As far back as the seventh century BC, the Nineveh tablets and earliest surviving Greek poems bore witness to the human preoccupation with immortality, eternal youth and the comparative longevity of species. While the origins of these discussions can be traced back to ancient thinkers like Aristotle and Plutarch, it was not until the Renaissance of the sixteenth century that these ideas experienced a notable revival in the West. The seventeenth-century founders of modern science were distinguished from alchemists not so much by their objectives, such as living for a thousand years, but by the methods they either used or proposed to achieve their desired results. Despite the Enlightenment giving rise to scientific upheavals that began to challenge the status quo, theories were tested with only few empirical data until the beginning of the twentieth century. Today, the click of a button will provide quality data on human longevity covering many years in at least 41 countries, thanks for to the Human Mortality Database (HMD). After first presenting an overview of the historical perspective, this chapter explores trends of a recently introduced longevity indicator from the early twentieth century. It highlights the benefits of this metric in comparison to traditional measures and employs a decomposition approach to quantify the role of old-age mortality changes in shaping recent trends in human longevity.

Chapter 5 turns to the law in action and the politics of litigation involving adjudication and interpretations of the law. The chapter opens with an examination of the Council of the Indies’ initial judgment in September 1784 on the plaintiffs’ case. Based on a narrow reading of slave law and on pro-slavery policies, the ruling rejected the plaintiffs’ controversial claim to collective freedom and to the criteria of freedom presented by the plaintiffs’ brief but allowed hearings to determine ambiguous cases and stipulated the criteria to be utilized by colonial courts in those cases. The ruling gave way to a cascade of hearings and legal actions in lower-level colonial courts and to a conflict of interpretation over the imperial ruling. Ordinary enslaved and fugitive cobreros dispersed throughout the island became direct participants in the judicial arena at this point as they directly engaged in the politics of litigation for freedom in colonial courts. The chapter shows the way imperial and colonial authorities centralized and controlled judicial outcomes but also the room for maneuvering available in some cases.

The reader should be officially informed that in this chapter I take leave of the widely accepted consensus about nature–nurture. This is not a textbook, and everything that I have said up to now has been very much my own take on things, but for the most part I have not strayed far from what most scientists would say about the intellectual history of nature and nurture. Not everyone perhaps, but most people agree that Galton was a racist, eugenics a moral and scientific failure, heritability of behavioral differences nearly universal, heritability a less than useful explanatory concept, twin studies an interesting but ultimately limited research paradigm, and linkage and candidate gene analysis of human behavior decisive failures.

Eighteen management and ethics cases with model answers and follow-up questions provide essential practice for the interview. Cases covered are similar to those expected at interview. We go into depth on specific areas of management and ethics as relevant to the interview, including GMC guidance on consent, treatment escalation plans, never events, and assessing capacity. We provide follow-up alternate scenarios for candidates to practice with their colleagues.

Methods for solving the various population balance formulations are presented and explained. The methods are presented progressively based on the kinetic and transport processes involved. In terms of methodology, the solution methods for the kinetic part of the population balance equation (PBE) are classified into several families: analytical/similarity, moment, discretisation and Monte Carlo methods. Methods for solving coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) – PBE problems are also presented. For each method, the advantages and disadvantages that determine its suitability for certain classes of problems are discussed.

As the other contributions to this volume demonstrate, the notion of participation has not only enjoyed a long history but has been central to many of the greatest philosophical and spiritual achievements of previous centuries (Sherman 2008; Davison 2019; Annice 1952). Indeed, participation and its various linguistic cognates (μέθεξις, κοινωνία, μίμησις, participatio, etc.) arguably constitute the symbolic and conceptual center of the broadly Platonic tradition that lies behind so much of Western thought and culture. From Plato’s initial exploration of the concept to the great Neoplatonic syntheses, Patristic speculative theologies, the theological metaphysics of Anselm and Aquinas, or Nicholas of Cusa’s theocosmology, alongside so many others, the doctrine of participation has enjoyed a career long and venerable enough to make almost any philosophical concept envious. Accordingly, participation will always be of interest to the history of philosophy and theology, but how does the concept of participation fare in the century nearest our own?

