In Œuvres Choisies, edited by Bousquet, G.-H. and Schacht, J., pp. 150–70. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1957).Google Scholar
Husain, Shehriar, Zafar, Muhammad, and Ullah, Rizwan. “Ramadan and Public Health: A Bibliometric Analysis of Top Cited Articles from 2004 to 2019.” Journal of Infection and Public Health, 13 (2020): 275–80.Google Scholar
Hussein, Ebtisam, and De Martino, Claudia. “Egypt’s Military Post-2011: Playing Politics without Internal Cracks.” Contemporary Arab Affairs, 12 (2019): 5574.Google Scholar
Iannaccone, Laurence R.A Formal Model of Church and Sect.” American Journal of Sociology, 94 (1988): S241–68.Google Scholar
Iannaccone, Laurence R.The Consequences of Religious Market Structure: Adam Smith and the Economics of Religion.” Rationality and Religion, 3 (1991): 156–77.Google Scholar
Iannaccone, Laurence R.Sacrifice and Stigma: Reducing Free-Riding in Cults, Communes, and Other Collectives.” Journal of Political Economy, 100 (1992): 271–91.Google Scholar
Khaldun, Ibn. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, 3 vols., translated by Franz Rosenthal from the Arabic original of 1379. New York: Pantheon, 1958.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, Barbara, and Sherif, Dina H., eds. From Charity to Social Change: Trends in Arab Philanthropy. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, Mahmood. “Social and Economic Conditions in Pre-Islamic Mecca.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 14 (1982): 343–58.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, Mahmood. Merchant Capital and Islam. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.Google Scholar
İltaş, Davut. “Kur’an Araştırmalarında Önemli Bir Kırılma: Nesih Meselesi.” In Modernleşme, Protestanlaşma ve Selefîlesme: Modern İslam Düşüncesinde Nassın Araçsallaştırılması, edited by Bedir, Mürteza, Kızılkaya, Necmettin, and Özaykal, Merve, pp. 379430. Istanbul: İSAR, 2019.Google Scholar
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Egypt: In the Case of a Coptic Christian Married Couple, Possibility of a Court Forcing the Husband to Divorce His Wife if She Converts to Islam; whether the Muslim Religion Obliges a Woman to Divorce Her Husband Because of Her Conversion, 26 February 2007, EGY102325.E. www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/469cd6b614.html (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
İKDAM Eğitim Derneği ve Uluslararası Öncü Eğitimciler Derneği. “‘Gençlik ve İnanç’ Çalıştayı Sonuç Bildirgesi.” İktibas, 3 April 2018. http://iktibasdergisi.com/2018/04/03/genclik-ve-inanc-calistayi-sonuc-bildirgesi/ (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
İnalcık, Halil. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600, translated by Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, Haerpfer, Christian, Moreno, Alejandro, Welzel, Christian, Kizilova, Kseniya, Diez-Medrano, Juan, Lagos, Marta, Norris, Pippa, Ponarin, Eduard, and Puranen, Bi, eds. World Values Survey, Round Six: Country-Pooled Datafile. Madrid: JD Systems Institute, 2014. www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Irwin, Robert. The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate, 1250–1382. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Ismail, Salwa. Political Life in Cairo’s New Quarters: Encountering the Everyday State. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Issawi, Charles. “Egypt since 1800: A Study in Lop-sided Development.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 21 (1961): 125.Google Scholar
Issawi, Charles. An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Issawi, Charles. “The Transformation of the Economic Position of the Millets in the Nineteenth Century.” In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, vol. 1, edited by Braude, Benjamin and Lewis, Bernard, pp. 261–85. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982.Google Scholar
Iversen, Torben. “The Logics of Electoral Politics: Spatial, Directional, and Mobilizational Effects.” Comparative Political Studies, 27 (1994): 155–89.Google Scholar
Iyigun, Murat. War, Peace, and Prosperity in the Name of God: The Ottoman Role in Europe’s Socioeconomic Evolution. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2015.Google Scholar
İzgi, Cevat. Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim, 2 vols. Istanbul: İz Yayınları, 1997.Google Scholar
İzmir Ticaret Odası. 19. Yüzyıldan 21. Yüzyıla İzmir Ticaret Odası Tarihi. Izmir: İzmir Ticaret Odası, 2002.Google Scholar
Izmirlioglu, Ahmet. “Ottoman Commercial Tribunals: Closer than Enemies, Farther than Friends.” British Journal of Middle East History, 45 (2018): 776–95.Google Scholar
Jabbari, Ahmad. “Economic Factors in Iran’s Revolution: Poverty, Inequality, and Inflation.” In Iran: Essays on a Revolution in the Making, edited by Jabbari, Ahmad and Olson, Robert, pp. 163214. Lexington, KY: Mazda Publishers, 1981.Google Scholar
Jackson, Derrick, and Manderscheid, Steven V.. “A Phenomenological Study of Western Expatriates’ Adjustment to Saudi Arabia.” Human Resource Development International, 18 (2015): 131–52.Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter. The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Jackson, Sherman A. On the Boundaries of Theological Tolerance in Islam: Abū Ḥāmid Al-Ghāzalī’s Fayṣal al-Tafriqa Bayna al-Islām wa al-Zandaqa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Jafari, Peyman. “The Ambiguous Role of Entrepreneurs in Iran.” In Civil Society in Syria and Iran: Activism in Authoritarian Contexts, edited by Aaarts, Paul and Cavatorta, Francesco, pp. 93118. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2013.Google Scholar
Jamal, Amaney A. Barriers to Democracy: The Other Side of Social Capital in Palestine and the Arab World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Jamal, Amaney A. Of Empires and Citizens: Pro-American Democracy or No Democracy at All? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Jamgocyan, Onnik. Les Banquiers des Sultans: Juifs, Grecs, Français et Arméniens de la Haute Finance. Paris: Editions du Bosphore, 2013.Google Scholar
Jenkins, William Bullock. “Bonyads as Agents and Vehicles of the Islamic Republic’s Soft Power.” In Iran in the World: President Rouhani’s Foreign Policy, edited by Akbarzadeh, Shahram and Conduit, Dara, pp. 155–75. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.Google Scholar
Jennings, Ronald C.Loans and Credit in Early 17th Century Ottoman Judicial Records: The Sharia Court of Anatolian Kayseri.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 16 (1973): 168216.Google Scholar
Jennings, Ronald C.Pious Foundations in the Society and Economy of Ottoman Trabzon, 1565–1640: A Study Based on the Judicial Registers (Şerʿi Mahkeme Sicilleri) of Trabzon.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 33 (1990): 271336.Google Scholar
Jha, Saumitra. “Trade, Institutions and Ethnic Tolerance: Evidence from South Asia.” American Political Science Review, 107 (2013): 806–32.Google Scholar
Jha, Saumitra. “Financial Asset Holdings and Political Attitudes: Evidence from Revolutionary England.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130 (2015): 1485–545.Google Scholar
Johnson, Noel D., and Koyama, Mark. Persecution and Toleration: The Long Road to Religious Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Johnson, Noel D., and Mislin, Alexandra. “How Much Should We Trust the World Values Survey Trust Question?Economics Letters, 116 (2012): 210–12.Google Scholar
Johnson, Paul. A History of Christianity. New York: Atheneum, 1985.Google Scholar
Johnson, Rosemary Stanfield. “Sunni Survival in Safavid Iran: Anti-Sunni Activities during the Reign of Tahmasp I.” Iranian Studies, 27 (1994): 123–33.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. “The Imperial Bank of Iran and Iranian Economic Development, 1890–1952.” Business and Economic History, 16 (1987): 6980.Google Scholar
Josua, Maria. “Co-optation Reconsidered: Authoritarian Regime Legitimation Strategies in the Jordanian ‘Arab Spring’.” Middle East Law and Governance, 8 (2016): 3256.Google Scholar
Kabadayı, Mustafa Erdem. “Mkrdich Cezayirliyan or the Sharp Rise and Sudden Fall of an Ottoman Entrepreneur.” In Merchants in the Ottoman Empire, edited by Faroqhi, Suraiya and Veinstein, Gilles, pp. 281–99. Paris: Peeters, 2008.Google Scholar
Kadivar, Mohsen. “Toward Removing the Punishment of Apostasy in Islam.” In Freedom of Expression in Islam: Challenging Apostasy and Blasphemy Laws, edited by Masud, Muhammad Khalid, Vogt, Kari, Larsen, Lena, and Moe, Christian, pp. 207–36. London: I. B. Tauris, 2021.Google Scholar
Kaehler, Juergen, Weber, Christoph S., and Aref, Haider Salahal-Din. “The Iraqi Stock Market: Development and Determinants.” Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, 10 (2014): 151–75.Google Scholar
Kafadar, Cemal. Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Kagel, John H.Auctions: A Survey of Experimental Research.” In The Handbook of Experimental Economics, edited by Kagel, John H. and Roth, Alvin E., pp. 501–86. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Kahf, Monzer, and Al Yafai, Samira. “Social Security and Zakāh in Theory and Practice.” International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 23 (2015): 189215.Google Scholar
Kala, Eyüp Sabri. “Mazbut Vakıfların Günümüz Hayır Hizmetleri.” Vakıflar Dergisi, 54 (2020): 161–84.Google Scholar
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. A Textbook of Hadīth Studies: Authenticity, Compilation, Classification, and Criticism of Hadīth. Markfield: Islamic Foundation, 2005.Google Scholar
Kamen, Henry. The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision, 4th ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Kaminski, Matthew. “The Arab Spring Is Still Alive.” Wall Street Journal, 26 July 2011, p. A17.Google Scholar
Kamolnick, Paul. “The Egyptian Islamic Group’s Critique of Al-Qaeda’s Interpretation of Jihad.” Perspectives on Terrorism, 7 (2013): 93110.Google Scholar
Kansu, Aykut. Politics in Post-Revolutionary Turkey, 1908–1913. Leiden: Brill, 1999.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Sena, Pınar, Gül, Kaplan, Bekir, Aslantekin, Filiz, Karabulut, Erdem, Ayar, Banu, and Dilmen, Uğur. “Consanguineous Marriages in Turkey,” Journal of Biosocial Science, 48 (2016): 616–30.Google Scholar
Kara, İsmail. Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi’nde Bir Mesele Olarak İslâm, 2 vols. Istanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 2008 and 2016.Google Scholar
Karaca, Zafer. İstanbul’da Osmanlı Dönemi Rum Kiliseleri. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1995.Google Scholar
Karakışla, Yavuz Selim. “The Emergence of the Ottoman Industrial Working Class, 1839–1923.” In Workers and Working Class in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic, 1839–1950, edited by Quataert, Donald and Zürcher, Erik Jan, pp. 1934. London: I. B. Tauris, 1995.Google Scholar
Karaman, K. Kıvanç, and Pamuk, Şevket. “Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500–1914.” Journal of Economic History, 70 (2010): 593629.Google Scholar
Karamustafa, Ahmet T.Ḳalenders, Abdâls, Ḥayderîs: The Formation of the Bektâşîye in the Sixteenth Century.” In Süleymân the Second and His Time, edited by İnalcık, Halil and Kafadar, Cemal, pp. 121–29. Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Karamustafa, Ahmet T. God’s Unruly Friends: Dervish Groups in the Islamic Later Middle Period 1200–1550. London: Oneworld, 1994.Google Scholar
Karamustafa, Ahmet T. Sufism: The Formative Period. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Karpat, Kemal H. The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Karpat, Kemal H. Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Kasaba, Reşat. “Economic Foundations of a Civil Society: Greeks in the Trade of Western Anatolia, 1840–1876.” In Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism: Politics, Economy, and Society in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Gondicas, Dimitri and Issawi, Charles, pp. 7787. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Kassem, Nermeen. “Social Media in Egypt: The Debate Continues.” In Routledge Handbook on Arab Media, edited by Miladi, Noureddine and Mellor, Noha, pp. 7487. London: Routledge, 2021.Google Scholar
Kassis, Hanna E. Concordance of the Qurʾan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Kayane, Yuka. “Understanding Sunni-Shiʿa Sectarianism in Contemporary Indonesia: A Different Voice from Nahdlatul Ulama under Pluralist Leadership.” Indonesia and the Malay World, 140 (2020): 7896.Google Scholar
Kazemipour, Abdulmohammad, and Rezaie, Ali. “Religious Life under Theocracy: The Case of Iran.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42 (2003): 347–61.Google Scholar
Kazgan, Haydar. Galata Bankerleri. Istanbul: Türk Ekonomi Bankası, 1991.Google Scholar
Kechriotis, Vangelis. “Educating the Nation: Migration and Acculturation on the Two Shores of the Aegean at the Turn of the Twentieth Century.” In Cities of the Mediterranean from the Ottomans to the Present Day, edited by Kolluoğlu, Biray and Toksöz, Meltem, pp. 139–56. London: I. B. Tauris, 2010.Google Scholar
Keddie, Nikki R.The Roots of the Ulama’s Power in Modern Iran.” Studia Islamica, 29 (1969): 3153.Google Scholar
Kelidar, Abbas R.Religion and State in Syria.” Asian Affairs, 5 (1974): 1622.Google Scholar
Kenan, Seyfi. “III. Selim Dönemi Eğitim Anlayışında Arayışlar.” In Nizâm-ı Kādîm’den Nizâm-ı Cedîd’e III. Selim ve Dönemi, edited by Kenan, Seyfi, pp. 129–63. Istanbul: İSAM, 2010.Google Scholar
Kenny, Lorne M.The Khedive Ismaʿil’s Dream of Civilization and Progress.” Muslim World, 55 (1965): 142–55, 211–21.Google Scholar
Kepel, Gilles. Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharaoh, translated by Jon Rothschild from the original French edition of 1984. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Kersten, Carool. “Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd: An Introduction to His Life and Work.” In Critique of Religious Discourse, by Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid, pp. 118. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Kersten, Carool. Contemporary Thought in the Muslim World: Trends, Themes and Issues. London: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
Ketchley, Neil. Egypt in a Time of Revolution: Contentious Politics and the Arab Spring. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Khadri, Sabah Anbareen. “Highly-Skilled Professionals in the GCC: Migration Policies and Government Outlook.” In Migration to the Gulf: Policies in Sending and Receiving Countries, edited by Fargues, Philippe and Shah, Nasra M., pp. 81103. Cambridge: Gulf Research Centre, 2018.Google Scholar
