Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T21:11:34.087Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

21 - Parenting Children with a History of Adversity

from Part IV - Child Factors that Impact Parenting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2022

By
Jennifer Hays-Grudo ,
Erin L. Ratliff  and
Amanda Sheffield Morris
Edited by
Amanda Sheffield Morris  and
Julia Mendez Smith
Amanda Sheffield Morris
Affiliation:
Oklahoma State University
Julia Mendez Smith
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina, Greensboro
Get access

Summary

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including family dysfunction as well as abuse and neglect, have enduring effects on development. Research across diverse populations documents that ACEs are prevalent and cumulative, influencing children’s developing mental, emotional, and physical systems that affect long-term physical and mental health, social relationships, and parenting attitudes and behaviors. Protective and compensatory experiences (PACEs), including nurturing relationships and stable, supportive environments, can mitigate the effects of ACEs, disrupting the intergenerational transmission of adversity. In this chapter, we summarize the effects of ACEs on neurobiological, cognitive, social, and emotional development. Next, we discuss the effects of cumulative protective experiences and the introduce the concept of Balanced Parenting to promote resilience in the face of adversity. We include examples of how parents and other caregivers can effectively parent children with a history of ACEs at different developmental stages, and conclude with a discussion of new directions for research and practice.

Keywords

adverse childhood experiencesadversitydevelopmentneurobiologyintergenerational transmissionprotective and compensatory experiencesBalanced Parenting
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Parenting , pp. 465 - 486
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D. et al. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406–005-0624-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arida, R. M. & Teixeira-Machado, L. (2021). The contribution of physical exercise to brain resilience. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 626–769. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.626769Google Scholar
Balistreri, K. S. & Alvira-Hammond, M. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences, family functioning and adolescent health and emotional well-being. Public Health, 132, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2015.10.034Google Scholar
Barch, D. M., Belden, A. C., Tillman, R., Whalen, D., & Luby, J. L. (2018). Early childhood adverse experiences, inferior frontal gyrus connectivity, and the trajectory of externalizing psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57, 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.12.011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K., Leckenby, N. et al. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences and associations with health-harming behaviours in young adults: surveys in eight eastern European countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92, 641–655. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.129247Google Scholar
Belcher, B. R., Zink, J., Azad, A., Campbell, C. E., Chakravartti, S. P., & Herting, M. M. (2020). The roles of physical activity, exercise, and fitness in promoting resilience during adolescence: effects on mental well-being and brain development. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 6, 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.005Google ScholarPubMed
Benner, A. D., Chen, S., Mistry, R. S., & Shen, Y. (2021). Life course transitions and educational trajectories: Examining adolescents who fall off track academically. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50, 1068–1080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01376-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bethell, C. D., Davis, M. B., Gombojav, N., Stumbo, S., & Powers, K. (2017). Issue Brief: A national and across state profile on adverse childhood experiences among children and possibilities to heal and thrive. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, October 2017.Google Scholar
Blodgett, C. & Lanigan, J. D. (2018). The association between adverse childhood experience (ACE) and school success in elementary school children. School Psychology Quarterly, 33, 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000256Google Scholar
Bornstein, M. H. & Manian, N. (2013). Maternal responsiveness and sensitivity reconsidered: Some is more. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 957–971. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000308Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1988). Developmental psychiatry comes of age. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.1.1Google Scholar
Bridley, A. & Jordan, S. S. (2012). Child routines moderate daily hassles and children’s psychological adjustment. Children’s Health Care, 41, 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/02739615.2012.657040Google Scholar
Burke, N. J., Hellman, J. L., Scott, B. G., Weems, C. F., & Carrion, V. G. (2011). The impact of adverse childhood experiences on an urban pediatric population. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35, 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.02.006Google Scholar
Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013Google Scholar
Choi, K. R., Stewart, T., Fein, E. et al. (2020). The impact of attachment-disrupting adverse childhood experiences on child behavioral health. The Journal of Pediatrics, 221, 224–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.006Google Scholar
Chung, E. K., Mathew, L., Rothkopf, A. C., Elo, I. T., Coyne, J. C., & Culhane, J. F. (2009). Parenting attitudes and infant spanking: The influence of childhood experiences. Pediatrics, 124, e278–e286. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-3247Google Scholar
