The Skidegate dialect of the Haida, an Indigenous Nation on the West Coast of Canada, has a phrase for “staying curious.” Gina gii Giixan aanagung means “to look around with curiosity and intent.” This Haida concept holds more than curiosity; it conveys the idea of staying observant with the world on purpose. It suggests an active stance. Staying curious by asking questions, paying attention, and learning new things takes energy and action.

The Stay Curious and Adjust Decision-Maker Move is about decision makers being in a learning relationship with their choices, actively seeking to uncover and learn from new information based on their own lives and experiences as well as the conversations they have with others. It’s a recognition that many choices are repeated (with minor changes), so there are ample opportunities for self-learning and making adjustments.

By the year 1000 the Andalusian caliphate constituted a highly urbanized society, where the largest cities in Europe were located, while the economy of the Christian kingdoms of Iberia was characterized by a low level of urbanization and a poor market development. Five hundred years later, the territory of al-Andalus had disappeared and its economy had been absorbed and transformed into the Christian kingdoms. The latter’s territorial expansion was marked by the growth of cities, the impact of trade on the agrarian economy and an increase in rural stratification that, at different levels, made the market important for the satisfaction of needs and peasant consumption. In the Christian kingdoms, a strong increase in noble spending, emulated by urban elites, dedicated to the conspicuous consumption of products partially purchased on the international market, occurred throughout the period. After the Black Death, with the consolidation of a rural elite, important sectors of the population were attracted by the lifestyle of the urban elites. This evolution can also be detectable in the lifestyle of vast sectors of the population, in the cities as well as in the rural areas.

Artifacts are EEG waveforms not generated by the brain. The main purpose of recognizing artifacts is to avoid mistaking them from seizures. They may originate from other body organs (internal) or environmental sources (external). Common internal artifacts include ocular (eye movement), glossokinetic (tongue movement), cardiac (ECG), myogenic (muscle activity), or sweat-sway artifact (skin). Common sources of external artifact include electrodes, ventilators, suction devices, bed percussion, chest compression, and various medical devices. Many commonly used medications are associated with EEG changes. These include excessive alpha and beta activity (e.g., barbiturates and benzodiazepines), theta and delta slowing (antiseizure and psychotropic medications), spike and sharp waves (clozapine), and rhythmic and/or periodic patterns (cefepime). EEG patterns of common intravenous and inhalational anesthetic agents are also described in this chapter.

I write from the perspective of a Black woman who is a first-generation American and a clinically trained psychologist. I practice at the intersection of the public mental health and criminal justice systems, as a public sector forensic evaluator. I additionally function as university faculty, tasked with educating and training forensic mental health professionals early in their forensic careers. I carry my identities and roles with me in my daily practice, where decision-making becomes tangled in systems that have multiple and at times competing functions, agendas, resources, and responsibilities.

Introduction

In a 2022 UN report, the Secretary-General of the United Nations commented:

While considerable progress has been made in building stronger data and statistical systems for Sustainable Development Goal monitoring, significant data gaps still exist. Gaps in terms of geographical coverage, timeliness and the disaggregation levels of global Indicators make it difficult to fully comprehend the pace of progress, differences across regions and who is being left behind. Greater investment in data and strengthened data capabilities will be crucial in getting ahead of crises and triggering earlier responses, anticipating future needs, preventing crises from becoming full-blown conflicts and designing the urgent actions needed to realize the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

(UN Economic and Social Council, 2022, 3)

Co-operation, capacity building and data sharing have been identified as some of the key requirements for achieving the SDGs, and SDG17 has been specifically created to ‘strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development’ (UN Statistics Division (n.d.d). However, several reports and research publications point out that although we are more than halfway through the period of achieving the Targets (by 2030) since the SDGs were first adopted by the global community in 2015, several data-related challenges still exist. The Cape Town Global Action Plan for Sustainable Development Data (CTGAP) report (World Bank, 2023) notes that many gaps remain, particularly with regard to national statistical capacity in low- and middle-income countries, and financing of data and statistics. Data gaps, timeliness and availability of data have been identified as some of the key challenges for achieving success in the SDGs. Some of these challenges have been discussed in Chapter 4, and some more are discussed in this chapter in the context of specific SDGs and countries.

Data gaps

Availability of reliable and comparable data on SDGs is often a major challenge. Analysis of the Indicators in the Global SDG Indicators Database (United Nations, 2021, 5) reveals that:

• ■ fewer than half of 193 countries, or areas, have internationally comparable data for 5 of the 17 SDGs

• ■ the lack of country-level data is particularly worrisome for SDG13 (climate action), where, on average, only about 1 in 6 countries have data Available

This chapter will examine treatment amenability decisions in juveniles. The juvenile courts have long focused on rehabilitation instead of the punitive approach of the criminal system. A significant aspect of that process has been the determination of whether a given person is likely to be responsive to intervention or if the needs of society would best be served by placing the person in the criminal justice system. This chapter will examine the history of the use of amenability in the juvenile justice system, the various decision points for the use of the amenability-to-treatment construct, definitions and assessment technology for amenability, factors and processes that contribute to these decisions, and how this information is communicated to the court. In addition, the chapter focuses on what professional training is needed to perform such evaluations. Future research and policy implications are also discussed.