Khalaily, Mohammed, and Navot, Doran. “Hamulas and Structural Corruption in the Middle East.” In Corruption and Informal Practices in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Kubbe, Ina and Varraich, Aiysha, pp. 4364. London: Routledge, 2020.Google Scholar
Khalaji, Mehdi. “Iran’s Regime of Religion.” Journal of International Affairs, 65 (2011): 131–47.Google Scholar
Khalfoune, Tahar. “Le Habous, le Domaine Public et le Trust.” Revue Internationale de Droit Comparé, 2 (2005): 441–70.Google Scholar
Khallaf, Mani. “Community Foundations as a Vehicle for Institutionalizing Corporate Philanthropy in Egypt’s New Cities: A Case Study of 10th of Ramadan City.” In Takaful 2011, pp. 112–42. Cairo: John D. Gerhart Center for Philanthropy and Engagement, 2011.Google Scholar
Khatab, Sayed, and Bouma, Gary D.. Democracy in Islam. New York: Routledge, 2007.Google Scholar
Khatib, Line. Islamic Revivalism in Syria: The Rise and Fall of Baʿthist Secularism. New York: Routledge, 2011.Google Scholar
Khatib, Line. “Islamic Revival and the Promotion of Moderate Islam from Above.” Syria Studies, 4 (2012): 2957.Google Scholar
Khatib, Line. “Syria’s Civil Society as a Tool for Regime Legitimacy.” In Civil Society in Syria and Iran: Activism in Authoritarian Contexts, edited by Aarts, Paul and Cavatorta, Francesco, pp. 1938. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2013.Google Scholar
Khatib, Line. “More Religious, Yet Still Secular? The Shifting Boundaries between the Secular and the Religious in Syria.” Syria Studies, 8 (2016): 4065.Google Scholar
Khatiri, Shay. “Iran’s Revolution Continues.” National Review, 6 February 2023, pp. 24–27.Google Scholar
Khomeini, Imam. Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations, translated from the Persian originals and annotated by Hamid Algar. London: KPI, 1985.Google Scholar
Khoury, Dina Rizk. “Merchants and Trade in Early Modern Iraq.” New Perspectives on Turkey, 6 (1991): 5386.Google Scholar
Khuri, Fuad I. Imams and Emirs: State, Religion, and Sects in Islam. London: Saqi Books, 1990.Google Scholar
Kienle, Eberhard. Baʿth v Baʿth: The Conflict Between Syria and Iraq, 1968–1989. London: I. B. Tauris, 1991.Google Scholar
Kilani, Sa’eda, and Sakija, Basem. Wasta: The Declared Secret. Amman: Arab Archives Institute, 2002.Google Scholar
Kılıç, Murat. “Cumhuriyetin İlk Yıllarında Devlet İle Vatandaş Arasında Bir İletişim Aracı Olarak Hutbeler.” Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 35 (2017): 137–66.Google Scholar
Kimya, Fırat. “Political Economy of Corruption in Turkey: Declining Petty Corruption, Rise of Cronyism.” Turkish Studies, 20 (2019): 351–76.Google Scholar
Kindleberger, Charles P. A Financial History of Western Europe. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1984.Google Scholar
King, Stephen J.Black Arabs and African Migrants: Between Slavery and Racism in North Africa.” Journal of North African Studies, 26 (2021): 850.Google Scholar
Kinsey, David C.Education in the Shadow of the State: Private Elementary Schools in Tunisia.” Africa Today, 14 (1967): 2224.Google Scholar
Kırlı, Cengiz. “Yolsuzluğun İcadı: 1840 Ceza Kanunu, İktidar ve Bürokrasi.” Tarih ve Toplum, Yeni Yaklaşımlar, 4 (2006): 45119.Google Scholar
Kırmızı, Abdülhamit. “Osmanlı Bürokrasisinde Gayrimüslim İstihdamı.” Dîvân İlmî Araştırmalar, 13 (2002): 295306.Google Scholar
Kivimäki, Timo. “Democracy, Autocrats and U.S. Policies in the Middle East.” Middle East Policy, 19 (2012): 6471.Google Scholar
Kiyotaki, Keiko. Ottoman Land Reform in the Province of Baghdad. Leiden: Brill, 2019.Google Scholar
Klausen, Jytte. The Islamic Challenge: Politics and Religion in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Klesment, Martin, and Van Bavel, Jan. “The Reversal of the Gender Gap in Education, Motherhood, and Women as Main Earners in Europe.” European Sociological Review, 33 (2017): 465–81.Google Scholar
Klüver, Heike, Mahoney, Christine, and Opper, Marc. “Framing in Context: How Interest Groups Employ Framing to Lobby the European Commission.” Journal of European Public Policy, 22 (2015): 481–98.Google Scholar
Knysh, Alexander. Sufism: A New History of Mysticism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Koblentz, Gregory. “Chemical-Weapon Use in Syria: Atrocities, Attribution, and Accountability.” Nonproliferation Review, 26 (2019): 575–98.Google Scholar
Kocamaner, Hikmet. “Regulating the Family through Religion: Secularism, Islam, and the Politics of the Family in Contemporary Turkey.” American Ethnologist, 46 (2019): 495508.Google Scholar
Kogelmann, Franz. “Legal Regulation of Moroccan Habous under French Rule: Local Legal Practice vs. Islamic Law?” In Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean, edited by Dostal, Walter and Kraus, Wolfgang, pp. 208–32. London: I. B. Tauris, 2005.Google Scholar
Kohlberg, Etan. “Taqiyya in Shīʿī Theology and Religion.” In Secrecy and Concealment: Studies in the History of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Religions, edited by Kippenberg, Hans G. and Stroumsa, Guy G., pp. 345–80. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995.Google Scholar
Kohn, Meir. “Money, Trade, and Payments in Preindustrial Europe.” In Handbook of the History of Money and Currency, edited by Battilossi, Stefano, Cassis, Youssef, and Yago, Kazuhiko, pp. 223–44. Singapore: Springer, 2020.Google Scholar
Konda Araştırma. “Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Araştırması: Algılar, Memnuniyet, Beklentiler.” In Sosyo-Ekonomik Politikalar Bağlamında Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı: Kamuoyunun Diyanet’e Bakışı, Tartışmalar ve Öneriler, edited by Özçelik, Sevgi, pp. 73139. Istanbul: Helsinki Yurttaşlar Derneği, 2014.Google Scholar
Konda Araştırma. “10 Yılda Gençlerde Ne Değişti.” https://interaktif.konda.com.tr/gencler-2018 (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Köprülü, Fuad. “Bizans Müesseselerinin Osmanlı Müesseselerine Tesiri.” Türk Hukuk ve İktisat Tarihi Mecmuası, 1 (1931): 165313.Google Scholar
Koraltürk, Murat. Erken Cumhuriyet Döneminde Ekonominin Türkleştirilmesi. Istanbul: İletişim, 2011.Google Scholar
Koran, The. Translated with notes by Dawood, N. J., 4th rev. ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1974.Google Scholar
Korteweg, Anna C., and Yurdakul, Gökçe. The Headscarf Debates: Conflicts of National Belonging. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Koyuncu, Büke. “Benim Milletim …” AK Parti İktidarı, Din ve Ulusal Kimlik. Istanbul: İletişim, 2014.Google Scholar
Krämer, Gudrun. Hasan al-Banna. London: Oneworld, 2010.Google Scholar
Krämer, Gudrun. “Moving Out of Place: Minorities in Middle Eastern Urban Societies, 1800–1914.” In The Urban Social History of the Middle East, 1750–1950, edited by Sluglett, Peter, pp. 182223. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Küçük, Cevdet. “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda ‘Millet Sistemi’ ve Tanzimat.” In Mustafa Reşid Paşa ve Dönemi Semineri: Bildiriler, pp. 1323. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1985.Google Scholar
Küçük, Harun. Science without Leisure: Practical Naturalism in Istanbul, 1660–1732. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Kuhnke, LaVerne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Kulat, Mehmet Ali. Türkiye’de Toplumun Dine ve Dini Değerlere Bakışı. Ankara: MAK Danışmanlık, 2017.Google Scholar
Kuran, Ercümend. Avrupa’da Osmanlı İkamet Elçiliklerinin Kuruluşu ve İlk Elçilerin Siyasi Faâliyetleri, 1793–1821. Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü, 1968.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. “The Provision of Public Goods under Islamic Law: Origins, Impact, and Limitations of the Waqf System.” Law and Society Review, 35 (2001): 841–97.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. Islam and Mammon: The Economic Predicaments of Islamism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. “Modern Islam and the Economy.” In The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 6, Muslims and Modernity, Culture and Society since 800, edited by Hefner, Robert W., pp. 473–94. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. The Long Divergence: How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. “The Weak Foundations of Arab Democracy.” New York Times, 28 May 2011.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. “Islam and Economic Performance: Historical and Contemporary Links.” Journal of Economic Literature, 56 (2018): 1292–359.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur. “Zakat: Islam’s Missed Opportunity to Limit Predatory Taxation.” Public Choice, 182 (2020): 395416.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur, ed. Social and Economic Life in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul: Glimpses from Court Records, vols. 5–8. Istanbul: İş Bank Cultural Publications, 2010–13.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur, and Lustig, Scott. “Judicial Biases in Ottoman Istanbul: Islamic Justice and Its Compatibility with Modern Economic Life.” Journal of Law and Economics, 55 (2012): 631–66.Google Scholar
Kuran, Timur, and Rubin, Jared. “The Financial Power of the Powerless: Socio-Economic Status and Interest Rates under Partial Rule of Law.” Economic Journal, 128 (2018): 758–96.Google Scholar
Kuru, Ahmet T.Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles, and State Policies toward Religion.” World Politics, 59 (2007): 568–94.Google Scholar
Kuru, Ahmet T. Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles, ed. Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Kutscher, Jens. “The Politics of Virtual Fatwa Counseling in the 21st Century.” Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology, 3 (2009): 3349.Google Scholar
Kütükoǧlu, Mübahat S.Osmanlılar’da Gümrük.” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 14 (1996): 263–68.Google Scholar
Kütükoǧlu, Mübahat S. XX. Asra Erişen Osmanlı Medreseleri. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2000.Google Scholar
Lacroix, Stéphane. Awakening Islam: The Politics of Religious Dissent in Contemporary Saudi Arabia, translated by George Holoch from the French original of 2010. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Lacroix, Stéphane. “Between Revolution and Apoliticism: Nasir al-Din al-Albani and His Impact on the Shaping of Contemporary Salafism.” In Global Salafism: Islam’s New Religious Movement, edited by Meijer, Roel, pp. 5880. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Ladjal, Tarek, and Bensaid, Benaouda. “Sufism and Politics in Contemporary Egypt: A Study of Sufi Political Engagement in the Pre- and Post-Revolutionary Reality of January 2011.” Journal of Asian and African Studies, 50 (2015): 468–85.Google Scholar
Ladjevardi, Habib. Labor Unions and Autocracy in Iran. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Laluddin, Hayatullah, Haneef, Sikandar Shah, Sabit, Mohammad Tahir, and Rahman, Maya Puspa. “Revisiting the Concept of Waqf: Its Maintenance, Issues and Challenges.” International Journal of Islamic Thought, 20 (2021): 5364.Google Scholar
Lamoreaux, Naomi R., and Rosenthal, Jean-Laurent. “Legal Regime and Contractual Flexibility: A Comparison of Business’s Organizational Choices in France and the United States during the Era of Industrialization.” American Law and Economics Review, 7 (2005): 2861.Google Scholar
Landes, David S. Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958.Google Scholar
Langohr, Vickie. “Too Much Civil Society, Too Little Politics: Egypt and Liberalizing Arab Regimes.” Comparative Politics, 36 (2004): 181204.Google Scholar
Laoust, Henri. Essai sur les Doctrines Sociales et Politiques de Taḳī-d-dīn Aḥmad b. Taimīya. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 1939.Google Scholar
Laoust, Henri. “Aḥmad b. Hanbal.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 1, pp. 272–77. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960.Google Scholar
Lapidus, Ira M.The Grain Economy of Mamluk Egypt.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 12 (1969): 115.Google Scholar
Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Laskier, Michael Menachem, and Simon, Reeva Spector. “Economic Life.” In The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times, edited by Simon, Reeva Spector, Laskier, Michael Menachem, and Leguer, Sara, pp. 2948. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Lauzière, Henri. The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Lee, Melissa M., and Zhang, Nan. “Legibility and the Informational Foundations of State Capacity.” Journal of Politics, 79 (2016): 118–32.Google Scholar
Lee, Robert D.Tunisian Intellectuals: Responses to Islamism.” Journal of North African Studies, 13 (2008): 157–73.Google Scholar
Leeuwen, Richard van. Waqfs and Urban Structures: The Case of Ottoman Damascus. Leiden: Brill, 1999.Google Scholar
Lefèvre, Raphaël. Ashes of Hama: The Muslim Brotherhood of Syria. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Leiper, J. B., Molla, A. M., and Molla, A. M.. “Effects on Health of Fluid Restriction during Fasting in Ramadan.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57 (2003): S30–38.Google Scholar
Lerner, Daniel. The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1958.Google Scholar
Lev, Yaacov. Charity, Endowments, and Charitable Institutions in Medieval Islam. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005.Google Scholar
Levanoni, Amalia. “The Mamluk Conception of the Sultanate.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 26 (1994): 373–92.Google Scholar
Levi, Margaret. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. “Some Observations on the Significance of Heresy in the History of Islam.” Studia Islamica, 1 (1953): 4363.Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. The Middle East and the West. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. The Muslim Discovery of Europe. New York: Norton, 1982.Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. The Jews of Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. “Ibn Khaldūn in Turkey.” In Studies in Islamic History and Civilization in Honour of Professor David Ayalon, edited by Sharon, Moshe, pp. 527–30. Jerusalem: Cana, 1986.Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Lewis, Bernard. What Went Wrong? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Lewis, Franklin. Rumi: Past and Present, East and West. London: Oneworld, 2000.Google Scholar
