During the Late Holocene time, regional differentiation, which became visible during the Middle Holocene, produced a wide variety of historical trajectories and adaptive patterns in the Pampas and Patagonia. It is clear that around 4000 BP human populations were selectively using all the diverse, available habitats. In this period, the archaeological visibility increased significantly, a fact that also suggests a rise in the population density of both regions (see discussion in Chapter 7).

Chapter five focuses upon scenes of revels in which Dionysos is surrounded by the musical and danced performances of satyrs and maenads, the mythical beings who accompany him. Dionysos exhibits a distinct kind of musicality: unlike the other gods, Dionysos rarely plays an instrument himself. Rather, he acts as the source of inspiration for satyrs and maenads, prompting them to play their instruments, dance to the wild music they produce, and lose themselves, collectively, to the ecstatic sounds that envelop them. The movements of the satyrs and maenads also communicate to the external viewers how they might experience Dionysos’ presence. Within the symposium, ancient viewers created the opportunity for Dionysos to manifest when they consumed wine from the vases, looked at the representations of mythical revels, listened to music performed on similar instruments, and moved their bodies in response to the music they both saw and heard. Such immersive and imaginative seeing and hearing thus allowed the symposiasts to join in the divine revel, where, under the influence of Dionysos, they played instruments and danced with satyrs and maenads.

In the United States, jurors serve as the fact-finders for the civil and criminal justice systems and are tasked with making important decisions that impact society (e.g., verdicts and sentences in criminal cases and damages in civil cases). This chapter discusses current models and theories of juror decision-making to frame and provide a foundation for addressing how various types of legal evidence and nonlegal factors affect juror decision-making, including emotional evidence (e.g., victim impact statements and gruesome pictures and videos) and scientific evidence (e.g., DNA, shoe print, and fingerprint evidence). The chapter also examines how “nonevidentiary” extralegal factors, such as characteristics of the trial participants (e.g., age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and other sociodemographics factors), are incorporated by jurors and influence their evaluation of evidence and decisions during trial. This chapter concludes with proposing various avenues for future research and a discussion of the policy implications of the work reviewed.

This chapter discusses a group of texts which can be categorized as ‘diaspora sagas’: sagas which take place largely in Greenland, Vínland, the Faroe Islands and Orkney, regions settled as a result of migration westward from Norway in the Viking Age. This group comprises four sagas, Orkneyinga saga, Færeyinga saga, Grœnlendinga saga and Eiríks saga rauða, and two þættir, Helga þáttr ok Úlfs and Grœnlendinga þáttr. The chapter discusses the rationale for considering these texts as a group, arguing that they are distinctive for their close focus on the diasporic experience and identifying the most prominent shared themes in these sagas, including settlement and voyaging, the political evolution of the diasporic communities and their relationship with the Norwegian kings, and the process of conversion to Christianity. It suggests that these sagas share an interest in the complex identities of their characters, which are explored in relation to Scandinavia, other regions of Europe and indigenous inhabitants encountered in the Vínland sagas. Finally, the chapter discusses the narrative mode of the diaspora sagas and outlines what is known of their origins, authorship and preservation.

This chapter considers the role of rights in decisions concerning the health of children who are not yet competent to consent to their own medical treatment. The medical treatment of children is particularly contentious in cases involving disagreement between parents and medical professionals over the provision of life-sustaining treatment. These fraught disputes have often become a site of disagreement over the extent of parental freedom and state intervention in determining children’s best interests. Despite the obvious implications for the child’s own rights to life and bodily integrity, those rights rarely play an overt role in such decisions. A further area of contention is in the extent of parental discretion to consent to non-therapeutic intervention, such as tissue donation or circumcision. These decisions are again treated primarily as a matter of parental discretion; in practice, again the law is content to tolerate significant intervention without adequate protection for the child’s own rights.

BESIDES BEING A well-known publisher, Leo S. Olschki (Johannisburg, East Prussia, 1861–Geneva, 1940) was one of the most successful antiquarian bookdealers of the twentieth century. In 1886 he opened his first shop in Verona, in 1890 he transferred his headquarters to Venice, and in 1897 he moved to Florence (where the publishing house is still based today). By 1900, Olschki had opened a branch in Rome and by 1919 another in Geneva. Between 1886 and 1938, Olschki published 117 sale catalogues, and from 1892 he produced the Bulletin mensuel des derniers achats de la librairie ancienne Leo S. Olschki (subsequently BM), a monthly bulletin listing new acquisitions. More importantly, a good portion of Olschki’s card index has survived, which contains valuable information on books traded by the firm. In addition to detailed descriptions of books, the cards include accession numbers that allow us to establish roughly when manuscripts were obtained by Olschki, selling prices, and furthermore, purchase prices written in Olschki’s code (Figs 2.1, 2.3). Olschki’s price code was the German noun ZUVERSICHT, meaning confidence or trust in future success. The cards are made of Bristol paper, and measure about 100 by 120 mm. The older cards are written by hand, mostly by Olschki’s employees (including the young Tammaro de Marinis, who worked for Olschki between 1900 and 1904), and in a few instances by Olschki himself (typed cards were introduced in the 1920s). They are usually written in French, like Olschki’s sale catalogues, for which they served as templates. Some include glued clippings, either from Olschki’s sale catalogues or those of other dealers.

