Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T00:23:47.189Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

26 - Assessment of People with Psychotic and Bipolar Disorders

from Part III - Assessment and Diagnosis of Specific Mental Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 December 2019

By
Rachel Brand ,
Greg Murray  and
Neil Thomas
Edited by
Martin Sellbom  and
Julie A. Suhr
Martin Sellbom
Affiliation:
University of Otago, New Zealand
Julie A. Suhr
Affiliation:
Ohio University
Get access

Summary

Psychotic and bipolar affective disorders are considered severe mental illnesses with a long-term course and fluctuating presentation. Psychotic disorders are particularly characterized by significant changes to beliefs, cognition, and perception, and bipolar affective disorders are characterized by episodes of elevated mood (mania) and depression, as well as interepisode mood fluctuation. The symptoms and impacts of these disorders can be wide-ranging and complex and their presentations highly varied. Assessors need to be clear about the rationale, aims, and scope of their assessment in order to select appropriate assessment instruments. Generally, valid and meaningful assessments take a holistic approach and are built on thoughtful and sensitive engagement with interviewees. This chapter reviews pertinent issues and common assessment instruments for categorizing, quantifying, and formulating psychotic and bipolar affective disorders.

Keywords

psychosis, bipolar disordersevere mental illnessschizophreniaassessmentmeasurementdiagnosisdimensionalformulationrecovery
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis , pp. 360 - 370
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Addington, D., Addington, J., & Maticka-Tyndale, E. (1993). Assessing depression in schizophrenia: the Calgary Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry(22), 39–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alphs, L. D., Summerfelt, A., Lann, H., & Muller, R. J. (1989). The negative symptom assessment: A new instrument to assess negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 25(2), 159–163.Google Scholar
Altman, E., Hedeker, D., Peterson, J. L., & Davis, J. M. (2001). A comparative evaluation of three self-rating scales for acute mania. Biological Psychiatry, 50(6), 468–471.Google Scholar
Altman, E. G., Hedeker, D., Peterson, J. L., & Davis, J. M. (1997). The Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale. Biological Psychiatry, 42(10), 948–955. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00548-3Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1984a). Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symtoms (SANS). Iowa City: University of Iowa.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1984b). Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City: University of Iowa.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1986). Scale for the assessment of thought, language, and communication (TLC). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12(3), 473–482.Google Scholar
Anthony, W. A. (1993). The guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s. . Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 16(4), 11.Google Scholar
Bech, P., Bolwig, T. G., Kramp, P., & Rafaelsen, O. J. (1979). The Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale and the Hamilton Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 59(4), 420–430.Google Scholar
Bell, I. H., Lim, M. H., Rossell, S. L., & Thomas, N. (2017). Ecological momentary assessment and intervention in the treatment of psychotic disorders: A systematic review. Psychiatric Services, 68(11), 1172–1181. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201600523Google Scholar
Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Tellegen, A. M. (2008/2011). MMPI-2-RF: Manual for administration, scoring and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Berk, M., Malhi, G. S., Cahill, C., Carman, A. C., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Hawkins, M. T., … & Mitchell, P. B. (2007). The Bipolar Depression Rating Scale (BDRS): Its development, validation and utility. Bipolar Disorders, 9(6), 571–579. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00536.xGoogle Scholar
Birchwood, M., Meaden, A., Trower, P., Gilbert, P., & Plaistow, J. (2000). The power and omnipotence of voices: Subordination and entrapment by voices and significant others. Psychological Medicine, 30(2), 337–344.Google Scholar
Birchwood, M., Smith, J., Cochrane, R., Wetton, S., & Copestake, S. (1990). The Social Functioning Scale: The development and validation of a new scale of social adjustment for use in family intervention programmes with schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 853–859.Google Scholar
Bora, E. (2016). Differences in cognitive impairment between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Considering the role of heterogeneity. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 70(10), 424–433. doi:10.1111/pcn.12410Google Scholar
