The fundamentals of cubic norm structures and Jordan algebras are laid out in the first two sections of the chapter. We then derive elementary principles of building up “big” cubic norm structures out of “smaller” ones before we proceed to study cubic Jordan matrix algebras, the most important “hands-on” examples of cubic Jordan algebras. Next we turn to elementary idempotents, which will be used to present a special version of the Jacobson Coordinatization Theorem. Proceeding to Freudenthal algebras, we show that they exist only in ranks 1, 3, 6, 9, 15, and 27, with those of rank 27 being (finally!) called Albert algebras. We define the notion of a split Freudenthal algebra and prove, in analogy with composition algebras, that all Freudenthal algebras are split by some faithfully flat extension, though not always by an étale cover. After having investigated isotopies and norm similarities, with an important characterization of isotopes in Jordan matrix algebras over LG rings as its central result, we study reduced Freudenthal algebras over fields by exhibiting various classifying quadratic form invariants, particularly those pertaining to the invariants mod 2 of Albert algebras.

Once the data are collected and cleaned, we can start to explore features of the network. Taking an initial look at descriptive network statistics is a good way to take an overview of the data and to spot red flags that signal a problem with the data entry or cleaning. The earlier these can be identified, the better. This chapter serves as a tutorial for using R to do so using the igraph package. It introduces the process of importing a data file into R and walks through the first things you might do with the data, including computing descriptive statistics of the structural features, integrating substantive features of nodes and links, and visualizing the network.

Advances in comparative ageing research strongly depend on data quality and quantity. Across the world, zoos and aquariums gather data on the physiology, morphology, health and demography of the animals under their care to facilitate their management. Many of these data are hosted in a centralized database, the Species360 Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS). As of 2022, ZIMS held records on ~10 million individuals across 22,000 species and over 1200 member institutions, with historical animal records dating back to the mid-1800s. These millions of age-specific data could enable analyses testing hypotheses at individual and species levels and between species with vastly different life history strategies. This chapter summarizes the diversity of questions (ranging from evolutionary theories to mechanistic hypotheses) for ageing research that could be addressed using data from zoo and aquarium populations. In addition, many of these studies could inform the management and conservation of animals, not only in zoos and aquariums, but also in the wild.

Introduces the economic crisis that the US is currently experiencing and the reasons why industrial policy is the right solution to it.

Examines American relations with non-Protestant others within the Mediterranean, primarily Jews, Catholics, and Muslims. Pays particular attention to shipwrecks in Morocco.

The purpose of an inquest is to determine the four statutory questions: who, when, where and how. This chapter also looks at the difference between a traditional inquest (‘Jamieson Inquest’ or ‘Non-Article 2 Inquest’) and an Article 2 inquest (also known as a ‘Middleton Inquest’), the conclusions available to the coroner and when a jury is required.

Summarizes the industrial policies of France since World War II, emphasizing the role of the state in achieving a modern industrial economy and how the policies used have faced difficulties in recent years.

The experience of being a psychiatric in-patient and the treatment given. The associated loss of normal life and love, and feeling of being a revolving door patient.

The fact that opioids constrict the pupil is known to healthcare workers and the lay public. In this chapter, the mechanism of this effect is discussed and how an understanding of this mechanism can be useful to the clinician. There are many parameters that can be measured from the pupil with portable pupillometers. The measure that most closely predicts the onset of severe respiratory depression is pupillary unrest in ambient light (PUAL). This measure is compared to pupil size and pupillary constriction amplitude as a measure of toxic levels of opioids.

The dreamlike mood dramatically invoked by Wordsworth in ‘Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey’ is the contemplation of the intelligible universe by the ascent of the soul as nous eron, fuelled by joy. Such a philosophical, poetic and sacred enterprise is evidently indebted to the Platonic vision. The Platonic inheritance of Wordsworth or Baudelaire requires scant justification. Yet if one looks at the terminology of the philosophers, it might be inferred that the concept of ‘participation’ had already disappeared drastically from the Western philosophical canon. A cursory glance through the indices of some of the major works of philosophy in the last century will fail to produce many instances of the term.

Chapter 4 uses chronicles, hagiographies, ekphraseis and polemical treatises to discuss clerical hunting in Romanía. Prohibitions against clerical hunting had existed for Western men since Late Antiquity, but there is not enough evidence to suggest that Romanía followed the same pattern. In the Eastern Roman context, narratives of clerical hunting did not put the emphasis on differences between secular and religious men, and non-participation did not entail the loss of masculine capital. Rather, the focus was on human/animal interactions and the need to avoid overindulgence, and the emphasis was the same whether the person involved was an emperor or a cleric. The animals themselves also had an important role to play: they were not simply seen as prey to be dominated by the manly man but could act as co-creators of the skills necessary for the hunt, leaving their traces on their co-hunters’ subjectivity. At the same time, the malleability of Eastern Roman ideas about which animal lives were worth preserving allowed authors to strategically unify all men against the animal Other or to distinguish between different types of men, creating in the process hierarchies of masculinities.

This chapter explores the principal constitutional challenges to laws that regulate unhoused persons and public property. Municipal ordinances have been challenged on the grounds that they are unconstitutionally vague or overbroad, impose cruel and unusual punishments, violate the right to travel, or infringe the right to equality. This chapter discusses the successes and shortfalls of these challenges. Its concluding parts discuss how U.S. and Canadian courts have rejected a positive right to housing.

This chapter explores the intersection of Hindu philosophy and practice with the development of artificial intelligence (AI). The chapter first introduces aspects of technological growth in Hindu contexts, including the reception of ‘Western’ ideas about AI in Hindu communities before describing key elements of the Hindu traditions. It then shows how AI technologies can be conceived of from a Hindu perspective and moves from there to the philosophical contributions Hinduism offers for global reflection on AI. Specifically, the chapter describes openings and contentions for AI in Hindu rituals. The focus is the use of robotics and/or AI in Hindu pūjā (worship of gods) and the key practice of darśan (mutual seeing) with the divine. Subsequently, the chapter investigates how Hindu philosophers have engaged the distinctive qualities of human beings and their investigation into body, minds and consciousness/awareness. The chapter concludes by raising questions for future research.

Since the bicentennial of Haitian independence in 2004, the field of Haitian literary and cultural studies has expanded considerably. It is no longer possible to claim with the same degree of urgency that Haitian history and literature are being ignored in North Atlantic academe. Not only have Haitian literature panels become a central part of the often social science-focused Haitian Studies Association (which has been in existence for more than thirty years), but numerous conferences and colloquia on both sides of the Atlantic have now been devoted almost singularly to the topic of Haitian literary studies.1 We are witnessing, in fact, something of a revival in Haitian literary studies. Various scholars from both French and Francophone Studies, as well as English, History, and American Studies, are turning their attention to Haiti’s robust literary culture.