Liebesny, Herbert J.The Development of Western Judicial Privileges.” In Law in the Middle East, vol. 1, edited by Khadduri, Majid and Liebesny, Herbert J., pp. 309–33. Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, 1955.Google Scholar
Liebesny, Herbert J. The Law of the Near and Middle East: Readings, Cases, and Materials. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Lieu, Judith. “Self-Definition vis-à-vis the Jewish Matrix.” In The Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 1, edited by Mitchell, Margaret M. and Young, Frances M., pp. 214–29. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Livny, Avital. Trust and the Islamic Advantage: Religious-Based Movements in Turkey and the Muslim World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Løkkegaard, Frede. Islamic Taxation in the Classic Period, with Special Reference to Circumstances in Iraq. Copenhagen: Branner and Korch, 1950.Google Scholar
Løkkegaard, Frede. “Ghanīma.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 2, pp. 1143–47. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1965.Google Scholar
Lord, Ceren. Religious Politics in Turkey: From the Birth of the Republic to the AKP. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Lorentz, John H.Educational Development in Iran: The Pivotal Role of the Mission Schools and Alborz College.” Iranian Studies, 44 (2011): 647–55.Google Scholar
Luebke, Fred C.The Origins of Thomas Jefferson’s Anti-Clericalism.” Church History, 32 (1963): 344–56.Google Scholar
Lukianoff, Greg, and Haidt, Jonathan. The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure. New York: Penguin Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Lupovitch, Howard N.Between Orthodox Judaism and Neology: The Origins of the Status Quo Movement.” Jewish Social Studies, 9 (2003): 123–53.Google Scholar
Lupovitch, Howard N. Jews and Judaism in World History. London: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
MacCulloch, Diarmaid. The Reformation: A History. New York: Viking Penguin, 2004.Google Scholar
Macdonald, Duncan Black. The Religious Attitude and Life in Islam. New York: AMS Press, 1970; original edition 1909.Google Scholar
Macfarlane, Charles. Constantinople in 1828: A Residence of Sixteen Months in the Turkish Capital and Provinces, 2 vols. London: Saunders and Otley, 1829.Google Scholar
Machlis, Elisheva. “Reevaluating Sectarianism in Light of Sufi Islam: The Case-Studies of the Naqshbandiyya and Qadiriyya in Syria and Iraq.” Sociology of Islam, 7 (2019): 121.Google Scholar
MacLean, Gerald M. The Rise of Oriental Travel: English Visitors to the Ottoman Empire, 1580–1720. New York: Palgrave, 2004.Google Scholar
Macleod, Arlene Lowe. Accommodating Protest: Working Women, the New Veiling, and Change in Cairo. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce. “The Berbers (Amazigh).” In Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East, edited by Rowe, Paul S., pp. 313–25. London: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
Mahler, Gregory S. Politics and Government in Israel: The Maturation of a Modern State, 3rd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.Google Scholar
Mahmood, Saba. “Sectarian Conflict and Family Law in Contemporary Egypt.” American Ethnologist, 39 (2012): 5462.Google Scholar
Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Haqqul Yaqeen: A Compendium of Twelver Shia Religious Beliefs, translated by Athar Husain S. H. Rizvi from the Persian original of 1889. Qum: Ansariyan, 2012.Google Scholar
Makdisi, George. The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Makdisi, Ussama. Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of U.S.–Arab Relations. Philadelphia, PA: PublicAffairs, 2010.Google Scholar
Malik, Kenan. From Fatwa to Jihad: The Rushdie Affair and Its Aftermath. New York: Melville House, 2009.Google Scholar
Malik, Shiv, Shenker, Jack, and Gabbatt, Adam. “Arab Spring Anniversary: How a Lost Generation Found Its Voice.” Guardian, 16 December 2011.Google Scholar
Malkoç, M. Numan. İstanbul’daki Protestan Kiliseler. Istanbul: Kaya Basımevi, 1999.Google Scholar
Maloney, Michael T., Civan, Abdülkadir, and Maloney, Mary Frances. “Model of Religious Schism with Application to Islam.” Public Choice, 142 (2010): 441–60.Google Scholar
Maloney, Suzanne. “Agents or Obstacles? Parastatal Foundations and Challenges for Iranian Development.” In The Economy of Iran: Dilemmas of an Islamic State, edited by Alizadeh, Parvin, pp. 145–76. London: I. B. Tauris, 2000.Google Scholar
Maloney, Suzanne. “Islamism and Iran’s Postrevolutionary Economy: The Case of the Bonyads.” In Gods, Guns, and Globalization: Religious Radicalism and International Political Economy, edited by Tétreault, Mary Ann and Denemark, Robert A., pp. 191217. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2004.Google Scholar
Maltby, Josephine. “UK Joint Stock Companies Legislation 1844–1900: Accounting Publicity and ‘Mercantile Caution’.” Accounting History, 3 (1998): 1032.Google Scholar
Mandaville, Jon E.Usurious Piety: The Cash Waqf Controversy in the Ottoman Empire.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 10 (1979): 298308.Google Scholar
Mandaville, Peter. Islam and Politics, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2014.Google Scholar
Mango, Andrew. Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Woodstock: Overlook Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Mannan, Mohammad Abdul. Islamic Economics: Theory and Practice. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1970.Google Scholar
Mantsinen, Teemu T., and Tervo-Niemelä, Kati. “Leaving Christianity.” In Handbook of Leaving Religion, edited by Enstedt, Daniel, Larsson, Göran, and Mantsinen, Teemu T., pp. 6780. Leiden: Brill, 2020.Google Scholar
Maoz, Moshe. “Syrian Urban Politics in the Tanzimat Period between 1840 and 1861.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 29 (1966): 277301.Google Scholar
Marashi, Afshin. Nationalizing Iran: Culture, Power, and the State, 1870–1940. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Marcotte, Roxanne. “Fatwa Online: Novel Patterns of Production and Consumption.” In Political Islam and Global Media: The Boundaries of Religious Identity, edited by Noha, Mellor and Khalil, Rinnawi, pp. 231–45. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Marcotte, Roxanne. “Suhrawardi.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University, 2019.Google Scholar
Marcus, Abraham. The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity: Aleppo in the Eighteenth Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Marcus, Abraham. “Poverty and Poor Relief in Eighteenth-Century Aleppo.” Révue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 55–56 (1990): 171–79.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joel. “Jewish Christianity.” In The Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 1, edited by Mitchell, Margaret M. and Young, Frances M., pp. 87102. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Mardin, Şerif. The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Mardin, Şerif. Religion and Social Change in Modern Turkey: The Case of Bediüzzaman Said Nursi. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Maréchal, Brigitte. “Mosques, Organisations and Leadership.” In Muslims in the Enlarged Europe: Religion and Society, edited by Maréchal, Brigitte, Allievi, Stefano, Dassetto, Felice, and Nielsen, Jørgen, pp. 79150. Leiden: Brill, 2003.Google Scholar
Mariuma, Yarden. “Taqiyya as Polemic, Law and Knowledge: Following an Islamic Legal Term through the Worlds of Islamic Scholars, Ethnographers, Polemicists and Military Men.” Muslim World, 104 (2014): 89108.Google Scholar
Marsot, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid. Egypt’s Liberal Experiment: 1922–1936. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Marsot, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid. Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Marsot, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid. A History of Egypt: From the Arab Conquest to the Present, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction” (original German edition 1844). In The Marx–Engels Reader, 2nd ed., edited by Tucker, Robert C., pp. 5365. New York: W. W. Norton, 1978.Google Scholar
Masri, Safwan M. Tunisia: An Arab Anomaly. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Massot, Anais. “Ottoman Damascus during the Tanzimat: The New Visibility of Religious Distinctions.” In Modernity, Minority, and the Public Sphere: Jews and Christians in the Middle East, edited by Goldstein-Sabbah, Sasha R. and Murre-van den Berg, Heleen L., pp. 155–84. Leiden: Brill, 2016.Google Scholar
Masters, Bruce. “The Sultan’s Entrepreneurs: The Avrupa Tüccarıs and the Hayriye Tüccarıs in Syria.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 24 (1992): 579–97.Google Scholar
Masud, Muhammad Khalid. “Reading Ibn Taymiyya’s al-Ṣārim: Hermeneutic Shifts in the Definition of Blasphemy.” In Freedom of Expression in Islam: Challenging Apostasy and Blasphemy Laws, edited by Masud, Muhammad Khalid, Vogt, Kari, Larsen, Lena, and Moe, Christian, pp. 7598. London: I. B. Tauris, 2021.Google Scholar
Mathews, Donald G. Slavery and Methodism: A Chapter in American Morality, 1780–1845. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Matic, Natasha M., and AlFaisal, Banderi A. R.. “Empowering the Saudi Social Development Sector.” Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 36 (2012): 1118.Google Scholar
Matthiesen, Toby. The Other Saudis: Shiism, Dissent and Sectarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Mattson, Ingrid. “Status-Based Definitions of Need in Early Islamic Zakat and Maintenance Laws.” In Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts, edited by Bonner, Michael, Ener, Mine, and Singer, Amy, pp. 3151. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Mawdudi, Abul-Ala. Islamic Way of Life, translated from the Urdu original of 1948. Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1950.Google Scholar
Mawdudi, Abul-Ala. Let Us Be Muslims, translated from the Urdu original of 1940. Kuala Lumpur: Noordeen, 1990.Google Scholar
Mazlumder. Türkiye’de Dini Ayrımcılık Raporu. Ankara: İnsan Hakları ve Mazlumlar İçin Dayanışma Derneği, 2010.Google Scholar
Mazower, Mark. Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430–1950. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Justin. Muslims and Minorities: The Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of Empire. New York: New York University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Rory. “Re-thinking Secularism in Post-Independence Tunisia.” Journal of North African Studies, 19 (2014): 733–50.Google Scholar
McCleary, Rachel M., and Barro, Robert J.. The Wealth of Religions: The Political Economy of Believing and Belonging. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
McClendon, David, Hackett, Conrad, Potančoková, Michaela, Stonawski, Marcin, and Skirbekk, Vegard. “Women’s Education in the Muslim World.” Population Development Review, 44 (2018): 311–42.Google Scholar
Médecins Sans Frontières. International Activity Report 2021. Lausanne: MSF International, 2022.Google Scholar
Meeker, Michael E. A Nation of Empire: The Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Meier, Astrid. “Waqf Only in Name, Not in Essence: Early Tanẓīmāt Reforms in the Province of Damascus.” In The Empire in the City: Arab Provincial Capitals in the Late Ottoman Empire, edited by Hanssen, Jens, Philipp, Thomas, and Weber, Stefan, pp. 201–18. Würzburg: Ergon-Verlag, 2002.Google Scholar
Melčák, Miroslav. “The Development of Dīwān al-awqāf in Egypt in the 19th Century: Regulations of 1837 and 1851.” Oriental Archive, 78 (2010): 134.Google Scholar
Melchert, Christopher. The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law: 9th–10th Centuries C.E. Leiden: Brill, 1997.Google Scholar
Mellor, Noha. Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood: Daʿwa, Discourse, and Political Communication. London: Routledge, 2018.Google Scholar
Memiş, Mehmet. “Osmanlı Dönemi Urfa Vakıflarının Eğitim-Öğretim Alanındaki Hizmetleri.” In Osmanlı Medreseleri: Eğitim, Yönetim ve Finans, edited by Aydın, Fuat, Zengin, Mahmut, Cevherli, Kübra, and Kaymaz, Yunus, pp. 503–32. Istanbul: Mahya, 2016.Google Scholar
Memiş, Şefik. Türkiye’de Ticaretin Öncü Kuruluşu: Dersaadet Ticaret Odası 1882–1923. Istanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası, 2009.Google Scholar
Menchik, Jeremy. Islam and Democracy in Indonesia: Tolerance without Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Menchinger, Ethan L. The First of the Modern Ottomans: The Intellectual History of Ahmed Vasıf. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, I.On Corvée Labor in Ancient Canaan and Israel.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 167 (1962): 3135.Google Scholar
Menoret, Pascal. “Repression and Protest in Saudi Arabia.” Middle East Brief (Crown Center for Middle East Studies), 101 (2016): 19.Google Scholar
Meral, Yasin. “Osmanlı İstanbul’unda Yahudi Matbaası ve Basılan Bazı Önemli Eserler.” In Osmanlı İstanbulu II, edited by Emecen, Feridun M., Akyıldız, Ali, and Gürkan, Emrah Safa, pp. 455–69. Istanbul: 29 Mayıs Üniversitesi, 2014.Google Scholar
Meriwether, Margaret L. The Kin Who Count: Family and Society in Ottoman Aleppo, 1770–1840. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Mernissi, Fatima. Beyond the Veil: Male–Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society, rev. ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Mestyan, Adam. Arab Patriotism: The Ideology and Culture of Power in Late Ottoman Egypt. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Metinsoy, Murat. The Power of the People: Everyday Resistance and Dissent in the Making of Modern Turkey, 1923–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Mezulis, Amy H., Abramson, Lyn Y., Hyde, Janet S., and Hankin, Benjamin L.. “Is There a Universal Positivity Bias in Attributions? A Meta-Analytic Review of Individual, Developmental, and Cultural Differences in the Self-Serving Attributional Bias.” Psychological Bulletin, 130 (2004): 711–47.Google Scholar
Michaelsen, Marcus. “Transforming Threats to Power: The International Politics of Authoritarian Internet Control in Iran.” International Journal of Communication, 12 (2018): 3856–76.Google Scholar