Cronholm, P. F., Forke, C. M., Wade, R. et al. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences: Expanding the concept of adversity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49, 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cloitre, M., Khan, C., Mackintosh, M.-A. et al. (2019). Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between ACES and physical and mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11, 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000374CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cprek, S. E., Williamson, L. H., McDaniel, H., Brase, R., & Williams, C. M. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and risk of childhood delays in children ages 1–5. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 37, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560–019-00622-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronholm, P. F., Forke, C. M., Wade, R. et al. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences: Expanding the concept of adversity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49, 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.001Google Scholar
Dahmen, B., Puetz, V. B., Scharke, W., von Polier, G. G., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2018). Effects of early-life adversity on hippocampal structures and associated HPA axis functions. Developmental Neuroscience, 40, 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1159/000484238Google Scholar
Dannlowski, U., Stuhrmann, A., Beutelmann, V. et al. (2012). Limbic scars: Long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment revealed by functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 71, 286–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.021Google Scholar
Dedovic, K., Engert, V., Duchesne, A. et al. (2010). Cortisol awakening response and hippocampal volume: Vulnerability for major depressive disorder? Biological Psychiatry, 68, 847–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.025Google Scholar
Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Ondersma, S. J. et al. (2002). Violence exposure, trauma, and IQ and/or reading deficits among urban children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156, 280–285. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.156.3.280CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dozier, M. & Bernard, K. (2019). Coaching parents of vulnerable infants: The attachment and biobehavioral catch-up approach. Guilford Publications.Google Scholar
Dirven, B. C. J., Homberg, J. R., Kozicz, T., & Henckens, M. J. A. G. (2017). Epigenetic programming of the neuroendocrine stress response by adult life stress. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 59, R11–R31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/JME-17-0019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duke, N. N. (2020). Adolescent adversity, school attendance and academic achievement: School connection and the potential for mitigating risk. Journal of School Health, 90, 618–629. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12910Google Scholar
Erikson, E. H. (1994). Identity and the life cycle. WW Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Espeleta, H. C., Sharkey, C. M., Bakula, D. M. et al. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences and chronic medical conditions: Emotion dysregulation as a mediator of adjustment. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 27, 572–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880–019-09639-xGoogle Scholar
Evans, G. W., Gonnella, C., Marcynyszyn, L. A., Gentile, L., & Salpekar, N. (2005). The role of chaos in poverty and children’s socioemotional adjustment. Psychological Science, 16, 560–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01575.xGoogle Scholar
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., & Williamson, D. F. (1998). Adverse childhood experiences and health outcomes in adults: The ACE study. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 90, 31.Google Scholar
Filene, J. H., Kaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., & Cachat, P. (2013). Components associated with home visiting program outcomes: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 13, S100–S109. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1021HGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, H. E., Robinson, L. R., Cabrera, N., & Segal, L. (2021). Fathers and families: Risk and resilience. An introduction. Adversity and Resilience Science, 2, 63–69 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844–021-00039-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, C. L. & Boulton, M. J. (2006). Friendship as a moderator of the relationship between social skills problems and peer victimisation. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 32, 110–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20114Google Scholar
Frodl, T., Schaub, A., Banac, S. (2006). Reduced hippocampal volume correlates with executive dysfunctioning in major depression. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 31, 316–323.Google Scholar
Gee, D. G., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Flannery, J. et al. (2013). Early developmental emergence of human amygdala–prefrontal connectivity after maternal deprivation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 15638–15643. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307893110Google Scholar
Grasso, D. J., Drury, S., Briggs-Gowan, M. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences, posttraumatic stress, and FKBP5 methylation patterns in postpartum women and their newborn infants. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 114, 104–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104604Google Scholar
Guss, S. S., Morris, A. S., Bosler, C. et al. (2020). Parents’ adverse childhood experiences and current relationships with their young children: The role of executive function. Early Child Development and Care, 190, 1042–1052. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2018.1513921Google Scholar
Hallowell, E. S., Oshri, A., Liebel, S. W. et al. (2019). The mediating role of neural activity on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and impulsivity. Child Maltreatment, 24, 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559519835975Google Scholar
Harrist, A. W., Henry, C. S., Liu, C., & Morris, A. S. (2019). Family resilience: The power of rituals and routines in family adaptive systems. In Fiese, B. H., Celano, M, Deater-Deckard, K, Jouriles, E. N, & Whisman, M. A. (Eds.), APA handbook of contemporary family psychology: Foundations, methods, and contemporary issues across the lifespan (pp. 223–239). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000099-013Google Scholar
