Many have expressed concerns regarding the replicability of scientific research. However, little of this ongoing discussion has focused on research examining the production of vowels and consonants or the many important choices that researchers must make in pre-analysis phases of speech production research. The literature reviewed here indicates that not all speech production studies have been replicated, and that how speech is elicited may affect the results that are obtained. Many different elicitation techniques are in current use, but none represents a gold standard. The new Characteristic Speech Production (CSP) technique presented here aims to augment replicability by obviating the need for participants to accommodate their speech to that of others or adopt a particular speaking style as they give meaningful answers to meaningful questions. Given the novelty of the CSP technique, the chapter provides a protocol that is designed to test its efficacy. If the CSP technique can be shown to yield speech samples that are more representative of individuals’ speech than a standard list-reading technique, a change in how speech is elicited for production research will be warranted.

This introductory chapter, encyclopaedic in nature, covers the main aspects of catastrophe (CAT) risk from a qualitative perspective, offering an overview of what will be explored in quantitative terms in the subsequent chapters. It starts with the definition of the fundamental terms and concepts, such as peril, hazard, risk, uncertainty, probability, and CAT model. It then describes the historical development of catastrophe risk science, which was often influenced by the societal impact of some infamous catastrophes. The main periods are as follows: from ancient myths to medieval texts, mathematization (eighteenth and nineteenth centuries) and computerization (twentieth century). Finally, it provides an exhaustive list of perils categorized by their physical origin, including geophysical, hydrological, meteorological, climatological, biological, extraterrestrial, technological, and socio-economic perils. In total, 42 perils are covered, with historical examples and consequences for people and structures discussed for each one of them.

People with intellectual disability (particularly those with Down syndrome) have a higher risk of developing dementia than the general population. The varied presentation, the course, and available treatments are covered.

Augustine’s work On Eighty-Three Different Questions consists of a series of his responses to various philosophical and theological questions raised by members of the monastic community at Tagaste in North Africa. The quaestio numbered as forty-six within this collection bears the subtitle “On Ideas” (De Ideis) and is a relatively straightforward doxographical explanation of the theory of Forms held by Plato and his followers.1 It consists first, of a historical argument for the existence of the Ideas stating that all philosophers have maintained their existence although they have not always applied a fixed terminology to them. Second, it contains a cosmological argument for the Ideas’ existence, stating that any religious person reflecting on the existence, life, and order of the world will conclude that the latter has been created according to reason.

This chapter compares the decision-making process of the Bank of England to that of the European Central Bank and the Federal Reserve. The move towards making monetary policy decisions via committees coincided with the shift to central bank independence. This was a natural consequence of central banks no longer taking orders from their governments but being given the operational independence. Members of committees then needed to pool the information that would help them make good decisions in uncertain circumstances – a necessary step when performing complex tasks like monetary policy. The move towards central bank independence was crucial to ensure politically independent and goal-oriented conduct of monetary policy. The more long-term orientation and objectivity of monetary policy’s goals – contrasting with the shorter-term nature of political cycles and political bias to inflate the economy – proved beneficial to price stability, with more credible signals helping to manage inflation expectations

Chapter 1 contains a sampling of the standard, point-wise convergence theorems dealing with partial sums of independent random variables. These include the Weak and Strong Laws of Large Numbers as well as Hartman–Wintner’s Law of the Iterated Logarithm. In preparation for the law of the iterated logarithm, Cramér’s theory of large deviations from the law of large numbers is developed in §1.3. Everything here is very standard, although I feel that my passage from the bounded to the general case of the law of the iterated logarithm has been considerably smoothed by the ideas that I learned in conversation with M. Ledoux.

The chapter explores the ways in which Clare’s sense of personal identity and selfhood is first created, and then fashioned and influenced, by the many differing pressures brought to bear upon it. Such pressures include poetic antecedents, social and economic conditions, literary associations and relationships, as well as the more personal features of an upbringing rooted in the natural world, which is authoritative and confirming, and an internal world, which is increasingly fragile and unstable. The chapter traces these evolutions – from the earliest verse that Clare wrote to the last poems of his asylum years.

