The royal writ

Henricus, Dei gratia rex Angliae et Franciae et dominus Hiberniae venerabili in Christo patri Iohanni, eadem gratia archiepiscopo Eboracensi Angliae primati, salutem. Quibusdam arduis et urgentibus negotiis nos, statum regni nostri ac honorem et utilitatem Ecclesiae Anglicanae intime concementibus, vobis in fide et dilectione quibus nobis tenemini rogando mandamus quatenus praemissis debito intuitu attentis et ponderatis universos et singulos episcopos vestrae provinciae ac decanos et priores ecclesiarum cathedralium abbates et priores et alios electivos exemptos et non exemptos necnon archidiaconos, capitula, conventus et collegia totumque clerum cuiuslibet dioecesis eiusdem provinciae ad comparendum coram vobis in ecclesia cathedrali Beati Petri Eboracensis vel alibi prout melius expedire videritis, cum omni celeritate accommoda more debito convocari faciatis, ad tractandum, concordandum, consentiendum et concludendum super praemissis et aliis quae sibi clarius exponentur tune ibidem ex parte nostra. Et hoc sicut nos et statum dicti regni ac honorem et utilitatem ecclesiae praedictae diligitis nullatenus omittatis. Teste rege apud Westmonasterium duodecimo die Februarii anno regni nostri sexto decimo [12 February 1438].

The archbishop's mandate to Durham sede vacante

Iohannes, permissione divina Eboracensis archiepiscopus, Angliae primas et apostolicae sedis legatus, dilecto in Christo filio custodi spiritualitatis civitatis et diocesis Dunelmensium sede episcopali ibidem vacante, salutem, gratiam et benedictionem. Literas apostolicas necnon et breve regium recepimus, quibus nobis specialiter demandatur quatenus praelatos et clerum nostrae provinciae convocare curaremus, pro causis adruis ecclesiam et regnum concementibus inibi exponendis et pertractandis. Quocirca vobis mandamus quatenus citetis seu citari faciatis peremptorie priorem ecclesiae cathedralis Dunelmensis et capitulum eiusdem, universos abbates et priores et collegia, clerumque civitatis et diocesis praedictarum, quod iidem abbates, priores, archidiaconi et decani personaliter, conventus vero capitula et collegia huiusmodi per procuratores suos singulos, clerusque per duos procuratores sufficientes et idoneos ab ipsis conventibus, capitulis, collegiis et clero legitime deputatos in ecclesia nostra cathedrali Sancti Petri Eboracensis vicesimo primo die mensis Aprilis proximo futuro [21 April 1438], cum continuatione et prorogatione dierum tune sequentium et locorum, coram nobis seu nostris locum tenentibus, commissariis seu commissario in ea parte deputatis seu deputato, compareant et compareat quilibet eorundem, super his quae exponi contigerit una nobiscum vel cum nostris commissariis seu commissario huiusmodi aliisque praelatis dictae nostrae provinciae tractaturi ac suum consilium sanum super praemissis et ea concernentibus impensuri, his etiam quae ibidem concorditer ordinari contigerit consensuri, ulteriusque facturi et recepturi quod huiusmodi convocationis negotia exigunt et natura.

Chapter 2 provides the reader with an overview of the policy landscape and the documents that are influential in EC science provision. Attention is focused on Australia’s national curriculum framework for early childhood professionals – Belonging, Being and Becoming: The Early Years Learning Framework for Australia (AGDE, 2022). The relevance of the EYLF in relation to teaching science in the early years is explained, concluding with the identification of science outcomes for children within the framework. The relevance of the EYLF in relation to teaching science in the early years is explained, concluding with the identification of science outcomes for children within the framework. The voices of EC professionals are highlighted to illustrate how those working in the field are engaging with the framework.

The first royal writ

Henricus, Dei gratia rex Angliae et Franciae et dominus Hiberniae venerabili in Christo patri Henrico, eadem gratia archiepiscopo Eboracensi, Angliae primati, salutem. Quibusdam arduis et urgentibus negotiis nos et statum regni nostri ac honorem et utilitatem Ecelesiae Anglicanae intime concernentibus, vobis in fide et dileetione quibus nobis tenemini rogando mandamus quatenus praemissis debito intuitu attentis et ponderatis, universos ac singulos episcopos Eboracensis provinciae, decanos et priores ecclesiarum cathedralium, abbates et priores et alios electivos, exemptos et non exemptos, necnon archidiaconos, capitula, conventus et collegia totumque clerum cuiuslibet diocesis vestrae provinciae ad comparendum coram vobis in ecclesia cathedrali Beati Petri Eboracensis, vel alibi prout melius expedire videritis, citra octabas Sancti Martini proximo fiituras [18 November 1411] more solito convocari faciatis ad tractandum, concordandum, consentiendum et concludendum super praemissis et aliis quae sibi clarius exponentur tune ibidem ex parte nostra. Et hoc sicut nos et statum dicti regni ac honorem nostrum ac honorem et utilitatem ecelesiae praedictae diligitis nullatenus omittatis. Teste me ipso apud Beauregard vicesimo nono die Septembris anno regni nostri duodecimo [29 September 1411].