Hays-Grudo, J. & Morris, A. S. (2020). Adverse and protective childhood experiences: A developmental perspective. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000177-000Google Scholar
Hays-Grudo, J., Morris, A. S., Beasley, L., Ciciolla, L., Shreffler, K., & Croff, J. (2021). Integrating and synthesizing adversity and resilience knowledge and action: The ICARE model. American Psychologist, 76, 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000766Google Scholar
Henry, C. S., Sheffield Morris, A., & Harrist, A. W. (2015). Family resilience: Moving into the third wave. Family Relations, 64, 22–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12106Google Scholar
Herman, J. P., McKlveen, J. M., Ghosal, S. et al. (2016). Regulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical stress response. Comprehensive Physiology, 6, 603–621. 10.1002/cphy.c150015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herringa, R. J., Burghy, C. A., Stodola, D. E., Fox, M. E., Davidson, R. J., & Essex, M. J. (2016). Enhanced prefrontal-amygdala connectivity following childhood adversity as a protective mechanism against internalizing in adolescence. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 1, 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.03.003Google ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, K. T., Marvin, R. S., Cooper, G., & Powell, B. (2006). Changing toddlers’ and preschoolers’ attachment classifications: The Circle of Security intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1017–1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.6.1017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A. et al. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2, e356–e366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468–2667(17)30118-4Google Scholar
Hurd, N. M. & Sellers, R. M. (2013). Black adolescents’ relationships with natural mentors: Associations with academic engagement via social and emotional development. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19, 76–85. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0031095Google Scholar
Jankord, R. & Herman, J. P. (2008). Limbic regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical function during acute and chronic stress. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1148, 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1410.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janoski, T. & Wilson, J. (1995). Pathways to voluntarism: Family socialization and status transmission models. Social Forces, 74, 271–292.Google Scholar
Jiang, S., Postovit, L., Cattaneo, A., Binder, E. B., & Aitchison, K. J. (2019). Epigenetic modifications in stress response genes associated with childhood trauma. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00808Google Scholar
Kerker, B. D., Zhang, J., Nadeem, E. et al. (2015). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health, chronic medical conditions, and development in young children. Academic Pediatrics, 15, 510–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.05.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kidman, R., Margolis, R., Smith-Greenaway, E., & Verdery, A. M. (2021). Estimates and projections of COVID-19 and parental death in the US. JAMA Pediatrics, 175, 745–746. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0161Google Scholar
Kopp, C. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199Google Scholar
Kim, J. & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, Emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 706–716. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.xGoogle Scholar
Kumpfer, K. L., Whiteside, H. O., Greene, J. A., & Allen, K. C. (2010). Effectiveness outcomes of four age versions of the Strengthening Families Program in statewide field sites. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14, 211–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020602Google Scholar
Lacono, L. L. & Carola, V. (2018, May). The impact of adolescent stress experiences on neurobiological development. In Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology (pp. 93–103). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.040Google Scholar
Lange, B. C., Callinan, L. S., & Smith, M. V. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and their relation to parenting stress and parenting practices. Community Mental Health Journal, 55, 651–662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597–018-0331-zGoogle Scholar
Lee, K. & Markey, J. (2021). Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on eevelopmental outcomes for Head Start eligible low income Children. Journal of Social Service Research, 48, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2021.1951925Google Scholar
Lerner, R. M., Wang, J., Chase, P. A. et al. (2014). Using relational developmental systems theory to link program goals, activities, and outcomes: The sample case of the 4‐H Study of Positive Youth Development. New Directions for Youth Development, 2014, 17–30.Google Scholar
Liming, K. W. & Grube, W. A. (2018). Wellbeing outcomes for children exposed to multiple adverse experiences in early childhood: A systematic review. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 35, 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560–018-0532-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lev-Wiesel, R. & Sternberg, R. (2012). Victimized at home revictimized by peers: Domestic child abuse a risk factor for social rejection. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 29, 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560–012-0258-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lomanowska, A. M., Boivin, M., Hertzman, C., & Fleming, A. S. (2017). Parenting begets parenting: A neurobiological perspective on early adversity and the transmission of parenting styles across generations. Neuroscience, 342, 120–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.029Get rights and contentCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luby, J. L., Tillman, R., & Barch, D. M. (2019). Association of timing of adverse childhood experiences and caregiver support with regionally specific brain development in adolescents. JAMA Network Open, 2, e1911426–e1911426. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.11426Google Scholar
