This introductory chapter situates SMMR in the broader context of the literature on multi-method research. It outlines the key basic elements of SMMR: the notion of cross-case and within-case level analyses; the descriptive and causal inference analytic goals of SMMR; the main types of cases (typical, deviant consistency, deviant coverage, and individually irrelevant (iir)); single-case and comparative SMMR designs; types of sets; types of QCA solution formulas; and a flowchart of the process of performing SMMR. In the section on useful practical information, the chapter details the prerequisites for successfully mastering the material contained in the book; the use of example data and of resources contained in the book; key SMMR terminology; and the structure of the book, which follows the logic of starting with simple examples and then increasing complexity chapter by chapter.

This chapter describes the diagnosis, types, and management of nonconvulsive status epilepticus using a case-based approach. Generalized status epilepticus including nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a medical emergency that is best managed in an intensive care unit with continuous EEG monitoring. Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is defined as the failure of seizure activity to terminate despite initial benzodiazepines and additional intravenous antiseizure medications. Refractory status epilepticus is an indication for intravenous anesthetics such as midazolam and propofol with the goal of titrating to burst suppression. Highly epileptiform bursts seen are associated with status epilepticus recurrence despite treatment with intravenous anesthetics, a condition known as super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE). Additionally, this chapter also describes how to recognize status epilepticus cessation and an uncommon form of NCSE called absence status epilepticus.

This chapter addresses the various legal and psychological factors that affect the decision-making process by which capital jurors reach penalty phase verdicts. Capital jury trials are unique in a number of respects, including the fact that jurors are selected through a special process of “death qualification,” consider a wide range of evidence that would otherwise be excluded in the typical criminal case, and, in the final analysis, must make the morally daunting decision of whether someone lives or dies. Social science research has documented the way that the very process of selecting a jury can affect capital jury decision-making processes, whether and how jurors consider the full range of evidence that is presented to them, the various ways that stereotypes, heuristics, and attributions might bias the sentencing verdicts ultimately rendered, and the “morally disengaging” aspects of the capital trial itself. Future research and policy implications are discussed.

Since cultivation was late and marginal and there were no domestic animals (except the dog) in the Pampas and Patagonia, indigenous people in both regions depended almost exclusively on wild animals, both terrestrial and aquatic, and undomesticated plants. At the same time, stones were also crucial for making the tools to kill and butcher the prey and to process the plant products. As we will show, bone technology was secondary in most of the Pampas and significant only among coastal, both maritime and riverine, and Paraná Delta people. Therefore, wild natural resources were the key elements for human subsistence in the Pampas and Patagonian and, in some way, shaped their adaptive patterns.

Prosecutors’ decisions in common law jurisdictions remain understudied. Drawing on examples in Australian cases of child sexual abuse, this chapter provides insights into case attrition or advancement at the discretion of the prosecution. We discuss contextual factors that support this expanding area of prosecutorial practice, including legislation, available special measures for vulnerable complainants, and recommendations of the Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. We review factors that influence decisions on charges, whether a case proceeds, plea negotiation, jury versus judge-alone trials, and joint trials. These factors include the age difference between complainants and offenders, the time lapse between alleged offending and reporting, the quality of prerecorded interviews, and the amount of evidence. Recent research and developments affecting decisions by prosecutors about evidence by the complainant and expert witnesses in CSA trials are summarized. We conclude with suggestions for future research to expand understanding of the role of prosecutors’ decisions in this discrete area of criminal justice process.

In this chapter, I explain why the Stasi became the largest and most capable secret police force in Cold War Central and Eastern Europe. The shock of Stalin’s death did not cause a leadership transition and wholesale repudiation of Stalinism in the GDR. Instead, the ruling coalition persisted and purged their rivals after 1953. Walter Ulbricht and his fellow elites survived and persisted in their strong commitment to a harsh, Stalinist regime of repression. This persistence had profound consequences for the security apparatus, repression, and social order. The Stasi continued its growth in capacity to become an all-present repressive force. The story of elite cohesion and coercive capacity in East Germany is one of continuity and growth – unlike that of disruption, collapse, and stagnation in Poland. And as the commitment to surveillance and repression continued unabated in the GDR, the fortunes of regime opponents waned. With a few notable exceptions, dissidents and opponents were isolated and neutralized in East Germany.