We study invariant and quasi-invariant measures for countable Borel equivalence relations.

This chapter focuses on changes in language policy in Wales between the 1960s and the present. The discussion illustrates how drawing on the concept of state tradition can help to explain why it has been possible for a general policy trajectory that has been increasingly supportive of the Welsh language to emerge during this period. However, the chapter argues that the concept of state tradition seems somewhat constrained in explaining more specific and detailed episodes in the development of language policy in Wales over recent decades. In particular, it is less able to explain why specific policies were adopted at particular junctures. Building on this, the chapter contributes to the volume by demonstrating how the insights of the state traditions and language regimes framework could be deepened if supplemented with a more explicit focus on how institutional factors across multiple levels of government can shape language policy choices, particularly in relation to regional or minority languages such as Welsh.

Haitian poetry experienced a shift, beginning as early as the 1870s, away from nationally inspired themes toward a greater insistence on poetic form and a penchant for contemplative verse. Poets often pondered abstract notions like the passage of time or the mysteries of nature. Other times they chose to write from the anguish of personal experience, mourning the loss of love to death or betrayal. Their melancholic reflections were not necessarily devoid of politics. Poets Virginie Sampeur, Massillon Coicou, and Etzer Vilaire composed their own eclectic poetry years before contributing to the famous journal La Ronde. Theirs is a poetics of ‘disenchantment’, a term that permeates the pages of the journal and characterizes their reactions to Haiti’s distressing domestic and international political situation. I offer an assessment of these three key poets and of the journal, affirming and going beyond the idea of the ‘understated political aspect’ of the movement. I demonstrate that the politics occasioning and emanating from this poetry embody distinctly Haitian calls for literary perseverance, a prescient battle for national preservation to which La Ronde is dedicated.

Many Jews coming from various parts of Eastern Europe found refuge in Germany, of all places, in huge “displaced-persons camps.” They made up as many Jews as had lived in the country before the war, only they were younger and unexpectedly active. While few German Jews returned to the “land of the murderers,” the new migrants took their place. This chapter tells the tale of their settlement in Germany, parallel to the building up the Federal Republic, especially under the the US military occupation. They could only observe with unease the signs of antisemitism in the new German state, and support the early acts of restitution as well as the financial agreement with Israel signed in 1952. They were also the first to demand some sort of confrontation with the Nazi past. Fritz Bauer, a Jewish jurist who fled to Denmark and later to Sweden during the war and finally returned to Germany afterwards, took it upon himself, as the Prosecutor of the State of Hessen, to organize and then serve as prosecutor in the so-called Auschwitz trials. The chapter ends with his life-story.

We describe the N = 1 four-dimensional off-shell supergravity, the susy transformation rules and action, and then the susy algebra closure.

Many nurses will be asked to give evidence at a coroner’s inquest during their nursing career. Being asked to give evidence can feel incredibly daunting and generate complex feelings. It’s important to remember that the coroner is looking for your help with the inquiry. The coroner can also seek an expert opinion by a nursing professional on the care of the person who has died. This chapter provides advice on how best to fulfil your duty.

This chapter explores the changing epistemologies and scientific practices of crop diversity conservation from the perspective of key institutional players: the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in the 1960s and CGIAR since the 1970s. The spread of “modern” high-yielding varieties during the Green Revolution was thought to have induced a process of “genetic erosion” that would wipe out farmers’ varieties in the Global South. This view highlighted the power of the Green Revolution as a homogenizing force as well as a modernizing one and shaped the management of crop diversity. Genetic resources were seen as scattered raw materials concentrated in the Global South, which only scientific specialists could preserve and transform into something valuable as modern varieties. With this framework as its guide, CGIAR led the development of a global gene bank network for more than fifty years. It coordinated collection campaigns and conservation efforts and facilitated breeders’ access to gene bank materials. This chapter traces the historical trajectory of these efforts, analyzing competing rationales that structured dominant and marginalized views on crop diversity conservation.

The three-dimensional N = 1 off-shell supergravity action is described, with its symmetries explained, and the susy transformation rules and invariance of the action. The closure of the susy algebra is discussed.