Luthar, S. S. & Eisenberg, N. (2017). Resilient adaptation among at-risk children: Harnessing science toward maximizing salutary environments. Child Development, 88, 337–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12737Google Scholar
Mann, T. D., Hund, A. M., Hesson‐McInnis, M. S., & Roman, Z. J. (2017). Pathways to school readiness: Executive functioning predicts academic and social–emotional aspects of school readiness. Mind, Brain, and Education, 11, 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12134Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. (2015). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. Guilford Publications.Google Scholar
McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York academy of sciences, 840, 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.xGoogle Scholar
McEwen, B. S. (2012). Brain on stress: How the social environment gets under the skin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 17180–17185. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121254109CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKelvey, L. M., Conners Edge, N. A., Fitzgerald, S., Kraleti, S., & Whiteside-Mansell, L. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences: Screening and health in children from birth to age 5. Families, Systems, & Health, 35, 420–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000301CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, K. A. & Ramirez, A. N. (2016). Adverse childhood experience and adolescent well-being: Do protective factors matter? Child Indicators Research, 9, 299–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187–015-9324-4Google Scholar
Morris, A. S., Cui, L., & Steinberg, L. (2013). Parenting research and themes: What we have learned and where to go next. In Larzelere, R., Morris, A. S., & Harrist, A. W. (Eds.), Authoritative parenting: Nurturance and discipline for optimal child development (pp. 35–58). APA Books.Google Scholar
Morris, A. S., Hays-Grudo, J., Kerr, K. L., & Beasley, L. O. (2021a). The heart of the matter: Developing the whole child through community resources and caregiver relationships. Development and Psychopathology, 33, 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420001595Google Scholar
Morris, A. S., Hays-Grudo, J., Zapata, M. I., Treat, A., & Kerr, K. L. (2021b). Adverse and protective childhood experiences and parenting attitudes: The role of cumulative protection in understanding resilience. Adversity and Resilience Science, 2, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42844–021-00036-8Google Scholar
Morris, A. S., Houltberg, B. J., Criss, M. M., Bosler, C. D. (2017a). Family context and psychopathology: The mediating role of children’s emotion regulation. In Centifanti, L. & Williams, D. (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Developmental Psychopathology (pp. 365–389). Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Morris, A. S., Robinson, L. R., Hays‐Grudo, J., Claussen, A. H., Hartwig, S. A., & Treat, A. E. (2017b). Targeting parenting in early childhood: A public health approach to improve outcomes for children living in poverty. Child Development, 88, 388–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12743Google Scholar
Narayan, A. J., Lieberman, A. F., & Masten, A. S. (2021). Intergenerational transmission and prevention of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Clinical Psychology Review, 85, 101997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101997Google Scholar
Nelson, C. A., Thomas, K. M., & De Haan, M. (2012). Neuroscience of cognitive development: The role of experience and the developing brain. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Nemeroff, C. B. (2016). Paradise lost: The neurobiological and clinical consequences of child abuse and neglect. Neuron, 89, 892–909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019Google Scholar
Oshri, A., Gray, J. C., Owens, M. M. et al. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and amygdalar reduction: High-resolution segmentation reveals associations with subnuclei and psychiatric outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 24, 400–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559519839491Google Scholar
Peverill, M., Sheridan, M. A., Busso, D. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019). Atypical prefrontal–amygdala circuitry following childhood exposure to abuse: Links with adolescent psychopathology. Child Maltreatment, 24, 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559519852676Google Scholar
Prinz, R. J., Sanders, M. R., Shapiro, C. J., Whitaker, D. J., & Lutzker, J. R. (2009). Population-based prevention of child maltreatment: The US Triple P system population trial. Prevention Science, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-009-0123-3Google Scholar
Quinn, M., Gollooly, D., Kelly, S., Kolassa, J., Davis, E., & Jankowski, S. (2016). Evaluation of identified stressors in children and adolescents after Super Storm Sandy. Pediatric Nursing, 42, 235–241.Google Scholar
Raver, C. C., Blair, , C., Garrett-Peters, , P., & Family Life Project Key Investigators. (2015). Poverty, household chaos, and interparental aggression predict children’s ability to recognize and modulate negative emotions. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414000935Google Scholar
Robinson, L. R., Hartwig, S. A., Smith, D. C., Lee, A. H., Forbes, L. W., & Perou, R. (2018). Supporting early social and emotional relationships through a public health parenting program: The Legacy for Children™ intervention. In Morris, A. S., & Williamson, A. C. (Eds.), Building early social and emotional relationships with infants and toddlers (pp. 183–211). Springer.Google Scholar
Roth, M. C., Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018). Self-reported neglect, amygdala volume, and symptoms of anxiety in adolescent boys. Child Abuse & Neglect, 80, 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.016Google Scholar
Sanders, M. R. (2008). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program as a public health approach to strengthening parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 506–517. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.506Google Scholar