Michalopoulos, Stelios, and Papaioannou, Elias. “Pre-Colonial Ethnic Institutions and Contemporary African Development.” Econometrica, 81 (2013): 113–52.Google Scholar
Michie, Ranald C. The London Stock Exchange: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Mietzner, Marcus, and Muhtadi, Burhanuddin. “The Myth of Pluralism.” Contemporary Southeast Asia, 42 (2020): 5884.Google Scholar
Millar, Fergus. “Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine.” Papers in the British School at Rome, 52 (1984): 124–47.Google Scholar
Minoglou, Ioanna Pepelasis. “Ethnic Minority Groups in International Banking: Greek Diaspora Bankers of Constantinople and Ottoman State Finances, c. 1840–81.” Financial History Review, 9 (2002): 125–46.Google Scholar
Mir, Salam. “Colonialism, Postcolonialism, Globalization, and Arab Culture.” Arab Studies Quarterly, 41 (2019): 3358.Google Scholar
Mirrlees, James A.The Optimal Structure of Incentives and Authority within an Organization.” Bell Journal of Economics 7 (1976): 105–31.Google Scholar
Mirrlees, James A.The Theory of Optimal Taxation.” In Handbook of Mathematical Economics, vol. 3, edited by Kenneth J. Arrow and Michael D. Intriligator, pp. 1197–249. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1986.Google Scholar
Miura, Toru. Dynamism in the Urban Society of Damascus: The Ṣāliḥiyya Quarter from the Twelfth to the Twentieth Centuries. Leiden: Brill, 2015.Google Scholar
Moaddel, Mansoor. “The Shiʿi Ulama and the State in Iran.” Theory and Society, 15 (1986): 519–56.Google Scholar
Moaddel, Mansour. “The Saudi Public Speaks: Religion, Gender, and Politics.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 38 (2006): 79108.Google Scholar
Moazzen, Maryam. Formation of a Religious Landscape: Shiʿi Higher Learning in Safavid Iran. Leiden: Brill, 2018.Google Scholar
Moazzen, Maryam. “The Leading Religious College in Early Modern Iran: Madrasa-yi Sultani and Its Endowment.” In The Empires of the Near East and India: Source Studies of the Safavid, Ottoman, and Mughal Literate Communities, edited by Khafipour, Hani, pp. 482–92. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Moghadam, Vaentine M. Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East, 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2013.Google Scholar
Mohamadi, Mehdi, Rafiey, Hassan, Mousavi, Mir Taher, and Hosseinzadeh, Samaneh. “Which Institutions Are Most Corrupt? Prevalence and Social Determinants of Bribery in Tehran.” Crime, Law and Social Change, 74 (2020): 175–91.Google Scholar
Mohamed, Emad, and Abdalla, Bakinaz. “What Jihad Questions Do Muslims Ask?Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies, 2 (2017): 5679.Google Scholar
Mohammadi, Majid. The Longevity of Clerical Business as Usual: A Socio-Political History of Iranian Twelver Shiʿi Clergy. Los Angeles, CA: Dan & Mo Publishers, 2019.Google Scholar
Mohseni-Cheraghlou, Amin, Marvi, Ramezan Ali, and Kazemzadeh, Amir. “Waqf in Iran: An Overview of Historical Roots and Current Trends.” In Waqf Development and Innovation: Socio-Economic and Legal Perspectives, pp. 192206. London: Routledge, 2021.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel. A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Momen, Moojan. Shiʿi Islam: A Beginner’s Guide. London: Oneworld, 2016.Google Scholar
Monahan, Susanne C.Who Controls Church Work? Organizational Effects on Jurisdictional Boundaries and Disputes in Churches.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 38 (1999): 370–85.Google Scholar
Monshipouri, Mahmood. Middle East Politics: Changing Dynamics. London: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
Moor, Tine de. “The Silent Revolution: A New Perspective on the Emergence of Commons, Guilds, and other Forms of Collective Action in Western Europe.” International Review of Social History, 53 (2008): 179212.Google Scholar
Moore, Barrington Jr. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Moreen, Vera B.The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran 1617–61.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 40 (1981): 119–34.Google Scholar
Mostafaei, Mohammad. “The Crimes of Blasphemy and Apostasy in Iran.” In Freedom of Expression in Islam, edited by Masud, Muhammad Khalid, Vogt, Kari, Larsen, Lena, and Moe, Christian, pp. 101–10. London: I. B. Tauris, 2021.Google Scholar
Motzki, Harald, ed. Ḥadīth: Origins and Developments. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Moulin, Anne-Marie. “Révolutions Médicales et Révolutions Politiques en Egypte (1865–1917).” Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 52–53 (1989): 111–23.Google Scholar
Moustafa, Tamir. “Conflict and Cooperation between the State and Religious Institutions in Contemporary Egypt.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 32 (2000): 322.Google Scholar
Moutafidou, Ariadni. “Greek Merchant Families Perceiving the World: The Case of Demetrius Vikelas.” Mediterranean Historical Review, 23 (2008): 143–64.Google Scholar
Mozafferi, Mehdi. Fatwa: Violence and Discourtesy. Aarhus: Aaarhus University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Muedini, Fait. Sponsoring Sufism: How Governments Promote “Mystical Islam” in Their Domestic and Foreign Policies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.Google Scholar
Mumcu, Ahmet. Osmanlı Devletinde Rüşvet (Özellikle Adlî Rüşvet), 2nd ed. Istanbul: İnkilâp Kitabevi, 1985.Google Scholar
Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina. “Controlling Corruption through Collective Action.” Journal of Democracy, 24 (2013): 101–15.Google Scholar
Munro, John H.The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution: Usury, Rentes, and Negotiability.” International History Review, 25 (2003): 505–62.Google Scholar
Murphy, Lawrence R. The American University in Cairo: 1919–1987. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Musallam, Adnan A. From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005.Google Scholar
Nader, Emir. “Egyptian Court Sentences Man to 3 Years in Prison Following Declaration of Atheism,” Daily News Egypt, 11 January 2015.Google Scholar
Nagata, Yuzo. Tarihte Âyânlar: Karaosmanoğulları Üzerinde Bir İnceleme. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1997.Google Scholar
Nakissa, Aria. “An Epistemic Shift in Islamic Law: Educational Reform at al-Azhar and Dār al-ʿUlūm.” Islamic Law and Society, 21 (2014): 209–51.Google Scholar
Naqvi, Syed Nawab Haider. Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis. Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1981.Google Scholar
Neal, Andrew W. Exceptionalism and the Politics of Counter-Terrorism: Liberty, Security and the War on Terror. London: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar
Netanyahu, B. The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain. New York: Random House, 1995.Google Scholar
Neumann, Christoph K. Araç Tarih, Amaç Tanzimat: Tarih-i Cevdet’in Siyasi Anlamı, translated by Meltem Arun from the original German edition of 1992. Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı, 1999.Google Scholar
Nevo, Joseph. “Religion and National Identity in Saudi Arabia.” Middle Eastern Studies, 34 (1998): 3453.Google Scholar
Nichols, Theo, and Sugur, Nadir. Global Management, Local Labour: Turkish Workers and Modern Industry. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.Google Scholar
Niekerk, Jana van, and Verkuyten, Maykel. “Interfaith Marriage Attitudes in Muslim Majority Countries: A Multilevel Approach.” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 28 (2018): 257–70.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Richard A.The Changing Face of Islamic Authority in the Middle East.” Middle East Brief (Crown Center for Middle East Studies), 99 (2016): 19.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Richard A. Deadly Clerics: Blocked Ambition and the Paths to Jihad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Richard A.Women’s Authority in Patriarchal Social Movements: The Case of Female Salafi Preachers.” American Journal of Political Science, 64 (2020): 5266.Google Scholar
Nissimi, Hilda. The Crypto-Jewish Mashhadis: The Shaping of Religious and Communal Identity in Their Journey from Iran to New York. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Nobuaki, Kondo. “The Waqf of Ustad ʿAbbas: Rewrites of the Deeds in Qajar Tehran.” In Persian Documents: Social History of Iran and Turan in the Fifteenth-Nineteenth Centuries, edited by Kondo, Nobuaki, pp. 106–28. London: Routledge, 2003.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C. Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C., and Thomas, Robert Paul. The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C., and Weingast, Barry R.. “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in 17th-Century England.” Journal of Economic History, 49 (1989): 803–32.Google Scholar
North, Douglass C., Wallis, John Joseph, and Weingast, Barry R.. Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Oberauer, Norbert. “Early Doctrines on Waqf Revisited: The Evolution of Islamic Endowment Law in the 2nd Century AD.” Islamic Law and Society, 20 (2013): 147.Google Scholar
Oberling, Pierre. “The Role of Religious Minorities in the Persian Revolution, 1906–1912.” Journal of Asian History, 12 (1978): 129.Google Scholar
Öcalan, Hasan Basri, Sevim, Sezai, and Yavaş, Doğan, eds. Bursa Vakfiyeleri – 1. Bursa: Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi, 2013.Google Scholar
Ochsenwald, William. Religion, Society, and the State in Arabia: The Hijaz under Ottoman Control, 1840–1908. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
O’Connor, Tom. “Will Facebook Survive? Iran Declares Fatwa against Social Media over Privacy Invasion Claims.” Newsweek, 12 April 2018.Google Scholar
Ogilvie, Sheilagh. State Corporatism and Proto-Industry: The Württemberg Black Forest, 1580–1797. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Ogilvie, Sheilagh. “Guilds, Efficiency, and Social Capital: Evidence from German Proto-Industry.” Economic History Review, 57 (2004): 286333.Google Scholar
Ogilvie, Sheilagh. “The Economics of Guilds.” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28 (2014): 169–92.Google Scholar
Oğuzoğlu, Yusuf. Osmanlı Devlet Anlayışı. Istanbul: Eren, 2000.Google Scholar
Olsen, Donald J. The City as a Work of Art: London, Paris, Vienna. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, rev. ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur. “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development.” American Political Science Review, 87 (1993): 567–76.Google Scholar
Onar, Sıddık Sami. “İslâm Hukuku ve Mecelle.” In Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, vol. 3, pp. 580–87. Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1985.Google Scholar
Onaran, Nevzat. Cumhuriyet’te Ermeni ve Rum Mallarının Türkleştirilmesi (1920–1930). Istanbul: Evrensel, 2013.Google Scholar
Onay, Ahmet. “Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Camilerin Finansmanı.” Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 7 (2009): 4380.Google Scholar
Ongur, Hakan Övünç. “Performing through Friday Khutbas: Reinstrumentalization of Religion in the New Turkey.” Third World Quarterly, 41 (2020): 434–52.Google Scholar
Öniş, Ziya, and Türem, Umut. “Entrepreneurs, Democracy, and Citizenship in Turkey.” Comparative Politics, 34 (2002): 439–56.Google Scholar
Onley, James. “Transnational Merchant Families in the Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Gulf.” In The Gulf Family: Kinship Policies and Modernity, edited by Alsharekh, Alanoud, pp. 3756. London: Saqi, 2007.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, Samson D. American Jewish Year Book (1918–19). Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1918.Google Scholar
Oran, Ahmad, and Rashid, Salim. “Fiscal Policy in Early Islam.” Public Finance, 44 (1989): 75101.Google Scholar
Orbay, Kayhan. “Imperial Waqfs within the Ottoman Waqf System.” Endowment Studies, 1 (2017): 135–53.Google Scholar
Organization of Islamic Cooperation. “Resolutions on Muslim Communities and Muslim Minorities in the Non-OIC Member States.” 1–2 March 2019.Google Scholar
O’Rourke, Jacqueline. Representing Jihad: The Appearing and Disappearing Radical. London: Zed Books, 2012.Google Scholar
Ortaylı, İlber. “The Greeks and Ottoman Administration during the Tanzimat Period.” In Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism: Politics, Economy, and Society in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Gondicas, Dimitri and Issawi, Charles, pp. 161–67. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Osman, Tarek. Egypt on the Brink: From Nasser to the Egyptian Brotherhood, rev. and updated ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Osman, Tarek. “Why Border Lines Drawn with a Ruler in WW1 Still Rock the Middle East.” 14 December 2013. www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25299553 (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Otterbeck, Jonas. “Battling over the Public Sphere: Islamic Reactions to the Music of Today.” Contemporary Islam, 2 (2008): 211–28.Google Scholar
Overfield, James H. Humanism and Scholasticism in Late Medieval Germany. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Owen, John M. IV, and Owen, J. Judd. “Concluding Thoughts.” In Religion, the Enlightenment, and the New Global Order, edited by Owen, John M. IV and Judd Owen, J., pp. 265–73. New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Owen, Roger. The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800–1914, rev. ed. London: I. B. Tauris, 1993.Google Scholar
Owen, Roger, and Pamuk, Şevket. A History of Middle East Economies in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Özbek, Nadir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Sosyal Devlet: Siyaset, İktidar ve Meşruiyet (1876–1914). Istanbul: İletişim, 2002.Google Scholar
Özbek, Nadir. “‘Beggars’ and ‘Vagrants’ in Ottoman State Policy and Public Discourse.” Middle Eastern Studies, 45 (2009): 783801.Google Scholar
Özcan, Esra. Mainstreaming the Headscarf: Islamist Politics and Women in the Turkish Media. London: I. B. Tauris, 2019.Google Scholar
Özsaraç, Yakup. “Vakıflarda Anakronizm: Para Vakıfları Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme.” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26 (2021): 209–23.Google Scholar
Öztaş, Dilek, Hasanoğlu, İmran, Buzgan, Turan, Taşyaran, Mehmet Akın, and Tufan, Zeliha Koçak. “Eid al-Adha Associated Infections: Three Case Reports.” Van Veterinary Journal, 28 (2017): 165–68.Google Scholar
Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi. “Turkey’s Diyanet under AKP Rule: From Protector to Imposer of State Ideology.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16 (2016): 619–35.Google Scholar
Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi. Religion, Identity and Power: Turkey and the Balkans in the Twenty-first Century. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi, and Sözeri, Semiha. “Diyanet as a Turkish Foreign Policy Tool: Evidence from the Netherlands and Bulgaria.” Politics and Religion, 11 (2018): 624–48.Google Scholar
Öztürk, Fundanur. “Diyanet Fetvaları ve Açıklamaları: Son 10 Yılda Hangileri Tartışma Yarattı?” www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-42552621 (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Öztürk, Mustafa. “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Meselesine Kur’an Zaviyesinden Genel Bir Bakış.” In Dinî ve Toplumsal Boyutlarıyla Cinsiyet, edited by Eğitim ve Kültür Merkezi, Üsküdar Belediyesi Çamlıca Sabahattin Zaim, pp. 165–91. Istanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2012.Google Scholar
Öztürk, Nazif. Menşe’i ve Tarihi Gelişimi Açısından Vakıflar. Ankara: Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü, 1983.Google Scholar
Öztürk, Nazif. Türk Yenileşme Tarihi Çerçevesinde Vakıf Müessesesi. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 1995.Google Scholar
Öztürk, Yaşar Nuri. Surelerin İniş Sırasına Göre Kur’an-ı Kerim Meali. Istanbul: Yeni Boyut, 2016.Google Scholar
Paçacı, Mehmet, and Aktay, Yasin. “75 Years of Higher Religious Education in Modern Turkey.” Muslim World, 89 (1999): 389413.Google Scholar
Padgett, John F.The Emergence of Corporate Merchant-Banks in Dugento Tuscany.” In The Emergence of Organizations and Markets, edited by Padgett, John F. and Powell, Walter W., pp. 121–67. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Page, Benjamin I., Seawright, Jason, and Lacombe, Matthew J.. Billionaires and Stealth Politics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Pakkir, Maideen, Mohamed, Naina, Jumale, Abdurazak, and Balasubramaniam, Rajkapoor. “Adverse Health Effects Associated with Islamic Fasting: A Literature Review.” Journal of Fasting and Health, 5 (2017): 113–18.Google Scholar
Pallis, Alexandros A.The Population of Turkey in 1935.” Geographical Journal, 91 (1938): 439–45.Google Scholar
Pamuk, Şevket. “Political Power and Institutional Change: Lessons from the Middle East.” Economic History of Developing Regions, 27 (2012): S41–46.Google Scholar
Pan, Jennifer, and Siegel, Alexandra A.. “How Saudi Crackdowns Fail to Silence Online Dissent.” American Political Science Review, 114 (2020): 109–25.Google Scholar
Pascual, Jean-Paul. Damas à la Fin du XVIe Siècle d’Après Trois Actes de Waqf Ottomans, vol. 1. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1983.Google Scholar
Peacock, Andrew C. S. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Pearson, James Douglas. “Al-Ḳurʾān.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 5, pp. 400432. Leiden: Brill, 1986.Google Scholar
Perkin, Harold. The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880. London: Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar
Peri, Oded. “Waqf and Ottoman Welfare Policy: The Poor Kitchen of Haseki Sultan in Eighteenth-Century Jerusalem.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 35 (1992): 167–86.Google Scholar
Persson, Anna, Rothstein, Bo, and Teorell, Jan. “Why Anticorruption Reforms Fail – Systemic Corruption as a Collective Action Problem.” Governance, 26 (2013): 449–71.Google Scholar
Persson, Torsten, Roland, Gérard, and Tabellini, Guido. “Separation of Powers and Political Accountability.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (1997): 1163–202.Google Scholar
Peters, Rudolph, and De Vries, Gert J. J.. “Apostasy in Islam.” Die Welt des Islams, 17 (1976): 125.Google Scholar
Petry, Carl F.Waqf as an Instrument of Investment in the Mamluk Sultanate: Security vs. Profit?” In Slave Elites in the Middle East and Africa: A Comparative Study, edited by Toru, Miura and Philips, Edward, pp. 99115. London: Kegan Paul International, 2000.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. “Mapping the Global Muslim Population.” Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2009.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. “Government Restrictions Index, Appendix E: Results by Country.” www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2016/06/Restrictions2016appendixE.pdf (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. “Religious Beliefs and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe.” Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2017.Google Scholar
Phillip, Abby. “Frosty Fatwa: Saudi Cleric Bans Snowmen.” Washington Post, 13 January 2015.Google Scholar
Phillips, Christopher. “Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria.” Third World Quarterly, 36 (2015): 357–76.Google Scholar
Phillips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Philpott, Daniel. Religious Freedom in Islam: The Fate of a Universal Human Right in the Muslim World Today. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Pierret, Thomas. “The Farhi Family and the Changing Position of the Jews in Syria, 1750–1860.” Middle Eastern Studies, 20 (1984): 3752.Google Scholar
Pierret, Thomas. Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013; original French edition 2011.Google Scholar
Pierret, Thomas. “The Syrian Baath Party and Sunni Islam: Conflicts and Connivance.” Middle East Brief (Crown Center for Middle East Studies), 77 (2014): 17.Google Scholar
Pierret, Thomas, and Selvik, Kjetil. “Limits of ‘Authoritarian Upgrading’ in Syria: Private Welfare, Islamic Charities, and the Rise of the Zayd Movement.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 41 (2009): 595614.Google Scholar
Pinker, Steven. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Viking Penguin, 2002.Google Scholar
Pioppi, Daniela. “Privatization of Social Services as a Regime Strategy: The Revival of Islamic Endowments (Awkaf) in Egypt.” In Debating Arab Authoritarianism: Dynamics and Durability in Nondemocratic Regimes, edited by Schlumberger, Oliver, pp. 129–42. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Pipes, Daniel. Slave Soldiers and Islam: The Genesis of a Military System. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Pipes, Daniel. The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West, 2nd ed. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2003.Google Scholar
Pizanias, Petros. “From Reaya to Greek Citizen: Enlightenment and Revolution, 1750–1832.” In The Greek Revolution of 1821: A European Event, edited by Pizanias, Petros, pp. 1181. Istanbul: ISIS Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Platteau, Jean-Philippe. Institutions, Social Norms, and Economic Development. Amsterdam: Harwood, 2001.Google Scholar
Platteau, Jean-Philippe. Islam Instrumentalized: Religion and Politics in Historical Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Popper, Karl R. The Open Society and Its Enemies, 2 vols., 5th ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Porter, Dorothy. Health, Civilization, and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times. London: Routledge, 1999.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard A. The Economics of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Posner, Richard A. Sex and Reason. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Powell, Russell. “Zakat: Drawing Insights for Legal Theory and Economic Policy from Islamic Jurisprudence.” University of Pittsburgh Tax Review, 7 (2009): 43101.Google Scholar
Powers, David S.On the Abrogation of the Bequest Verses.” Arabica, 29 (1982): 246–95.Google Scholar
Powers, David S.Orientalism, Colonialism, and Legal History: The Attack on Muslim Family Endowments in Algeria and India.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 31 (1989): 535–71.Google Scholar
Prak, Maarten. “Corporate Politics in the Low Countries: Guilds as Institutions, 14th to 18th Centuries.” In Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power, and Representation, edited by Prak, Maarten, Lis, Catharina, Lucassen, Jan, and Soly, Hugo, pp. 74106. Farnham: Ashgate, 2006.Google Scholar
Priestland, Jane, ed. The Buraimi Dispute 1950–1961: Contemporary Documents, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge Archive Editions, 1992.Google Scholar
Pringuey, Roland. La Bourse de Beyrouth. Paris: Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, 1959.Google Scholar
“Prohibition of Interfaith Marriage.” Law Library of Congress, Washington, DC: US Congress, September 2015.Google Scholar
Prothero, George Walter. Arabia. London: HM Stationery Office, 1920.Google Scholar
Prothero, George Walter. French Morocco. London: HM Stationery Office, 1920.Google Scholar
Puga, Diego, and Trefler, Daniel. “International Trade and Institutional Change: Medieval Venice’s Response to Globalization.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129 (2014): 753821.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000.Google Scholar
Qanuni Madani 1928. www.refworld.org/docid/49997adb27.html (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Quazi, Naseem. “Economic Morality in Islam.” Hamdard Islamicus, 16/4 (1993): 89102.Google Scholar
Qutb, Sayyid. Social Justice in Islam, translated by John D. Hardie from the Arabic original of 1948. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1970.Google Scholar
Qutb, Sayyid. Milestones, translated from the Arabic original of 1964. New Delhi: Islamic Book Service, 2002.Google Scholar
Raafat, Samir. The Egyptian Bourse. Cairo: American University of Cairo Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Radio France International. “Deflection of Religious Debate in French Classrooms on the Rise following Paty Beheading.” 6 January 2021. www.rfi.fr/en/france/20210106 (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Radsch, Courtney. “First Egyptian Blogger Imprisoned for Writings Is Released.” Huffpost, 11 May 2011.Google Scholar
Rafeq, Abdul-Karim. “Craft Organization, Work Ethics, and the Strains of Change in Ottoman Syria.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 111 (1991): 495511.Google Scholar
Rahman, Afzalur. Economic Doctrines of Islam, vol. 3. Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1976.Google Scholar
Rahman, Fazlur. “Islam and Problem of Economic Justice.” Pakistan Economist (24 August 1974): 14–39.Google Scholar
Rahman, Fazlur. “The Principle of Shura and the Role of the Umma in Islam.” American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 1 (1984): 19.Google Scholar
Rahman, Fazlur. “Translating the Qurʾan.” Religion and Literature, 20 (1988): 2330.Google Scholar
Rahman, Kaunain. An Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Saudi Arabia. Berlin: Transparency International, 2020.Google Scholar
Raissouni, Ahmed. Islamic “Waqf Endowment”: Scope and Limitations, translated from the Arabic original by Abderrafi Benhallam. Rabat: ISESCO, 2001.Google Scholar
Rakel, Eva Patricia. Power, Islam, and Political Elite in Iran: A Study on the Iranian Political Elite from Khomeini to Ahmedinejad. Leiden: Brill, 2008.Google Scholar
Ramstedt, Martin. “A Fatwa against Yoga: Mitigating Conflict in the Face of Increasing Fundamentalism in Indonesia.” Interreligious Dialogue, 5 (2011): 111.Google Scholar
Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban: The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond, rev. ed. London: I. B. Tauris, 2010.Google Scholar
Rawlings, Helen. The Spanish Inquisition. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006.Google Scholar
Razek, Ali Abdel. Islam and the Foundations of Political Power, translated by Maryam Loutfi from the original Arabic edition of 1925. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Reimer, Michael J.Urban Government and Administration in Egypt, 1805–1914.” Die Welt des Islams, 39 (1999): 289318.Google Scholar
Reinkowski, Maurus. “Hidden Believers, Hidden Apostates: The Phenomenon of Crypto-Jews and Crypto-Christians in the Middle East.” In Converting Cultures: Religion, Ideology and Transformations of Modernity, edited by Washburn, Dennis and Kevin Reinhart, A., pp. 409–33. Leiden: Brill, 2007.Google Scholar
Rejwan, Nissim. The Jews of Iraq: 3000 Years of History and Culture. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Rejwan, Nissim. The Last Jews of Baghdad: Remembering a Lost Homeland. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Renan, Ernest. L’Islamisme et la Science. Paris: Calman Lévy, 1883.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Susan. Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe 900–1300, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Reza, Sadiq. “Endless Emergency: The Case of Egypt.” New Criminal Law Review, 10 (2007): 532–53.Google Scholar
Ridge, Hannah. “Effect of Religious Legislation on Religious Behavior: The Ramadan Fast.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, 15 (2019): article 8.Google Scholar
Rijpma, Auke. “Funding Public Services through Religious and Charitable Foundations in the Late-Medieval Low Countries.” PhD dissertation, Utrecht University, 2012.Google Scholar
Ringer, Monica M. Education, Religion, and the Discourse of Cultural Reform in Qajar Iran. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2001.Google Scholar
Rivetti, Paola. “Co-opting Civil Society Activism in Iran.” In Civil Society in Syria and Iran: Activism in Authoritarian Contexts, edited by Aarts, Paul and Cavatorta, Francesco, pp. 187206. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2013.Google Scholar
Rivlin, Paul. Arab Economies in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Roberts, Keith A., and Yamane, David. Religion in Sociological Perspective, 6th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2016.Google Scholar
Rodinson, Maxime. Islam and Capitalism, translated by Brian Pearce from the original French edition of 1966. New York: Pantheon, 1972.Google Scholar
Rodinson, Maxime. Muḥammad, translated by Anne Carter from the original French edition of 1961. New York: Pantheon, 1980.Google Scholar
Roland, Gérard. “Understanding Institutional Change: Fast-Moving and Slow-Moving Institutions.” Studies in Comparative International Development, 38 (2004): 109–31.Google Scholar
Romano, David. “The Kurds in the Middle East.” In Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East, edited by Rowe, Paul S., pp. 255–71. London: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar
Root, Hilton L. The Fountain of Privilege: Political Foundations of Markets in Old Regime France and England. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Root, Jay. “Salman Rushdie Is Attacked Onstage in New York.” New York Times, 12 August 2022. www.nytimes.com/2022/08/12/nyregion/salman-rushdie-attacked.html (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Rosenblatt, Helena. The Lost History of Liberalism: From Ancient Rome to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Franz. “Sedaka, Charity.” Hebrew Union College Annual, 23 (1950–51): 411–30.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Franz. “Gifts and Bribes: The Muslim View.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 108 (1964): 135–44.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Steven. “Foreigners and Municipal Reform in Istanbul: 1855–1865.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 11 (1980): 227–45.Google Scholar
Roudometof, Victor. “From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453–1821.” Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 16 (1998): 1148.Google Scholar
Rowe, Paul S.Christian–Muslim Relations in Egypt in the Wake of the Arab Spring.” Domes, 22 (2013): 262–75.Google Scholar
Roy, Olivier. Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Roy, Olivier. The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East, translated by Ros Schwartz from the original French edition of 2007. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Royle, Stephen. Islamic Development in Palestine: A Comparative Study. New York: Routledge, 2017.Google Scholar
Rubin, Jared. “Bills of Exchange, Interest Bans, and Impersonal Exchange in Islam and Christianity.” Explorations in Economic History, 47 (2010): 213–27.Google Scholar
Rubin, Jared. “Institutions, the Rise of Commerce, and the Persistence of Laws: Interest Restrictions in Islam and Christianity.” Economic Journal, 121 (2011): 1310–39.Google Scholar
Rubin, Jared. Rulers, Religion, and Riches: Why the West Got Rich and the Middle East Did Not. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Rugh, William A.Emergence of a New Middle Class in Saudi Arabia.” Middle East Journal, 27 (1973): 720.Google Scholar
Rugh, William A.Education in Saudi Arabia: Choices and Constraints.” Middle East Policy, 9 (2002): 4055.Google Scholar
Rustow, Dankwart A.Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model.” Comparative Politics, 3 (1970): 337–63.Google Scholar
Saab, Bilal Y. “Can Mohamed bin Salman Reshape Saudi Arabia? The Treacherous Path to Reform.” Foreign Affairs online, 5 January 2017.Google Scholar
Sabev, Orlin (Salih, Orhan). İbrahim Müteferrika ya da İlk Osmanlı Matbaa Serüveni (1726–1746): Yeniden Değerlendirme. Istanbul: Yeditepe, 2006.Google Scholar
Sabra, Adam. Poverty and Charity in Medieval Islam: Mamluk Egypt, 1250–1517. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Sabry, Sarah. “How Poverty Is Underestimated in Greater Cairo, Egypt”. Environment and Urbanization, 22 (2010): 523–41.Google Scholar
Sack, Detlef. “European Chambers of Commerce in Comparison.” In Chambers of Commerce in Europe: Self-Governance and Institutional Change, edited by Sack, Detlef, pp. 124. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.Google Scholar
Sadri, Mahmoud. “Sacral Defense of Secularism: The Political Theologies of Soroush, Shabestari, and Kadivar.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 15 (2001): 257–70.Google Scholar
Saeed, Abdullah. “Trends in Contemporary Islam: A Preliminary Attempt at a Classification.” Muslim World, 97 (2007): 395404.Google Scholar
Saeed, Abdullah. The Qur’an: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 2008.Google Scholar
Saeed, Abdullah. “Blasphemy Laws in Islam: Towards a Rethinking?” In Freedom of Expression in Islam: Challenging Apostasy and Blasphemy Laws, edited by Masud, Muhammad Khalid, Vogt, Kari, Larsen, Lena, and Moe, Christian, pp. 207–36. London: I. B. Tauris, 2021.Google Scholar
Saeed, Abdullah, and Saeed, Hassan. Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004.Google Scholar
Saeidi, Ali A.The Accountability of Para-Governmental Organizations (bonyads): The Case of Iranian Foundations.” Iranian Studies, 37 (2004): 479–98.Google Scholar
Şafak, Yakup. “Mevlânâ’ya Atfedilen ‘Yine Gel…’ Rubâîsine Dair.” Tasavvuf, 24 (2009): 7580.Google Scholar
Safieddine, Hicham. Banking on the State: The Financial Foundations of Lebanon. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Saghafi, Morad. “Crossing the Desert: Iranian Intellectuals after the Islamic Revolution.” Middle East Critique, 10 (2001): 1545.Google Scholar
Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Random House, 1978.Google Scholar
Şakul, Kahraman. “Nizâm-ı Cedid Düşüncesinde Batılılaşma ve İslami Modernleşme.” Dîvân İlmî Araştırmalar, 19 (2005): 117–50.Google Scholar
Salihu, Habeeb Abdulrauf, and Jafari, Amin. “Corruption and Anti-Corruption Strategies in Iran: An Overview of the Preventive, Detective and Punitive Measures.” Journal of Money Laundering Control, 23 (2020): 7789.Google Scholar
Salzmann, Ariel. “An Ancien Régime Revisited: ‘Privatization’ and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire.” Politics and Society, 21 (1993): 393423.Google Scholar
Samuels, David. “Separation of Powers.” The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, edited by Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0029 (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Sanders, Paula. Creating Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Sapsford, Roger, Tsourapas, Gerasimos, Abbott, Pamela, and Teti, Andrea. “Corruption, Trust, Inclusion and Cohesion in North Africa and the Middle East.” Applied Research in Quality of Life, 14 (2019): 121.Google Scholar
Saraçoğlu, M. Safa. Nineteenth-Century Local Governance in Ottoman Bulgaria: Politics in Provincial Councils. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Sarıkaya, Makbule. Türkiye Himaye-i Etfal Cemiyeti, 1921–1935. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2011.Google Scholar
Sassoon, Joseph. Saddam Hussein’s Baʿth Party: Inside an Authoritarian Regime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Satyanath, Shanker, Voigtländer, Nico, and Voth, Hans-Joachim. “Bowling for Fascism: Social Capital and the Rise of the Nazi Party.” Journal of Political Economy, 125 (2017): 478526.Google Scholar
Saudi Gazette. “Over 174,000 Women Driving Licenses Issued in 19 Months.” Article 590574, 8 March 2020.Google Scholar
Savory, Roger M.The Consolidation of Safavid Power in Persia.” Der Islam, 41 (1965): 7194.Google Scholar
Savory, Roger M.The Safavid Administrative System.” In The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6, edited by Jackson, Peter and Lockhart, Laurence, pp. 351–72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Schacht, Joseph. “Zakāt.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 3, pp. 1202–4. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1934.Google Scholar
Schacht, Joseph. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Schanzer, Carlo. “Italian Colonial Policy in Northern Africa.” Foreign Affairs, 2 (1924): 446–56.Google Scholar
Schäublin, Emanuel. “Zakat Practice in the Islamic Tradition and Its Recent History in the Context of Palestine.” In Histories of Humanitarian Action in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Davey, Eleanor and Svoboda, Eva, pp. 1926. London: Humanitarian Policy Group, 2014.Google Scholar
Scheidel, Walter. “Slavery and Forced Labour in Early China and the Roman World.” In Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Contacts and Exchange between the Graeco-Roman World, Inner Asia and China, edited by Kim, Hyun Jin, Vervaet, Juliaan, and Adalı, Selim Ferruh, pp. 133–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Schirrmacher, Christine. “Leaving Islam.” In Handbook of Leaving Religion, edited by Enstedt, Daniel, Larsson, Göran, and Mantsinen, Teemu T., pp. 8194. Leiden: Brill, 2020.Google Scholar
Schizer, David M.Enhancing Efficiency at Nonprofits with Analysis and Disclosure.” Columbia Journal of Tax Law, 11 (2020): 76134.Google Scholar
Schoenblum, Jeffrey A.The Role of Legal Doctrine in the Decline of the Islamic Waqf: A Comparison with the Trust.” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 32 (1999):1191–227.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph A. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 3rd ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1950.Google Scholar
Scott, James. C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, Mark. “Saudi Sufis: Compromise in the Hijaz, 1925–40.” Die Welt des Islams, 37 (1997): 349–68.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, Mark. “Sects in the Islamic World.” Nova Religio, 3 (2000): 195240.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, Mark. Western Sufism: From the Abbasids to the New Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Seghal, Neha, and Grim, Brian. “Egypt’s Restrictions on Religion Coincide with Lack of Religious Tolerance.” Fact Tank, 2 July 2013.Google Scholar
Şehsuvaroğlu, Bedi N., Demirhan, Ayşegül Erdemir, and Güreşsever, Gönül Cantay. Türk Tıp Tarihi. Bursa: Taş Kitabevi, 1984.Google Scholar
Sékaly, Achille. Le Problème des Wakfs en Égypte. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1929.Google Scholar
Şen, Ayşe Fulya, and Altın, Şule Yenigün. “Sosyal Demokrasiden Yeni Sağa CHP’nin Söylemsel Dönüşümü: Bir Siyasal Söylem Çözümlemesi Denemesi.” Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21 (2019): 434–61.Google Scholar
Shabaan, Ahmed. “Is Keeping Dogs Allowed in Islam or Not?” Khalej Times, 1 August 2016.Google Scholar
Shaban, Muhammad A. Islamic History: A New Interpretation, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Shad, Abdur Rahman. Zakat and ‘Ushr. Lahore: Kazi Publications, 1986.Google Scholar
Shafiq, Muhammad. “The Role and Place of Shura in the Islamic Polity.” Islamic Studies, 23 (1984): 419–41.Google Scholar
Shafir, Nir. “Moral Revolutions: The Politics of Piety in the Ottoman Empire Reimagined.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 61 (2019): 595623.Google Scholar
Shah, Timothy Samuel. “The Roots of Religious Freedom in Early Christian Thought.” In Christianity and Freedom: Historical Perspectives, vol. 1, edited by Shah, Timothy Samuel and Hertzke, Allen D., pp. 3361. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Shahid, Mohammed K.The Muslim Brotherhood Movement in the West Bank and Gaza.” Third World Quarterly, 10 (1988): 658–82.Google Scholar
Shahin, Emad Eldin. Political Ascent: Contemporary Islamic Movements in North Africa. Boulder: Westview Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Shambayati, Hootan. “The Rentier State, Interest Groups, and the Paradox of Autonomy: State and Business in Turkey and Iran.” Comparative Politics, 26 (1994): 307–31.Google Scholar
Shankland, David. “Maps and the Alevis: On the Ethnography of Heterodox Islamic Groups.” British Journal of Middle East Studies, 37 (2010): 227–39.Google Scholar
Shavit, Uriya. “Is Shura a Muslim Form of Democracy? Roots and Systematization of a Polemic.” Middle Eastern Studies, 46 (2010): 349–74.Google Scholar
Shaw, Stanford J.The Origins of Ottoman Military Reform: The Nizam-i Cedid Army of Sultan Selim III.” Journal of Modern History, 37 (1965): 291305.Google Scholar
Shaw, Stanford J.The Central Legislative Councils in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Reform Movement before 1876.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1 (1970): 5184.Google Scholar
Shaw, Stanford J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 1. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Shaw, Stanford J. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. London: Macmillan, 1991.Google Scholar
Shaw, Stanford J., and Shaw, Ezel Kural. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Shechter, Relli. “Market Welfare in the Early-Modern Ottoman Economy: A Historiographic Overview with Many Questions.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 48 (2005): 253–76.Google Scholar
Shefer-Mossensohn, Miri. Ottoman Medicine: Healing and Medical Institutions, 1500–1700. New York: SUNY Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Shiloah, Amnon. “Music and Religion in Islam.” Acta Musicologica, 69 (1997): 143–55.Google Scholar
Shipps, Jan. Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Shirazi, Faegheh. The Veil Unveiled: The Hijab in Modern Culture. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003.Google Scholar
Shleifer, Andrei, and Vishny, Robert W.. The Grabbing Hand: Government Pathologies and Their Cures. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Shuster, W. Morgan. The Strangling of Persia: A Personal Narrative. New York: Century, 1912.Google Scholar
Sidani, Yusuf M., and Thornberry, Jon. “Nepotism in the Arab World: An Institutional Theory Perspective.” Business Ethics Quarterly, 23 (2013): 6996.Google Scholar
Siddiqui, Mohammad N. The Economic Enterprise in Islam, 2nd ed. Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1979.Google Scholar
Siecienski, A. Edward. The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Sijpesteijn, Petra M. Shaping a Muslim State: The World of a Mid-Eighth-Century Egyptian Official. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Silber, Norman I. A Corporate Form of Freedom: The Emergence of the Nonprofit Sector. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Silver, Laura, Fagan, Moira, Connaughton, Aidan, and Mordecai, Mara. “Political Correctness and Offensive Speech.” Pew Research Center Report, 2021. www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/05/05/4-political-correctness-and-offensive-speech/ (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Simon, Reeva Spector. “Iraq.” In The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times, edited by Simon, Reeva Spector, Laskier, Michael Menachem, and Leguer, Sara, pp. 347–66. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Singer, Amy. Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Singer, Amy. “Giving Practices in Islamic Societies.” Social Research, 80 (2013): 341–58.Google Scholar
Sirriyeh, Elizabeth. Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World. London: Curzon, 1999.Google Scholar
Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob. Defining Islam for the Egyptian State: Muftis and Fatwas of the Dār al-Iftā. Leiden: Brill, 1997.Google Scholar
Slackman, Michael, and El-Naggar, Mona. “A Radical Revolution.” New York Times, Opinion section, 8 September 2011.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. New York: Modern Library, 1937; original edition 1776.Google Scholar
Smooha, Sammy. “Is Israel Western?” In Comparing Modernities: Pluralism versus Homogenity, edited by Ben-Rafael, Eliezer and Sternberg, Yitzhak, pp. 413–42. Leiden: Brill, 2005.Google Scholar
Snir, Reuven. “Arabic Journalism as a Vehicle for Enlightenment,” Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, 6 (2007): 219–37.Google Scholar
Sobhy, Hania. “Secular Façade, Neoliberal Islamisation: Textbook Nationalism from Mubarak to Sisi.” Nations and Nationalism, 21 (2015): 805–24.Google Scholar
Sohrabi, Nader. Revolution and Constitutionalism in the Ottoman Empire and Iran. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Soskis, Benjamin. In “A History of Associational Life and the Nonprofit Sector in the United States.” In The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, 3rd ed., edited by Powell, Walter W. and Bromley, Patricia, pp. 2380. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Spannaus, Nathan. “History and Continuity: Al-Azhar and Egypt.” In Modern Islamic Authority and Social Change, vol. 1, edited by Bano, Masooda, pp. 79101. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Spierings, Niels. “Social Trust in the Middle East and North Africa: The Context-Dependent Impact of Citizens’ Socio-economic and Religious Characteristics.” European Sociological Review, 35 (2019): 894911.Google Scholar
Srougo, Shai. “Professional Characteristics of the Jewish Guild in the Muslim World: Thessaloniki Dockers at the End of the Ottoman Era.” Mediterranean Historical Review, 26 (2011): 115–33.Google Scholar
Stark, Rodney, and Bainbridge, William Sims. “Of Churches, Sects, and Cults: Preliminary Concepts for a Theory of Religious Movements.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 18 (1979): 117–31.Google Scholar
Stasavage, David. “Credible Commitment in Early Modern Europe: North and Weingast Revisited.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 18 (2002): 155–86.Google Scholar
Stasavage, David. “Was Weber Right? The Role of Urban Autonomy in Europe’s Rise.” American Political Science Review, 108 (2014): 337–54.Google Scholar
Stasavage, David. The Decline and Rise of Democracy: A Global History from Antiquity to Today. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Steinberg, Stephen. “Reform Judaism: The Origin and Evolution of a ‘Church Movement’.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 5 (1965): 117–29.Google Scholar
Stewart, Devin J. Islamic Legal Orthodoxy: Twelver Shiite Responses to the Sunni Legal System. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Stillman, Norman, A. “Charity and Social Service in Medieval Islam.” Societas, 5 (1975): 105–15.Google Scholar
Stowasser, Barbara Freyer. Women in the Qur’an, Traditions, and Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Strauss, Johann. “The Greek Connection in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Intellectual History.” In Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters since the Enlightenment, 2nd ed., edited by Tziovas, Dimitris, pp. 4767. London: Routledge, 2017.Google Scholar
Strauss, Leo. Persecution and the Art of Writing. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1952.Google Scholar
Stroumsa, Sarah. Freethinkers in Medieval Islam: Ibn al-Rāwandī, Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, and Their Impact on Islamic Thought. Leiden: Brill, 1999.Google Scholar
Stolle, Dietlind. “Trusting Strangers – The Concept of Generalized Trust in Perspective.” ÖZP, 31 (2002): 397412.Google Scholar
Stormon, E. J., ed. Towards the Healing of Schism: The Sees of Rome and Constantinople. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Suárez-Collado, Ángela, and García-Rendón, Sergio. “Sweeping under the Rug: The Limitations and Failure of the Formal Fight against Corruption in Morocco.” In Corruption and Informal Practices in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Kubbe, Ina and Varraich, Aiysha, pp. 103–17. London: Routledge, 2020.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Denis J. Private Voluntary Organizations in Egypt: Islamic Development, Private Initiative, and State Control. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Sullivan, Zohreh T.Eluding the Feminist, Overthrowing the Modern? Transformations in Twentieth-Century Iran.” In Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East, edited by Abu-Lughod, Lila, pp. 215–42. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
S&P Global, Islamic Finance Outlook, 2022 edition. S&P Global Ratings. www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/pdf-articles/islamic-finance-outlook-2022-28102022v1.pdf) (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Tabari, Azar. “The Enigma of Veiled Iranian Women.” Feminist Review, 5 (1980): 1931.Google Scholar
Tabātabāʾi, Hossein Modaressi. Kharāj in Islamic Law. London: Anchor Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Tadmouri, Ghazi O., Nair, Pradibha, Obeid, Tasneem, Al Ali, Mahmoud T., Al Khaja, Najib, and Hamamy, Hanan A.. “Consanguinity and Reproductive Health among Arabs.” Reproductive Health, 6 (2009): article 17.Google Scholar
Tadros, Mariz. Copts at the Crossroads: The Challenges of Building Inclusive Democracy in Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Tak, İsa. “Osmanlı Döneminde Ereğli Kömür Madenleri’nde Faaliyet Gösteren Şirketler.” Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18 (2001): 253–57.Google Scholar
Talhami, Ghada, and Al-Azm, Sadik. “An Interview with Sadik Al-Azm.” Arab Studies Quarterly, 19 (1997): 113–26.Google Scholar
Talhamy, Yvette. “The Fatwas and the Nusayri/Alawis of Syria.” Middle Eastern Studies, 46 (2010): 175–94.Google Scholar
Tamer, Georges. “Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 43 (2011): 193–95.Google Scholar
Tanyeri-Erdemir, Tuğba, Çıtak, Zana, Weitzhofer, Theresa, and Erdem, Muharrem. “Religion and Discrimination in the Workplace in Turkey: Old and Contemporary Challenges.” International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 13 (2013): 214–39.Google Scholar
Tarhan, R. Bülent, Gençkaya, Ömer Faruk, Ergül, Ergin, Özsemerci, Kemal, and Özbaran, Hakan. Bir Olgu Olarak Yolsuzluk: Nedenler, Etkiler ve Çözüm Önerileri. Ankara: TEPAV, 2005.Google Scholar
Tawfeek, Farah. “Egypt’s Dar al-Iftaa Deems Bitcoin Currency as Forbidden in Islam.” Egypt Independent, 1 January 2018.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles. “How to Define Secularism.” In Boundaries of Toleration, edited by Stepan, Alfred and Taylor, Charles, pp. 5978. New York: Columbia University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Terzioğlu, Derin. “How to Conceptualize Ottoman Sunnitization: A Historiographical Discussion.” Turcica, 44 (2012–13): 301–38.Google Scholar
Teorell, Jan, Sundström, Aksel, Holmberg, Sören, Rothstein, Bo, Pachon, Natalia Alvarado, and Dallı, Cem Mert. “The Quality of Government Standard Dataset, version Jan22.” University of Gothenburg: Quality of Government Institute, 2022. www.gu.se/en/quality-government (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Tessler, Mark A.Political Change and the Islamic Revival in Tunisia.” Maghreb Review, 5 (1980): 819.Google Scholar
Tezcan, Baki. The Second Ottoman Empire: Politics and Transformation in the Early Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Tezcür, Güneş Murat, and Azadarmaki, Taghi. “Religiosity and Islamic Rule in Iran.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47 (2008): 211–24.Google Scholar
Thomas, John Philip. Private Religious Foundations in the Byzantine Empire. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1987.Google Scholar
Thomas, Marie-Claude. Women in Lebanon: Living with Christianity, Islam, and Multiculturalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.Google Scholar
Thompson, Elizabeth E. How the West Stole Democracy from the Arabs: The Syrian Arab Congress of 1920 and the Destruction of Its Historic Liberal-Islamic Alliance. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Thurston, Alexander. Boko Haram: The History of an African Jihadist Movement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Tignor, Robert. Modernization and British Colonial Rule in Egypt, 1852–1914. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966.Google Scholar
Tignor, Robert. “The Economic Activities of Foreigners in Egypt, 1920–1950: From Millet to Haute Bourgeoisie.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 22 (1980): 416–49.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Tiltay, Muhammet Ali, and Torlak, Ömer. “Similarities and Differences of Motivations of Giving Time and Money: Giving to Individuals versus Humanitarian Organizations in an Emerging Market.” International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 25 (2020): e1649.Google Scholar
Tlaiss, Hayfaa, and Kauser, Saleema. “The Importance of Wasta in the Career Success of Middle Eastern Managers.” Journal of European Industrial Training, 35 (2011): 467–86.Google Scholar
Tocqueville, Alexis de. Democracy in America, translated by Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop from the French original of 1835–40. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Todd, Geoffrey. “Some Aspects of Joint Stock Companies, 1844–1900.” Economic History Review, 4 (1932): 4671.Google Scholar
Toksöz, Meltem. Nomads, Migrants and Cotton in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Making of the Adana-Mersin Region 1850–1908. Leiden: Brill, 2010.Google Scholar
Toledano, Ehud. “Social and Economic Change in the ‘Long Nineteenth Century’.” In The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. 2, edited by Daly, M. W., pp. 252–84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Tooley, Mark. Taking Back the United Methodist Church, updated ed. Fort Valley, GA: Bristol House, 2010.Google Scholar
Toprak, Zafer. Türkiye’de Milli İktisat 1908–1918. Istanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2019.Google Scholar
Torrey, Gordon H.The Baʿth: Ideology and Practice.” Middle East Journal, 23 (1969): 445–70.Google Scholar
Toth, Anthony B.Control and Allegiance at the Dawn of the Oil Age: Bedouin, Zakat and Struggles for Sovereignty in Arabia, 1916–1955.” Middle East Critique, 21 (2012): 5779.Google Scholar
Traboulsi, Fawwaz. A History of Modern Lebanon, 2nd ed. London: Pluto Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Transparency International. Corruption Perceptions Index 2020. www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020 (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Trial, George T., and Winder, R. Bayly. “Modern Education in Saudi Arabia.” History of Education Journal, 1 (1950): 121–33.Google Scholar
Trimingham, J. Spencer. The Sufi Orders in Islam. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Tsugitaka, Sato. “Fiscal Administration in Syria during the Reign of Sultan al-Nāsir Muhammad.” Mamluk Studies Review, 11 (2007): 1937.Google Scholar
Turgay, A. Üner. “Trade and Merchants in Nineteenth-Century Trabzon: Elements of Ethnic Conflict.” In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, vol. 1, edited by Braude, Benjamin and Lewis, Bernard, pp. 287318. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982.Google Scholar
Turnaoğlu, Banu. The Formation of Turkish Republicanism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Meclisi, Türkiye Büyük Millet. “On Yedinci İn’ikat.” T.B.M.M. Zabıt Ceridesi, 24 (1931).Google Scholar
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı. 2020 Yılı Merkezi Yönetim Bütçe Kanun Teklifi ve Bağlı Cetveller. Ankara: Cumhurbaşkanlığı, 2020.Google Scholar
Ubicini, M. A. Lettres sur la Turquie, 2nd ed. Paris: Librairie Militaire de J. Dumaine, 1853.Google Scholar
Üçer, Cenksu. “Geleneksel Alevîlikte İbadet Hayatı ve Alevîlerin Temel İslâmî İbadetlere Yaklaşımları.” Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 5 (2005): 161–89.Google Scholar
Uddin, Asma T.Blaphemy Laws in Muslim-Majority Countries.” Review of Faith and International Affairs, 9 (2011): 4755.Google Scholar
Udovitch, Abraham L.Islamic Law and the Social Context of Exchange in the Medieval Middle East.” History and Anthropology, 1 (1985): 445–65.Google Scholar
Um, Nancy. The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Üngör, Uğur Ümit, and Polatel, Mehmet. Confiscation and Destruction: The Young Turk Seizure of Armenian Property. London: Continuum, 2011.Google Scholar
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Population Statistics Database. http://popstats.unhcr.org (accessed 2 February 2023)Google Scholar
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects 2019, online ed. Rev. 1. https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/ (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
United States Embassy in Egypt. “Egypt 2017 International Religious Freedom Report.” https://eg.usembassy.gov/egypt-2017-international-religious-freedom-report/ (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
Ünlü, Barış. Türklük Sözleşmesi: Oluşumu, İşleyişi ve Krizi. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2018.Google Scholar
Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı. Osmanlı Devleti Teşkilâtından Kapıkulu Ocakları, vol. 1. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1943.Google Scholar
Vahman, Fereydun. 175 Years of Persecution: A History of the Babis and Baha’is of Iran. London: Oneworld, 2019.Google Scholar
Valentine, Simon Ross. Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama’at: History, Belief, Practice. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Van Gorder, A. Christian. Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-Muslims in Iran. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010.Google Scholar
Van Nieuwkerk, Karin. “Religious Skepticism and Nonbelieving in Egypt.” In Moving In and Out of Islam, edited by van Nieuwkerk, Karin, pp. 306–32. Austin: Texas University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Van Nieuwkerk, Karin. “The Atheist Spring? Emerging Non-Belief in the Islamic World.” In The Cambridge History of Atheism, edited by Bullivant, Stephen and Ruse, Michael, pp. 1040–58. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Van Zanden, Jan Luiten. The Long Road to the Industrial Revolution: The European Economy in a Global Perspective, 1000–1800. Leiden: Brill, 2009.Google Scholar
Van Zanden, Jan Luiten, Buringh, Eltjo, and Bosker, Maarten. “The Rise and Decline of European Parliaments, 1188–1789.” Economic History Review, 65 (2012): 835–61.Google Scholar