The second royal writ

Henricus, Dei gratia rex Angliae et Franciae et dominus Hiberniae venerabili in Christo patri Henrico, eadem gratia archiepiscopo Eboracensi, Angliae primati, salutem. Quibusdam arduis et urgentibus negotiis nos et statum regni nostri ac honorem et utilitatem Ecelesiae Anglicanae intime concernentibus, vobis in fide et dileetione quibus nobis tenemini rogando mandamus quatenus praemissis debito intuitu attentis et ponderatis, universos ac singulos episcopos Eboracensis provinciae, decanos et priores ecclesiarum cathedralium, abbates et priores et alios electivos, exemptos et non exemptos, necnon archidiaconos, capitula, conventus et collegia totumque clerum cuiuslibet diocesis vestrae provinciae ad comparendum coram vobis in ecclesia cathedrali Beati Petri Eboracensis, vel alibi prout expedire videritis, citra quindenam Sancti Hilarii proximo futurum [27 January 1412] more solito convocari faciatis ad tractandum, concordandum, consentiendum et concludendum super praemissis et aliis quae sibi clarius exponentur tune ibidem ex parte nostra. Et hoc sicut nos et statum dicti regni ac honorem nostrum ac honorem et utilitatem ecclesiae praedictae diligitis nullatenus omittatis. Teste me ipso apud Westmonasterium vicesimo primo die Decembris anno regni nostri decimo tertio [21 December 1411].

Once it had been established how powerful a medium the print was, and how potentially commercial, it was inevitable that topographical guides would proliferate, to encourage sightseeing and of course to increase profits for the publishers and booksellers. Individual and local guidebooks would serve a focused purpose, but a phenomenon that arose in the second half of the century was the gazetteer, a publication which set out to cover the whole country or large parts of it by providing text and illustrations (prints) to describe features of special historical, architectural or cultural interest. The rise of the gazetteer can also be linked to improvements in travel (road conditions and better suspension in horse-drawn carriages), the spread of tourism and visiting, and the increase in interest in the Picturesque, scenes that were particularly wild or dramatic.

The idea of a countrywide guide was not new in itself. Knyff and Kip's Britannia Illustrata had spread its net wide to illustrate seats of the aristocracy and gentry in 1707, with a second volume in 1715, while the Buck brothers ambitiously attempted to depict all the ‘Views of the most remarkable Ruins of Abbeys and Castles now remaining’ from 1727 to 1742. But it took a change in taste, from the antiquarian focus of the Bucks to the landscape garden and towards the Picturesque, to propel the publications considered in this chapter.

The first of the gazetteers, for our purposes, was one which did no more than dip its toes in the water. England Illustrated, two volumes, 1764, was published by the brothers Dodsley, and only, in effect, presents territory covered by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck 30 years before. In other words, it concentrates on antiquities. Gardens are mentioned minimally, the exception being Chatsworth, where the cypress grove, statuary, the tree of copper (though some say it was of other materials) and the baroque cascade feature. A few gardens are shown peripherally where houses are engraved, but the surprise is a view of the canal at Gubbins, Hertfordshire, after Chatelain (for original, see Fig 5.17), which bears no relation to the text. The illustration of Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire, on its mount, gives something of the plantings. All engravings in the book are by Joseph Ryland after B Ralph, if sometimes owing something to earlier sources, but without anything relevant in Volume 2.

The names of the right reverend the bishops and clergy of the province of Canterbury cited to appear in convocation in the chapter house of the cathedral church of St Paul, London, on Wednesday the seventeenth day of November 1802 [17 November 1802].

John [Moore], lord archbishop of Canterbury.

Beilby [Porteous], lord bishop of London.

Brownlow [North], lord bishop of Winchester.

James [Yorke], lord bishop of Ely.

Richard [Hurd], lord bishop of Worcester.

John [Butler], lord bishop of Hereford.

James [Cornwallis], lord bishop of Lichfield and Coventry.

Richard [Watson], lord bishop of Llandaff.