A MARKET FOR rare or unique objects desired by a relatively small group of individuals, whether buying for themselves or for institutions, can be difficult to predict. Rare, or antiquarian, books fall into this category. Auction estimates for such material have always been unreliable, and reserve prices prevent items from being sold for sums deemed too low. Similarly, books may remain in a dealer’s stock for many years before a buyer is found. What appeals to a consumer, and how much they are willing to pay for it, is influenced by many factors and these change over time. When a group of consumers desire the same things, these become fashionable and prices can soar. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries rare books were popular collectors’ items. By the end of the nineteenth century auction houses held sales dedicated to books, and booksellers specializing in rare books were established throughout Europe and on the East coast of the United States. Book auctions were regularly discussed in newspapers and high prices made headlines. “Rare books” was (and is) a broad category, encompassing approximately 1,500 years of written and printed works from around the world. Books that sold for large sums might be valued for their textual content, age, decoration, place of origin, or association with a previous owner. Bookselling has therefore been seen as “different from all other forms of retailing,” both because of the nature of its merchandise and because of the special trading conditions sometimes applied to it. For example, throughout the period of this study books older than twenty years were exempt from import duty in the US. However, the peculiarities of this market are important because the fates of the rare books that were bought and sold in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have played a significant part in shaping the research collections we use today.

In the late nineteenth century a desire to better understand the market for books prompted the publication and study of prices, both for the trade and as a subject of interest in its own right. From 1887 auction prices in Britain were published as Book-Prices Current, the preface to the second volume declaring:

The focus of this chapter is the samtíðarsögur (contemporary sagas) included in the compendium Sturlunga saga, compiled around the beginning of the fourteenth century, which contains narratives dealing largely with the history of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in Iceland. The chapter opens by placing Sturlunga saga in the context of other Old Norse-Icelandic historical writing, considering why the distant past of the saga age attracted more attention from Icelandic writers than the period of relatively recent history covered by Sturlunga saga. It outlines what is known of Þórðr Narfason, often identified as the compiler of Sturlunga saga, and describes his interaction with Sturla Þórðarson in 1271−2, considering the possible role of Sturla in the compilation and offering a brief discussion of Sturlu þáttr. The content, structure and themes of the narratives within the compilation are then discussed in turn. The chapter closes with a brief outline of the compilation’s manuscript history, modern editions and critical reception.

The chapters presented before showed diverse historical trajectories, different adaptive patterns, and continuous human occupation of the Pampas and Patagonia since the end of the Pleistocene. Both regions were probably among the last continental lands, except Antarctica, colonized by Homo sapiens after their dispersal from Africa. The first outcome of this review of the archaeology of the Pampas and Patagonia is that it does not support a pre-15,000 cal BP human occupation of the Southern Cone. Putting this in the global discussion means that the Pampas-Patagonia peopling holds up a pre-13,000 cal BP (the so-called pre-Clovis Model) but post–Late Glacial Maximum human arrival at the continent, which is in agreement with current archaeological, ancient DNA, and paleoclimatic models (Llamas et al. 2016; Pitblado 2011; Posth et al. 2018; Prates et al. 2020; Sutter 2021; Waters and Stafford 2013). Moreover, most of the paleoclimatic evidence supports the hypothesis that the earliest human arrivals at the Pampas and Patagonia took place under cold climatic conditions in semiarid to arid environments (Borrero and Martin 2018; Prado et al. 2021) during the cooling period known as the Antarctic Cold Reversal (14,700–13,000 cal BP).

Background and historical context are provided on what subscores are using the US census and testing programs in the military as clarifying examples.

This chapter examines two ways the customary norm could have emerged post-1945: the two-element approach or that article 2(4) gave rise to a new customary rule of its own impact, following the approach of the ICJ in the North Sea Continental Shelf Cases. It demonstrates the challenges of applying the two-element approach to the customary prohibition of the use of force due to the presence of the parallel and near-universal treaty obligation in article 2(4) of the UN Charter, which makes it difficult to identify sufficient relevant State practice and opinio juris outside the treaty. Establishing evidence of the customary rule and its content in this way depends on a number of theoretical issues that remain unsettled or over which significant controversy exists. This chapter then applies the criteria set out by the ICJ in the North Sea Continental Shelf Cases to article 2(4) and argues that article 2(4) meets this test. This chapter concludes that, in contrast to the right to self-defence in article 51 of the UN Charter which explicitly has its origins in customary international law, article 2(4) is itself the origin of the customary international law prohibition of the use of force.