Braunig, P., Shugar, G., & Kruger, S. (1996). An investigation of the Self-Report Manic Inventory as a diagnostic and severity scale for mania. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37(1), 52–55.Google Scholar
Buchanan, A., Reed, A., Wessely, S., Garety, P., Taylor, P., Grubin, D., & Dunn, G. (1993). Acting on delusions. II: The phenomenological correlates of acting on delusions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 77–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullock, B., Judd, F. K., & Murray, G. (2014). Using actigraphy to monitor sleep-wake patterns in bipolar disorder – A case study (Vol. 253).Google Scholar
Butzlaff, R. L., & Hooley, J. M. (1998). Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(6), 547–552.Google Scholar
Carter, D. M., Mackinnon, A., Howard, S., Zeegers, T., & Copolov, D. L. (1995). The development and reliability of the Mental Health Research Institute Unusual Perceptions Schedule (MUPS): An instrument to record auditory hallucinatory experience. Schizophrenia Research, 16(2), 157–165.Google Scholar
Castle, D. J., Jablensky, A., McGrath, J. J., Carr, V., Morgan, V., Waterreus, A., … & Farmer, A. (2006). The diagnostic interview for psychoses (DIP): Development, reliability and applications. Psychological Medicine, 36(1), 69–80. doi:10.1017/S0033291705005969Google Scholar
Chadwick, P., Lees, S., & Birchwood, M. A. X. (2000). The revised Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R). The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(3), 229.Google Scholar
Corrigan, P. W., Giffort, D., Rashid, F., Leary, M., & Okeke, I. (1999). Recovery as a psychological construct. Community Mental Health Journal, 35(3), 231–239.Google Scholar
Craddock, N., & Owen, M. J. (2010). The Kraepelinian dichotomy – going, going … but still not gone. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(2), 92–95. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.073429Google Scholar
Docherty, N. M., DeRosa, M., & Andreasen, N. C. (1996). Communication disturbances in schizophrenia and mania. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(4), 358–364.Google Scholar
Dunn, M., O’Driscoll, C., Dayson, D., Wills, W., & Leff, J. (1990). The TAPS Project. 4: An observational study of the social life of long-stay patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 842–848, 852.Google Scholar
Endicott, J., & Spitzer, R. L. (1978). A diagnostic interview: The schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35(7), 837–844.Google Scholar
Faurholt-Jepsen, M., Busk, J., Frost, M., Vinberg, M., Christensen, E. M., Winther, O., … & Kessing, L. V. (2016). Voice analysis as an objective state marker in bipolar disorder. Translational Psychiatry, 6, e856. doi:10.1038/tp.2016.123Google Scholar
First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2015). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID for DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Fowler, D., Garety, P., & Kuipers, E. (1995). Cognitive-behaviour therapy for psychosis: Theory and practice. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P., Bonoldi, I., & Yung, A. R. (2012). Predicting psychosis: Meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(3), 220–229. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1472Google Scholar
Ghaemi, S. N., Bauer, M., Cassidy, F., Malhi, G. S., Mitchell, P., Phelps, J., … & Force, I. D. G. T. (2008). Diagnostic guidelines for bipolar disorder: A summary of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Diagnostic Guidelines Task Force Report. Bipolar Disorders, 10(1 Pt 2), 117–128. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00556.xGoogle Scholar
Green, D., & Rosenfeld, B. (2011). Evaluating the gold standard: A review and meta-analysis of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms. Psychological Assessment, 23(1), 95–107. doi:10.1037/a0021149Google Scholar
Green, D., Rosenfeld, B., & Belfi, B. (2013). New and improved? A comparison of the original and revised versions of the structured interview of reported symptoms. Assessment, 20(2), 210–218. doi:10.1177/1073191112464389Google Scholar
Haddock, G., McCarron, J., Tarrier, N., & Faragher, E. B. (1999). Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and delusions: The psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS). Psychological Medicine, 29(4), 879–889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayward, M., Denney, J., Vaughan, S., & Fowler, D. (2008). The voice and you: Development and psychometric evaluation of a measure of relationships with voices. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 15(1), 45–52. doi:10.1002/cpp.561CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henderson, S., Duncan-Jones, P., Byrne, D. G., & Scott, R. (1980). Measuring social relationships: The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction. Psychological Medicine, 10(4), 723–734.Google Scholar