Based mainly on information found in the card index, this case study examines Olschki’s manuscript sales at two key moments in the history of his firm. The first is 1910, when Henry Walters and J. P. Morgan were buying manuscripts and early printed books from Olschki in large numbers, and when Olschki published the two catalogues with the largest number of expensive manuscripts he ever offered for sale. The second key moment occurred during the Second World War, in 1939–1942, when the firm was facing difficulties, and when Leo Olschki’s sons, Cesare and Aldo, sold twenty-seven manuscripts to the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence.

The strength of the judiciary depends upon fair and impartial jurists who can make complex decisions while minimizing bias. This chapter provides an overview of how psychological processes can affect judicial decision-making at every stage of the judicial process, including decisions at pretrial hearings related to dispositive motions (e.g., motions to dismiss). The chapter begins with an overview of how judges might use heuristics (cognitive “shortcuts”) when making decisions, followed by discussions of how emotions, inferences, and implicit associations each can affect judicial decision-making. The chapter concludes with recommendations to expand judicial education on issues related to psychological science. For example, although many judicial education courses address implicit bias, research finds that the limited effectiveness and duration of these trainings warrant further study. Overall, we urge judicial educators to familiarize themselves with psychological research, expand course content, and offer an evidence-based educational approach that allows judges to apply lessons from psychology in their chambers and courtrooms.

Objections against digital self-normativity are primarily related to questioning whether a moral dimension is embedded in the normative function of algorithms, and the increase in predictive power connected to the automatic implementation of norms. These matters concern secondary level rules of implementation and practice but are often thought to reflect the moral dimension of digital primary norms. There appears no comparable continuum between self-made private rules and international or domestic legal instruments governing digital human rights. I term such an absence as the idealism abyss; that is, the idealistic nature inherent in human rights articulated by positive legal instruments is not carried as uninterrupted into the self-normativity of digital agents. Once the self-normativity of digital private enterprises becomes justified, the idealism abyss leads to the necessity of self-constitutionality. In this case, primary and secondary self-regulation form one logical structure. The rejection of the idealism abyss shows an image where the self-made secondary norms rely on primary- (constitutional-) level norms originating from the non-digital realm, but their content may have changed in the course of the transposition.

This chapter will examine complex decisions relevant to family law. Decisions shaped by bias can lead to outcomes that place certain people and groups at an unfair disadvantage while placing others at an unjustified advantage. Implicit bias can have significant implications for outcomes in the legal system, including in family court. Although decision-makers might view themselves as free of bias, decades of research indicates that this is simply not the case. Though it is not possible to completely remove bias from decision-making, awareness can partially mitigate the harm of unconscious bias. In particular, the chapter will address family law decisions and decision-making bias in various domains, including bias in (1) credibility determinations, (2) gender, (3) sexual orientation and gender identity, (4) socioeconomic status, (5) intimate partner violence, and (6) substance use. The chapter will consider both psychological research and legal principles and identify areas where additional research needs to be conducted. Future research and/or policy implications will be discussed.

The period between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries was a phase of profound political and economic mutation for the Iberian Peninsula, in the context of which the confluence of expansionist processes dictated the emergence and reconfiguration of different political maps. This chapter seeks to trace the general evolution of the different political models that took shape in the Iberian Peninsula throughout this period, as well as to characterize the action of the institutions responsible for defining the foundations of an economic policy. To this end, the chapter is divided into two parts. The first one focuses on the evolution of the space controlled by the Muslims, looking at transversal aspects of economic policy and the implications deriving from the development of the territory. The second part focuses on the study of Christian institutions, on the construction of the Iberian kingdoms, and highlights the role of the monarchies and political institutions in the establishment of the economy and on the transition from a war-based economy to an economy where the market and trade assume a growing importance.

This chapter focuses on Snorri Sturluson’s Prose Edda, providing a thorough introduction to this important text. It argues that few books have been as foundational to several fields of study as Snorri’s treatise has been for the investigation and appreciation of Norse myth, poetry and religion. The opening section of the chapter discusses the work’s title, structure and authorship, and describes the most significant manuscripts and modern translations of the text. It emphasizes the heterogenous character of the Edda, suggesting that the work’s variegated and intertextual nature has given rise to sharply divergent critical impressions of the text and competing theories about its origins and function. The most notable of these different perspectives are summarized, with a comparison of contrasting views on how the Edda came together and what its purpose may have been. Each section of the text is then considered in turn, discussing in detail its content, sources, form and purpose, and the relationship of each section to the compilation as a whole.

This personal chapter reflects the experience and observations of a clinical and forensic psychologist that has treated victims and worked in the legal system for decades. The chapter describes the myriad of decisions and barriers victims face when reporting and the unanticipated consequences of reporting.