This chapter offers an analysis of the language, metres and forms of Old Norse poetry. It begins with a brief account of Old Norse language and related languages, and then considers the specialized language of Old Norse poetry, with its distinctive lexis and syntax, especially in skaldic verse. Compound words and kennings are discussed, followed by analysis of alliteration and rhyme in Old Norse poetry. The stanzaic form of eddic verse is described, with a detailed account of its main metres and scansions based on Sievers’s ‘five types’. Next, the forms of skaldic poetry are outlined, with an account of lausavísur or ‘loose stanzas’, and the different kinds of stanza sequences, such as the flokkr and the drápa. The primary metre of skaldic verse, dróttkvætt or ‘court metre’, is defined and illustrated, together with some of its many variations, and then attention turns to the rímur, a later form of rhyming and alliterative poetry in extended sequences of stanzas. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how metrical considerations may have affected scribal practice in the Middle Ages and have impacted editorial processes by modern scholars.

This chapter examines the meaning of a ‘use of force’ under article 2(4) of the UN Charter, focusing on its required effects, gravity and intention. It analyses the required type of effects, namely, whether they must be physical, the required object/target, the required level of directness between the act and its harmful effects, and if temporary or potential effects count. With respect to gravity, it argues there is no de minimis threshold for a ‘use of force’ under article 2(4) but that gravity is nonetheless relevant to the contextual requirement that the act be in ‘international relations’ and is an indicative element of a ‘use of force’. Finally, it analyses whether a particular intention is required for a ‘use of force’ under article 2(4), examining accident, mistake and coercive and hostile intent. This section considers the relationship between the prohibitions of the ‘threat’ and ‘use’ of force, the non-intervention principle and the object and purpose of article 2(4). It concludes that like gravity, a coercive or hostile intent is relevant to the contextual requirements of article 2(4) and is an indicative element of a ‘use of force’.

This chapter traces the history of Christian poetry in Old Norse-Icelandic from the tenth century to the fourteenth century. Beginning with Hallfreðr Óttarsson, it describes how poets began to incorporate Christian material into their verse during the conversion period in Norway, avoiding pagan imagery and developing new kennings for Christian concepts. It then discusses poetry composed by Icelandic skalds in praise of St Óláfr Haraldsson and his successors, including Einarr Skúlason’s twelfth-century poem Geisli. From the twelfth century onwards the body of Christian poetry is sizeable, and this chapter sets such important works as Harmsól, Sólarljóð and Lilja in the context of this developing poetic tradition. It also outlines the history of Old Norse-Icelandic poetry dealing with saints, including the Virgin Mary, apostles and virgin martyrs. It is suggested that the composition of poems on Christian subjects in praise of God, Christ and the saints was a continuation of the pre-Christian encomiastic tradition, with appropriate modifications of subjects, style and metres.

The epistemic human rights dimension concerns how knowledge about human rights issues is generated, articulated in discourse and normativity, and finally enforced in practice. According to the Aristotelian theory of epistemology, this represents the side of subjective thought about objective reality. Within the non-coherence approach, the fundamental question is whether the methods of knowledge creation, articulation and enforcement about human rights issues in the digital realm remain similar to the offline realm, or whether distortion exists. Two concerns emerge, which will be decisive for some conclusions about human rights knowledge creation in the digital domain through the non-coherence lens. The first is whether the digital domain has any interest in claiming normative validity of human rights rules in the first place, and second, whether the meaning of truth in the digital and non-digital domains contains similar features.

In this part of the book, I move from a comparative historical analysis of Poland and East Germany in Part II to an analysis of quantitative data drawn from all the socialist dictatorships of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania. The purpose of the following two chapters is to test whether the argument developed in Chapter 2 can travel beyond the Polish and East German cases examined above to explain variation in the turnover of coercive elites and the size of coercive institutions across the region from 1945 to 1989.

International secretariats have increasingly turned toward orchestration as a mode of governance. This chapter analyzes the normative dimensions associated with orchestration, such as democratic values related to participation, accountability, transparency, and deliberation. It argues that orchestration as an indirect mode of governance muddles who should be held accountable for which actions, to which set of standards, and which agents have the right to demand said accountability. Orchestrators need to ensure that their own actions, and those of intermediaries, are democratically legitimated by affected stakeholders. The chapter applies this argument to orchestration by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat. While previous research on orchestration of the UNFCCC has predominantly focused on effectiveness nonstate action, this chapter shows how and why nonstate climate action requires democratic legitimation. It concludes by discussing the intrinsic and instrumental importance of evaluating orchestration through a democratic legitimacy lens and the implications for international secretariats.