Sharkey, C. M., Espeleta, H. C., Bakula, D. M. et al. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences: Non-medical trauma in the context of pediatric chronic illness. Children’s Health Care, 49, 40–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/02739615.2018.1553677Google Scholar
Spagnola, M. & Fiese, B. H. (2007). Family routines and rituals: A context for development in the lives of young children. Infants & Young Children, 20, 284–299. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.IYC.0000290352.32170.5aGoogle Scholar
Sparks, S. N., Tisch, R., & Gardner, M. (2013). Family-centered interventions for substance abuse in Hispanic communities. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 12, 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2013.759785Google Scholar
Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development, 7, 349–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steele, H., Bate, J., Steele, M. et al. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences, poverty, and parenting stress. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 48, 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000034Google Scholar
Stempel, H., Cox-Martin, M., Bronsert, M., Dickinson, L. M., & Allison, M. A. (2017). Chronic school absenteeism and the role of adverse childhood experiences. Academic Pediatrics, 17, 837–843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2017.09.013Google Scholar
Teicher, M. H., Anderson, C. M., & Polcari, A. (2012). Childhood maltreatment is associated with reduced volume in the hippocampal subfields CA3, dentate gyrus, and subiculum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, e563–e572. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1115396109Google Scholar
Teicher, M. H. & Samson, J. A. (2016). Annual research review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 241–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12507Google Scholar
Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Anderson, C. M., & Ohashi, K. (2016). The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17, 652–666. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.111CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teicher, M. H., Samson, J. A., Sheu, Y. S., Polcari, A., & McGreenery, C. E. (2010). Hurtful words: Association of exposure to peer verbal abuse with elevated psychiatric symptom scores and corpus callosum abnormalities. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 1464–1471. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10010030Google Scholar
Tomoda, A., Suzuki, H., Rabi, K., Sheu, Y. S., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2009). Reduced prefrontal cortical gray matter volume in young adults exposed to harsh corporal punishment. NeuroImage, 47, T66–T71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.005Google Scholar
Tottenham, N., Hare, T. A., Quinn, B. T. et al. (2010). Prolonged institutional rearing is associated with atypically large amygdala volume and difficulties in emotion regulation. Developmental Science, 13, 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00852.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Treat, A. E., Sheffield Morris, A., Williamson, A. C., Hays-Grudo, J., & Laurin, D. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences, parenting, and child executive function. Early Child Development and Care, 189, 926–937. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2017.1353978Google Scholar
Tyrka, A. R., Ridout, K. K., Parade, S. H., Paquette, A., Marsit, C. J., & Seifer, R. (2015). Childhood maltreatment and methylation of FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5). Development and Psychopathology, 27, 1637–1645. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000991Google Scholar
Ungar, M. (2012). Social ecologies and their contribution to resilience. In The social ecology of resilience (pp. 13–31). Springer.Google Scholar
Wade, R., Shea, J. A., Rubin, D., & Wood, J. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences of low-income urban youth. Pediatrics, 134, e13–e20. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2475CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakschlag, L. S. & Hans, S. L. (1999). Relation of maternal responsiveness during infancy to the development of behavior problems in high-risk youths. Developmental Psychology, 35, 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.569Google Scholar
Weems, C. F., Russell, J. D., Herringa, R. J., & Carrion, V. G. (2021). Translating the neuroscience of adverse childhood experiences to inform policy and foster population-level resilience. American Psychologist, 76, 188–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000780Google Scholar
Wegner, M., Amatriain-Fernández, S., Kaulitzky, A., Murillo-Rodriguez, E., Machado, S., & Budde, H. (2020). Systematic review of meta-analyses: Exercise effects on depression in children and adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 81. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00081CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). Report of the Pilot study review and finalization meeting for the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ), May 4 –5, WHO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Yamaoka, Y. & Bard, D. E. (2019). Positive parenting matters in the face of early adversity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56, 530–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.11.018Google Scholar
Zare, M., Narayan, M., Lasway, A., Kitsantas, P., Wojtusiak, J., & Oetjen, C. A. (2018). Influence of adverse childhood experiences on anxiety and depression in children aged 6 to 11 years. Pediatric Nursing, 44, 267–275.Google Scholar
Zarobey, L. & Bungay, H. (2017). The role of arts activities in developing resilience and mental wellbeing in children and young people a rapid review of the literature. Perspectives in Public Health, 137, 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913917712283Google Scholar
Zhai, Z. W., Yip, S. W., Lacadie, C. M., Sinha, R., Mayes, L. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2019). Childhood trauma moderates inhibitory control and anterior cingulate cortex activation during stress. NeuroImage, 185, 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.049Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×