By adding WZ terms to the superstring actions, we find actions with kappa symmetry. Similarly, for super-p-branes, we can describe actions, and find a brane scan, related to the existence of a kappa symmetry. In curved superspace, the supergravity equations of motion in 11 dimensions are obtained from the condition of kappa symmetry. The superembedding formalism starts with the superembedding conditions. For the case of the particle, we describe it and give example. For the superstring, we sketch how it is done.

We have witnessed a growing number of investigations into the acquisition process in a multilingual context, which has become recognized as an independent field, quantitatively and qualitatively different from second language acquisition. Scholars have started to differentiate between learners/speakers on the basis of the complexity of their linguistic background, with the numer of known languages being an additional variable. A growing body of studies into the acquisition of third language phonology demonstrates an inherent complexity of the field reflected, among others, in multidirectional dynamic cross-linguistic influence. As shown, multilingual learners have at their disposal a broadened phonetic repertoire, a raised level of metalinguistic awareness and enhanced perceptual sensitivity, which may facilitate the learning of subsequent phonological systems. Thus, this chapter aims to compare bilingual and trilingual phonetics and phonology by providing an overview of recent research into both subdomains, identifying their common features and, importantly, their points of departure for L3 phonology, with a view to providing new insights into the acquisition of speech.

In this chapter, I explore the imaginaries of prosperity underlying the European Union’s (EU) approach to industrial law and policy. Long considered a taboo in European politics, the EU began to rediscover industrial policy after the 2008 great financial crisis, gradually increasing its ambitions when it came to shaping the relations between the state and the market. Having reviewed an array of EU measures, starting with the 2010 industrial policy and including the more recent burst of legislative proposals (Chips Act, Batteries Act, Critical Minerals Act, and Net Zero Industry Act), this chapter aims to do two things. First, it identifies shifts in the background understanding of political economy, including the role and appropriate objectives of markets, politics, law, and government, that lie behind successive policy interventions. Second, this chapter sketches the contours of the new synthesis of prosperity that emerges from these recent proposals and measures, while at the same time, and in no ambiguous terms, drawing attention to its considerable limitations.

Chapter 4 focuses on the sensuous quintet integral to Guru Nanak’s metaphysical thought and praxis. Materially made up of transcendent fibers, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching, and seeing have the cognitive capacity to take audiences off to limitless territories, or inversely, get them tangled up in messy affairs. They belong to everybody irrespective of race, gender, sexuality, class, politics, or religion, and though they are different modalities, they are a part of the same unitary living body and work together intersensorially and synaesthetically. For Guru Nanak there is no stereotypical hierarchy between “lower” and “higher” senses; the five are equally saturated with ontological, ethical, psychological, and soteriological import and flourish in concert. However, in order to understand their critical role and function, the somatic agents are analyzed separately. Hopefully the positive, progressive Nanakian outlook can cure some of the chronic somatophobic abnormalities prevailing across cultures.

In this frank and powerful memoir, Rebecca writes about her life with a severe mood disorder, which ultimately revealed itself to be bipolar disorder. People may be surprised to read of the difficulty in making the diagnosis and wonder why it wasn’t clear from the start. The answer is that this is quite common. There are often several episodes of depression before a ‘high’, and this can, in any case, be difficult to distinguish from the ‘hyper-wellness’ of the release from depression.

Chapter 6 opens with extensions of martingale theory in two directions: to σ-finite measures and to random variables with values in a Banach space. In §6.2 I prove Burkholder’s Inequality for martingales with values in a Hilbert space. The derivation that I give is essentially the same as Burkholder’s second proof, the one that gives optimal constants. Finally, the results in §6.1 are used in §6.3 to derive Birkhoff’s Individual Ergodic Theorem and a couple of its applications.

Jan Clarke’s chapter examines the period of Molière and his contemporaries from the perspective of theatrical establishments. Focusing on three companies – Molière’s troupe (1658–73), the Hôtel Guénégaud company (1673–80) and the Comédie-Française (from 1680 onwards) – Clarke highlights a number of interrelated factors: the prime importance of a theatre’s location within the capital; financial structures ranging from royal patronage and ticket sales to concessions, for example, for the refreshment booth, as well as theatres’ multiple expenditures, including for rent, heating, transport and above all company members’ pensions. Across the analysis, Clarke illustrates how a theatre not only provided a living for company members and their employees but also contributed to the livelihoods of myriad other associates, from the most skilled to the most humble, the majority of whom remain anonymous, while others have left only fleeting traces in contemporary documents.