George [Pretyman], lord bishop of Lincoln.

Richard [Beadon], lord bishop of Bath and Wells.

John [Douglas], lord bishop of Salisbury.

Samuel [Horsley], lord bishop of St Asaph.

Charles [Manners Sutton], lord bishop of Norwich.

Spencer [Madan], lord bishop of Peterborough.

Henry Reginald [Courtenay], lord bishop of Exeter.

Ffolliott Herbert Walker [Corenewall], lord bishop of Bristol.

John [Buckner], lord bishop of Chichester.

John [Randolph], lord bishop of Oxford.

William [Cleaver], lord bishop of Bangor.

George [Murray], lord bishop of St David's.

George Isaac [Huntingford], lord bishop of Gloucester.

Thomas [Dampier], lord bishop of Rochester.

Canterbury:

[Thomas Powys], dean.

John Lynch LL. D., archdeacon.

Proctor for the chapter.

John Fowell D. D.,

Houstonne Radcliffe D. D., proctors for the clergy.

London:

George [Pretyman], lord bishop of Lincoln, dean.

Charles Moss D. D., proctor for the chapter.

William Bingham D. D., archdeacon of London.

William Gretton M. A., archdeacon of Essex.

Stephen Eaton M. A., archdeacon of Middlesex.

Anthony Hamilton D. D., archdeacon of Colchester.

Joseph Holden Pott M. A., archdeacon of Saint Albans.

Samuel Glasse D. D.,

Anthony Hamilton, proctors for the clergy.

Winchester:

Newton Ogle D. D., dean.

John Sturges LL. D., proctor for the chapter.

Matthew Woodford M. A., archdeacon of Winchester.

John Carver LL. B., archdeacon of Surrey.

Edmund Poulter M. A.,

Richard Bullock D. D., proctors for the clergy.

George William Lukin LL. D., dean.

Charles Digby M. A., proctor for the chapter.

James Phillott D. D., archdeacon of Bath.

William Willes M. A., archdeacon of Wells.

John Turner M. A., archdeacon of Taunton.

John Askew D. D.,

Aaron Abraham Baker, proctors for the clergy.

The first and second royal writs

Rex venerabili in Christo patri Willelmo, eadem gratia archiepiscopo Eboracensi Angliae primati, salutem. Cum super reformatione pacis et concordiae inter nos et nostros subditos ex parte una et Robertum de Brus ac magnates et alios de Scotia ex altera ceteris nuntiis ex utraque parte missis nuper apud Novum Castrum super Tynam habitus fuisset tractatus, ac in eodem tractatu ceteri articuli sint expositi reformationem praedictam contingentes, super quibus et aliis coronam nostram tanegntibus parliamentum nostrum apud Eboracum die Dominica proximo post festum Purificationis Beatae Mariae Virginis proximo futurum [7 February 1328] tenere ac vobiscum et cum ceteris praelatis, magnatibus et proceribus regni nostri colloquium et deliberationem habere volumus et tractatum, vobis mandamus in fide et dilectione quibus nobis tenemini firmiter iniungentes quod omnibus aliis praetermissis, dictis die et loco personaliter intersitis nobiscum et cum ceteris praelatis et proceribus regni nostri super praemissis tractaturi vestrumque consilium impensuri, praemunientes decanum et capitulum ecclesiae vestrae Eboracensis, archidiaconos totumque clerum vestrae diocesis, quod iidem decanus et archidiaconi in propriis personis suis dictumque capitulum per unum, idemque clerus per duos procuratores idoneos plenam et sufficientem potestatem ab ipsis capitulo et clero habentes, dictis die et loco intersint, ad faciendum et consentiendum his quae tune ibidem de communi consilio divina favente dementia ordinari contigerit super negotiis antedictis, et hoc nullatenus omittatis. Teste meipso apud Coventry decimo die Decembris anno regni nostri primo [10 December 1327].

Similar writs were sent to the bishops of Durham and Carlisle, and to the abbots of York St Mary and Selby.

Acts of the convocation

[65r] Convocatio praelatorum et cleri Cantuariensis provinciae facta per reverendissimum in Christo patrem et dominum Dominum Henricum, permissione divina Cantuariensem archiepiscopum, totius Angliae primatem et apostolicae sedis legatum, in ecclesia Sancti Pauli Londoniarum, die Lunae, videlicet quinto decimo die mensis Aprilis anno Domini MCCCCXXVIto, indictione quarta, pontificatus sanctissimi in Christo patris et domini nostri Domini Martini, divina providentia papae quinti, anno nono, et translationis dicti reverendissimi patris anno duodecimo.