Johns, L. C., & van Os, J. (2001). The continuity of psychotic experiences in the general population. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(8), 1125–1141.Google Scholar
Johnston, M. H., & Holzman, P. S. (1979). Assessing schizophrenic thinking. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13(2), 261–276.Google Scholar
Keefe, R. S., Goldberg, T. E., Harvey, P. D., Gold, J. M., Poe, M. P., & Coughenour, L. (2004). The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia: reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery. Schizophrenia Research, 68(2–3), 283–297. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.011Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, B., Strauss, G. P., Nguyen, L., Fischer, B. A., Daniel, D. G., Cienfuegos, A., & Marder, S. R. (2011). The brief negative symptom scale: Psychometric properties. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(2), 300–305. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq059CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraepelin, E. (1989). Diagnose und Prognose der Dementia Praecox. Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Kring, A. M., Gur, R. E., Blanchard, J. J., Horan, W. P., & Reise, S. P. (2013). The Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS): Final development and validation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(2), 165–172. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010109Google Scholar
Leamy, M., Bird, V., Le Boutillier, C., Williams, J., & Slade, M. (2011). Conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: Systematic review and narrative synthesis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(6), 445–452. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083733Google Scholar
Leff, J., & Vaughn, C. E. (1985). Expressed emotion in families. New York: Guildford Press.Google Scholar
Liddle, P. F., Ngan, E. T., Caissie, S. L., Anderson, C. M., Bates, A. T., Quested, D. J., … & Weg, R. (2002). Thought and Language Index: An instrument for assessing thought and language in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 326–330.Google Scholar
Lukoff, D., Nuechterlein, K. H., & Ventura, J. (1986). Manual for expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12, 594–602.Google Scholar
Marder, S. R., Daniel, D. G., Alphs, L., Awad, A. G., & Keefe, R. S. (2011). Methodological issues in negative symptom trials. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(2), 250–254. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq161Google Scholar
Marder, S. R., Davis, J. M., & Chouinard, G. (1997). The effects of risperidone on the five dimensions of schizophrenia derived by factor analysis: Combined results of the North American trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58(12), 538–546.Google Scholar
Marder, S. R., & Fenton, W. (2004). Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia: NIMH MATRICS initiative to support the development of agents for improving cognition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 72(1), 5–9. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.010Google Scholar
Michalak, E. E., & Murray, G. (2010). Development of the QoL.BD: A disorder-specific scale to assess quality of life in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 12(7), 727–740. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00865.xGoogle Scholar
Miller, T. J., McGlashan, T. H., Rosen, J. L., Cadenhead, K., Cannon, T., Ventura, J., … & Woods, S. W. (2003). Prodromal assessment with the structured interview for prodromal syndromes and the scale of prodromal symptoms: Predictive validity, interrater reliability, and training to reliability. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29(4), 703–715.Google Scholar
Morrison, A. P., Renton, J. C., Dunn, H., Williams, S., & Bentall, R. P. (2003). Cognitive Therapy for Psychosis: A Formulation-Based Approach. London: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Murray, G., & Harvey, A. (2010). Circadian rhythms and sleep in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 12(5), 459–472. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00843.xGoogle Scholar
Neil, S. T., Kilbride, M., Pitt, L., Nothard, S., Welford, M., Sellwood, W., & Morrison, A. P. (2009). The questionnaire about the process of recovery (QPR): A measurement tool developed in collaboration with service users. Psychosis, 1(2), 145–155. doi:10.1080/17522430902913450Google Scholar
Palmier-Claus, J. E., Berry, K., Bucci, S., Mansell, W., & Varese, F. (2016). Relationship between childhood adversity and bipolar affective disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(6), 454–459. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.179655CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, T. L., Goldman, S., McKibbin, C. L., Hughs, T., & Jeste, D. V. (2001). UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment: Development of a new measure of everyday functioning for severely mentally ill adults. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27(2), 235–245.Google Scholar
Patterson, T. L., Moscona, S., McKibbin, C. L., Davidson, K., & Jeste, D. V. (2001). Social skills performance assessment among older patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research , 48(2–3), 351–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Picardi, A., Battisti, F., de Girolamo, G., Morosini, P., Norcio, B., Bracco, R., & Biondi, M. (2008). Symptom structure of acute mania: a factor study of the 24-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale in a national sample of patients hospitalized for a manic episode. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108(1–2), 183–189. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.09.010Google Scholar
Picardi, A., Viroli, C., Tarsitani, L., Miglio, R., de Girolamo, G., Dell’Acqua, G., & Biondi, M. (2012). Heterogeneity and symptom structure of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 198(3), 386–394. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.051Google Scholar
Priebe, S., Huxley, P., Knight, S., & Evans, S. (1999). Application and results of the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA). International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 45(1), 7–12. doi:10.1177/002076409904500102Google Scholar
Rogers, R., Bagby, R. M., & Dickens, S. E. (1992). Structured Interview of reported symptoms. Lutz, FL.Google Scholar
Rogers, R., Sewell, K. W., & Gillard, N. D. (2010). SIRS-2: Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms: Professional manual. Lutz, FL.Google Scholar
Schultze-Lutter, F., Addington, J., & Ruhrmann, S. (2007). Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument, Adult Version (SPI-A). Rome: Fioriti.Google Scholar
Shawyer, F., Ratcliff, K., Mackinnon, A., Farhall, J., Hayes, S. C., & Copolov, D. (2007). The voices acceptance and action scale (VAAS): Pilot data. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(6), 593–606. doi:10.1002/jclp.20366Google Scholar
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 Suppl 20, 22–33;quiz 34–57.Google Scholar
Siette, J., Gulea, C., & Priebe, S. (2015). Assessing social networks in patients with psychotic disorders: A systematic review of instruments. PLoS ONE, 10(12), e0145250. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145250Google Scholar
Varese, F., Smeets, F., Drukker, M., Lieverse, R., Lataster, T., Viechtbauer, W., … & Bentall, R. P. (2012). Childhood adversities increase the risk of psychosis: A meta-analysis of patient-control, prospective- and cross-sectional cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 661–671. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs050CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velligan, D. I., Diamond, P., Glahn, D. C., Ritch, J., Maples, N., Castillo, D., & Miller, A. L. (2007). The reliability and validity of the Test of Adaptive Behavior in Schizophrenia (TABS). Psychiatry Research, 151(1–2), 55–66. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.10.007Google Scholar
Velligan, D. I., DiCocco, M., Bow-Thomas, C. C., Cadle, C., Glahn, D. C., Miller, A. L., … & Crismon, M. L. (2004). A brief cognitive assessment for use with schizophrenia patients in community clinics. Schizophrenia Research, 71(2–3), 273–283. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.02.027Google Scholar
Wallace, C. J., Liberman, R. P., Tauber, R., & Wallace, J. (2000). The independent living skills survey: A comprehensive measure of the community functioning of severely and persistently mentally ill individuals. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26(3), 631–658.Google Scholar
Williams, J., Leamy, M., Pesola, F., Bird, V., Le Boutillier, C., & Slade, M. (2015). Psychometric evaluation of the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR). British Journal of Psychiatry, 207(6), 551–555. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.161695Google Scholar
Woodward, T. S., Jung, K., Hwang, H., Yin, J., Taylor, L., Menon, M., … & Erickson, D. (2014). Symptom dimensions of the psychotic symptom rating scales in psychosis: A multisite study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(Suppl 4), S265–S274. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu014Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Young, R. C., Biggs, J. T., Ziegler, V. E., & Meyer, D. A. (1978). A rating scale for mania: Reliability, validity and sensitivity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 429–435.Google Scholar
Yung, A. R., Yuen, H. P., McGorry, P. D., Phillips, L. J., Kelly, D., Dell’Olio, M., … & Buckby, J. (2005). Mapping the onset of psychosis: The Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(11–12), 964–971. doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01714.xGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×