Varol, Muharrem. Islahat Siyaset Tarikat: Bektaşîliğin İlgası Sonrasında Osmanlı Devleti’nin Tarikat Politikaları (1826–1866). Istanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 2013.Google Scholar
Vassiliev, Alexei. A History of Saudi Arabia. London, Saqi Books, 2000.Google Scholar
Vauchez, Stéphanie Hennette. “Is French Laïcité Still Liberal? The Republican Project under Pressure (2004–15).” Human Rights Law Review, 17 (2017): 285312.Google Scholar
Verbit, Gilbert Paul, transl. and ed. A Ninth Century Treatise on the Law of Trusts (Being a Translation of Al-Khassāf, Ahkām al-Waqūf). Philadelphia, PA: Xlibris, 2008.Google Scholar
Vesterlund, Lise. “Using Experimental Methods to Understand Why and How We Give to Charity.” In The Handbook of Experimental Economics, vol. 2, edited by Kagel, John H. and Roth, Alvin E., pp. 91152. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Volkov, Shulamit. Germans, Jews, and Antisemites: Trials in Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Voll, John O.Fundamentalism in the Sunni Arab World: Egypt and the Sudan.” In Fundamentalisms Observed, edited by Marty, Martin E. and Scott Appleby, R., pp. 345402. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Wani, Ayjaz. “China’s Xinjiang Policy and the Silence of Islamic States.” Observer Research Foundation Occasional Paper, 328 (2021).Google Scholar
Wagemakers, Joas. Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Wahl, Fabian. “Political Participation and Economic Development: Evidence from the Rise of Participative Political Institutions in the Late Medieval German Lands.” European Review of Economic History, 23 (2019): 193213.Google Scholar
Warburg, Gabriel R.Islam and Politics in Egypt: 1952–80.” Middle Eastern Studies, 18 (1982): 131–57.Google Scholar
Warburton, Eliot. The Crescent and the Cross: Romance and Realities of Eastern Travel. London: MacLaren, 1849.Google Scholar
Ward, Robert E.Political Modernization and Political Culture in Japan.” World Politics, 15 (1963): 569–96.Google Scholar
Watson, Kevin. “Methodism Dividing.” First Things, March 2020, pp. 21–25.Google Scholar
Watt, W. Montgomery. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.Google Scholar
Watt, W. Montgomery. Bell’s Introduction to the Qur’ān. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Webb, Edward. Media in Egypt and Tunisia: From Control to Transition? New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.Google Scholar
Webber, Carolyn, and Wildavsky, Aaron. A History of Taxation and Expenditure in the Western World. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986.Google Scholar
Weismann, Itzchak. The Naqshbandiyya: Orthodoxy and Activism in a Worldwide Sufi Tradition. London: Routledge, 2007.Google Scholar
Weiss, Bernard. “Interpretation in Islamic Law: The Theory of Ijtihād.” American Journal of Comparative Law, 26 (1978): 199212.Google Scholar
Werner, Christoph. Vaqf en Iran: Aspects Culturels, Religieux et Sociaux. Paris: Association pour l’Avancement des Études Iraniennes, 2015.Google Scholar
Westbrook, Raymond. “The Character of Ancient Near Eastern Law.” In A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law, vol. 1, edited by Westbrook, Raymond, pp. 190. Leiden: Brill, 2003.Google Scholar
White, Andrew D. A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton, 1913.Google Scholar
White, Jenny B. Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: A Study in Vernacular Politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002.Google Scholar
White, Jenny B.State Feminism, Modernization, and the Turkish Republican Woman.” NWSA Journal, 15 (2003): 145–59.Google Scholar
White, Jenny B. Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks, new ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky. The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Wiktorowicz, Quintan. “Civil Society as Social Control.” Comparative Politics, 33 (2000): 4361.Google Scholar
Wiktorowicz, Quintan. The Management of Islamic Activism: Salafis, the Muslim Brotherhood, and State Power in Jordan. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Wilber, Donald N. Iran, Past and Present: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic, 9th ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Wild, Stefan. “Sadik Jalal Al-Azm: November 7, 1934 (Damascus) – December 11, 2016 (Berlin).” Die Welt des Islams, 57 (2017): 36.Google Scholar
Wilks, Andrew. “Turkey’s Religious Authority Denounces ‘Evil-Eye’ Charms.” Aljazeera.com, 23 January 2021.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. Brett. “The First Translations of the Qur’an in Modern Turkey (1924–38).” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 41 (2009): 419–35.Google Scholar
Wilson, Peter H. Europe’s Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War. London: Penguin Books, 2009.Google Scholar
Winter, Michael. Egyptian Society under Ottoman Rule, 1517–1798. London: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
Winter, Stefan. The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Wittfogel, Karl A. Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.Google Scholar
Wolf, Anne. Political Islam in Tunisia: The History of Ennahda. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Woodberry, Robert D.The Missionary Roots of Liberal Democracy.” American Political Science Review, 106 (2012): 244–74.Google Scholar
World Bank. “International Tourism, Number of Arrivals.” 2018. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL? (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
World Bank, “World Development Indicators Database.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
World Bank. “Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2019.” https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/Documents (accessed 2 February 2023).Google Scholar
World Economic Forum. The Global Gender Gap Report 2020. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2019.Google Scholar
Yahagi, Mohammad Jafar. “An Introduction to Early Persian Qur’anic Translations.” Journal of Qur’anic Studies, 4 (2002): 105–9.Google Scholar
Yalansız, Nedim. “İzmir’de 1989 Yerel Seçimleri.” Tarih Okulu Dergisi, 7 (2014): 571–97.Google Scholar
Yalcintas, Altug, and Alizadeh, Naseraddin. “Digital Protectionism and National Planning in the Age of the Internet: The Case of Iran.” Journal of Institutional Economics, 16 (2020): 519–36.Google Scholar
Yamani, Mai. “The Two Faces of Saudi Arabia.” Survival, 50 (2008): 143–56.Google Scholar
Yapp, Malcolm E.The Modernization of Middle Eastern Armies in the Nineteenth Century: A Comparative View.” In War, Technology and Society in the Middle East, edited by Malcolm, E. Yapp and Parry, Vernon J., pp. 330–66. London: Oxford University Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Ya-sin, Muhammad Naim. The Book of Eemaan: The Basis, Reality and Invalidation of Eemaan. London: Al-Firdous, n.d.Google Scholar
Yavuz, M. Hakan. Islamic Political Identity in Turkey. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Yavuz, Yıldırım. “Batılılaşma Döneminde Osmanlı Sağlık Kuruluşları.” ODTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 8 (1988): 123–42.Google Scholar
Yaycioglu, Ali. Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Ybarra, Josep-Antoni. “The Zaqât in Muslim Society: An Analysis of Islamic Economic Policy.” Social Science Information, 35 (1996): 643–56.Google Scholar
Yediyıldız, Bahaeddin. “Vakıf.” İslâm Ansiklopedisi 137 (1982): 153–72.Google Scholar
Yediyıldız, Bahaeddin. Institution du Vaqf au XVIIIe Siècle en Turquie: Étude Socio-Historique. Ankara: Éditions Ministère de la Culture, 1990.Google Scholar
Yener, Serhat. Dernekler ve Vakıflar Kanunu. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi, 1998.Google Scholar
Yeşil, Bilge, and Sözeri, Efe Kerem. “Online Surveillance in Turkey: Legislation, Technology and Citizen Involvement.” Surveillance & Society, 15 (2017): 543–49.Google Scholar
Yi, Eunjeong. Guild Dynamics in Seventeenth-Century Istanbul: Fluidity and Leverage. Leiden: Brill, 2004.Google Scholar
Yıldırım, Ali. Osmanlı Engizisyonu. Ankara: Öteki Yayınevi, 1996.Google Scholar
Yıldırım, Onur. “Pious Foundations in the Byzantine and Seljuk States: A Comparative Study of Philanthropy in the Mediterranean World during the Late Medieval Era.” Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, 73 (1999): 2752.Google Scholar
Yıldırım, Onur. Diplomacy and Displacement: Reconsidering the Turco-Greek Exchange of Populations, 1922–1934. New York: Routledge, 2006.Google Scholar
Yıldırım, Rıza. Aleviliğin Doğuşu: Kızılbaş Sufiliğinin Toplumsal ve Siyasal Temelleri (1300–1501). Istanbul: İletişim, 2017.Google Scholar
Yıldız, Aysel. Crisis and Rebellion in the Ottoman Empire: The Downfall of a Sultan in the Age of Revolution. London: I. B. Tauris, 2017.Google Scholar
Yıldız, Gültekin. Neferin Adı Yok: Zorunlu Askerliğe Geçiş Sürecinde Osmanlı Devleti’nde Siyaset, Ordu ve Toplum (1826–1839). Istanbul: Kitabevi, 2009.Google Scholar
Yılmaz, Altuğ, ed. 2012 Declaration: The Seized Properties of Armenian Foundations in Istanbul. Istanbul: Hrant Dink Foundation, 2012.Google Scholar
Yılmaz, Bediz. “Entrapped in Multidimensional Exclusion: The Perpetuation of Poverty among Conflict-Induced Migrants in an İstanbul Neighborhood.” New Perspectives on Turkey, 38 (2008): 205–34.Google Scholar
Yom, Sean L. 2005. “Civil Society and Democratization in the Arab World.” Middle East Review of International Affairs 9: 1433.Google Scholar
Yousri, Abd al-Rahman. “Sustainable Development: An Evaluation of Conventional and Islamic Perspectives.” In Islamic Perspectives on Sustainable Development, edited by Iqbal, Munawar, pp. 2257. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.Google Scholar
Yücekök, Ahmet N. Türkiye’de Örgütlenmiş Dinin Sosyo-Ekonomik Tabanı (1946–1968). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayınları, 1971.Google Scholar
Zachs, Fruma. The Making of a Syrian Identity: Intellectuals and Merchants in Nineteenth Century Beirut. Leiden: Brill, 2005.Google Scholar
Zad, Vahid Vahdat. “Spatial Discrimination in Tehran’s Modern Urban Planning 1906–1979.” Journal of Planning History, 12 (2012): 4962.Google Scholar
Zagorin, Perez. How the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Zahid, Mohammed. The Muslim Brotherhood and Egypt’s Succession Crisis: The Politics of Liberalisation and Reform in the Middle East. London: I. B. Tauris, 2010.Google Scholar
Zak, Paul J., and Knack, Stephen. “Trust and Growth.” Economic Journal, 111 (2001): 295321.Google Scholar
Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: W. W. Norton, 2003.Google Scholar
Zaller, John. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Zarinebaf-Shahr, Fariba. “Qizilbash ‘Heresy’ and Rebellion in Ottoman Anatolia during the Sixteenth Century.” Anatolia Moderna, 7 (1997): 115.Google Scholar
Zeff, Stephen A., van der Wel, Frans, and Camfferman, Kees. Company Financial Reporting: A Historical and Comparative Study of the Dutch Regulatory Process. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Zeghal, Malika. “Religion and Politics in Egypt: The Ulema of Al-Azhar, Radical Islam, and the State (1952–94).” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 31 (1999): 371–99.Google Scholar
Zencirci, Gizem. “Civil Society’s History: New Constructions of Ottoman Heritage by the Justice and Development Party in Turkey.” European Journal of Turkish Studies, 19 (2014): 120.Google Scholar
Zhang, Taisu. The Ideological Foundations of Qing Taxation: Belief Systems, Politics, and Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.Google Scholar
Zhang, Taisu, and Morley, John D.. “The Modern State and the Rise of the Business Corporation.” Yale Law Journal, 132 (2023): 3000–77.Google Scholar
Ziblatt, Daniel. “How Did Europe Democratize?World Politics, 58 (2006): 311–38.Google Scholar
Zilfi, Madeline C. The Politics of Piety: The Ottoman Ulema in the Postclassical Age (1600–1800). Minneapolis, MN: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1988.Google Scholar
Zoethout, Carla M.Ritual Slaughter and the Freedom of Religion: Some Reflections on a Stunning Matter.” Human Rights Quarterly, 35 (2013): 651–72.Google Scholar
Zohar, Zvi. “Religion: Rabbinic Tradition and the Response to Modernity.” In The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times, edited by Simon, Reeva Spector, Laskier, Michael Menachem, and Reguer, Sara, pp. 6584. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Zonis, Marvin. The Political Elite of Iran. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.Google Scholar
Zorlu, Tuncay. “Süleymaniye Tıp Medresesi – II.” Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları, 4 (2002): 6598.Google Scholar
Zorlu, Tuncay. “Klasik Osmanlı Eğitim Sisteminin İki Büyük Temsilcisi: Fatih ve Süleymaniye Medreseleri.” Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 6 (2008): 611–28.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, Phil. “Gender Regulation as a Source of Religious Schism.” Sociology of Religion, 58 (1997): 353–73.Google Scholar
Zuckermann, B. A Treatise on the Sabbatical Cycle and the Jubilee, translated by A. Löwy from the original German edition of 1866. New York: Hermon Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Zuijderduijn, Jaco. “Grave Concerns: Entailment and Intergenerational Agency in Amsterdam (1600–1800).” History of the Family, 16 (2011): 343–53.Google Scholar
Zuolo, Federico. “Equality among Animals and Religious Slaughter.” Historical Social Research, 40 (2015): 110–27.Google Scholar
Zürcher, Eric J. Turkey: A Modern History, 4th ed. London: I. B. Tauris, 2017.Google Scholar
Zysow, Aron. “Zakāt.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., vol. 11, pp. 406–22. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2002.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Timur Kuran, Duke University, North Carolina
  • Book: Freedoms Delayed
  • Online publication: 20 July 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009320009.023
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Timur Kuran, Duke University, North Carolina
  • Book: Freedoms Delayed
  • Online publication: 20 July 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009320009.023
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Timur Kuran, Duke University, North Carolina
  • Book: Freedoms Delayed
  • Online publication: 20 July 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009320009.023
Available formats
×