Monday 15 April 1426

Eodem vero quinto decimo die mensis Aprilis, dictus reverendissimus in Christo pater et dominus Dominus Henricus, Dei gratia Cantuariensis archiepiscopus, de mane veniebat ad dictam ecclesiam cathedralem Sancti Pauli Londoniarum, ubi celebrata per eundem reverendissimum patrem missa de Sancto Spiritu ad summum altare eiusdem ecclesiae, assistentibus eidem (ut moris est) in pontificalibus venerabilibus patribus Benedicto Menevensi, Iohanne Roffensi, Iohanne Bathonensi et Iohanne Landavensi episcopis suffra[ga]neis suis; qua finita, idem reverendissimus pater, cum praefatis suffraganeis suis et clero suae provinciae tune ibidem congregatis, ad capellam Beatae Mariae in orientali parte dictae ecclesiae cathedralis Sancti Pauli constitutam accessit, ubi facta in Latino collatione solemni per reverendum patrem Dominum Iohannem Landavensem episcopum praedictum, sumpto sibi pro themate: ‘Fiat unum ovile et unus pastor', lectum fuit certificatorium reverendi patris Domini Iohannis, Dei gratia Londoniensis episcopi, tenorem continens infrascriptum:

The bishop of London's certificate containing the archbishop's mandate

Reverendissimo in Christo patri et domino Domino Henrico, Dei gratia Cantuariensi archiepiscopo, totius Angliae primati et apostolicae sedis legato, ipsiusve locum tenentibus seu commissariis in hac parte quibuscunque, Gulielmus, permissione divina ecclesiae Londoniensis humilis minister, oboedientiam et reverentiam debitam cum honore. Commissionis vestrae literas nuper recepimus sub eo qui sequitur tenore verborum:

The archbishop's mandate

Alexander, permissione divina Eboracensis archiepiscopus, Angliae primas et apostolicae sedis legatus, venerabili fratri nostro Domino Thomae, Dei gratia Carliolensi episcopo, suffraganeo eiusve in spiritualibus vicario generali, salutem et sinceram in Domino caritatem. Breve regium nuper recepimus in haec verba:

Acts of the convocation

[81r] Convocatio praelatorum et cleri Cantuariensis provinciae, facta per reverendissimum in Christo patrem et dominum Dominum Henricum, permissione divina Cantuariensem archiepiscopum, totius Angliae primatem et apostolicae sedis legatum, in ecclesia Sancti Pauli Londoniarum, die Lunae, videlicet decimo nono die mensis Februarii anno Domini MCCCCXXXmo, et translations eiusdem reverendissimi patris anno septimo decimo.

Monday 19 February 1431

Eodem die, videlicet decimo nono die mensis Februarii praedicto, dictus reverendissimus in Christo pater et dominus Dominus Henricus, permissione divina Cantuariensis archiepiscopus, totius Angliae primas et apostolicae sedis legatus, de mane accessit ad ecclesiam cathedralem Sancti Pauli Londoniarum, ubi missa de Sancto Spiritu per eundem reverendissimum patrem ad summum altare eiusdem ecclesiae solemniter celebrata, assistentibus sibi venerabilibus patribus coepiscopis et suffraganeis praelatis ac clero provinciae suae Cantuariensis antedictae in multitudine copiosa, idem reverendissimus pater cum eisdem suffrag[an]eis et clero ad capellam Beatae Mariae in orientali parte dictae ecclesiae cathedralis Sancti Pauli Londoniarum constitutam appropinquavit, ubi facta collatione solemni in Latinis (ut moris est), lectum fuit certiflcatorium reverendi in Christo patris et domini Domini Willelmi Dei gratia Londoniensis episcopi tenorem continens infrascriptum:

The bishop of London's certificate containing the archbishop's mandate and the royal writ

Reverendissimo in Christo patri et domino Domino Henrico, permissione divina Cantuariensi archiepiscopo, totius Angliae primati et apostolicae sedis legato et apostolicae sedis legato, Willelmus, permissione divina Londoniensis episcopus, oboedientiam et reverentiam debitas cum honore. Literas vestras vicesimo quarto die Ianuarii ultime praeteriti [24 January 1431] recepimus tenorem qui sequitur continentes:

Henricus, permissione divina Cantuariensis archiepiscopus, totius Angliae primas et apostolicae sedis legatus, venerabili fratri nostro Domino Willelmo, Dei gratia Londoniensi episcopo, salutem et fraternam in Domino caritatem. Breve regium nuper recepimus tenorem continens infrascriptum: