This chapter discusses the difference in allocation of entrepreneurial talents in government and in commerce as well as its impact on the economy and society. The capabilities of those who engage in business activities determine not only the economic growth of a country, but also the size of enterprises, workers’ wages, and society’s morality. The chapter also discusses the type of system that is most favorable to entrepreneurial talents choosing to engage in entrepreneurial activities. Property rights protection is the primary determinant of the allocation of entrepreneurial talents between government and business. This chapter also uses the evolutionary game methodology to analyze the evolutionary equilibrium of entrepreneurial talent allocation and briefly analyzes the rise of China’s contingent of entrepreneurs over the last 40 years.

Metasemantics is a relatively recent philosophical project. Therefore, there are a number of competing approaches to the investigation of the philosophical nature of the study of meaning. In this chapter, I narrow the focus to the foundations of the scientific study of semantics, not the broader philosophical or metaphysical programme often associated with the philosophy of language. The philosophical foundations project allows for a priori metaphysical considerations to trump naturalistic inquiry. The metascientific project, on the other hand, investigates the formal apparatus, mathematics, and scientific structures of semantics as a science. I argue for the latter interpretation over the former. After establishing the remit of the investigation, the principle of compositionality and the general methodology of formal model-theoretic semantics is explored. Next, the role of context is explained and used as a tool to establish a continuum from formal semantics through dynamic approaches to computational distributional semantics. This is just one lens through which to appreciate often overlooked commonalities between disparate theories. Lastly, formal semantic machinery is extended in a number of directions, from lexical semantics to the burgeoning field of supersemantics. The formal finds complex compositional structure below the word and the latter applies it to phenomena beyond language.

In the Chinese context, “internet plus health care” (IPHC) is introduced as an umbrella term to mean the use of digital technologies to support the delivery of health care and health-related services. IPHC holds great potential to strengthen China’s health system, transform the delivery of health services, and improve equitable, affordable, and universal access to health care. The Chinese government has adopted a variety of regulatory and policy instruments to facilitate the utilization of IPHC before, during, and after COVID-19. This article provides an overview of the development of IPHC in China, with a focus on the regulatory landscape. It then analyzes the challenges that remain in the regulatory framework and concludes with recommendations for furthering the development and utilization of IPHC in the post-COVID-19 era.

‘Early Christian Philosophers on Concepts’ by George Karamanolis integrates some of the themes encountered in previous chapters into the broad theological perspective of the early Christian thinkers, according to which explorations in every area of philosophy are ultimately intended to reveal aspects of God’s relation to His creation. It is argued that the position of the early Christian philosophers on concepts is part of their perceptual realism and their stance against scepticism. Karamanolis examines three case studies: the theories of Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Gregory of Nyssa. In all three cases, he maintains, concepts are treated both as mental representations and semantic/linguistic items through which we grasp reality. Clement develops his view on concepts in the context of an anti-sceptical elaboration of his thesis that knowledge of the world is propositional and attainable by humans, while Origen and Gregory of Nyssa defend more sophisticated theories of concepts in connection with their respective epistemologies. In every case a theological question motivates the Christian author’s stance with regard to the nature and formation of concepts.

The body fluid spaces consist of the plasma, the interstitial fluid volume, and the intracellular fluid volume. The sizes of these spaces are tightly controlled by hormonal and neuronal mechanisms, but their size may be of interest to assess by scientific methods, as disturbances often occur in the wake of trauma and surgery.

A key approach is to use a tracer, by which the volume of distribution of an injected substance is measured after full distribution. Useful tracers must solely occupy a specific body fluid space. The volume effect of an infusion fluid can be calculated by applying a tracer method before and after the administration.

Guiding estimates of the sizes of the body volumes can be obtained by bioimpedance measurements and anthropometric equations.

The Hb concentration is a frequently used endogenous tracer of changes in blood volume. Hb is the inverse of the blood water concentration and Hb changes indicate the volume of distribution of an infused water volume. Volume kinetics is based on mathematical modeling of Hb changes over time, which, together with measurements of the urinary excretion, can be used to analyze and simulate the distribution and elimination of infusion fluids over time.

This book invites readers into the little-known world of female religious authority and gender history in early modern Islamic Central Asia. It tells the story of the sixteenth-century female Sufi master celebrated as Aghā-yi Buzurg (the Great Lady) and her community. This book germinated in my fascination with the life of Aghā-yi Buzurg, who continues to be honored and remembered today in oral traditions associated with her shrine complex in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. Those who visit the shrine are often reminded of the saint’s triumph over her contemporary rival, Mīr-i ʿArab, a prominent public figure whose grandiose madrasa remains active in Bukhara and constitutes a top tourist destination in the region.1

Chapter 3 is a summary of the theoretical concepts that lead to the logic to grant independence to central banks, ways to measure CBI and its empirical effects on price stability. We show that different schools of thought (Chicago, Virginia, Freiburg) come to similar conclusions, although their methodological starting points are very different.

Photoplethysmography (PPG) has been extensively used for pulse oximetry monitoring in perioperative and intensive care. However, some components of PPG signal have been employed for other purposes, such as non-invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Perfusion index (PI) is derived from PPG signal and represents the ratio of pulsatile on non-pulsatile light absorbance or reflectance of the PPG signal. PI determinants are complex and closely interlinked, involving and reflecting the interaction between peripheral and central hemodynamic characteristics, such as vascular tone and stroke volume. Several studies have shed light on the interesting performances of this variable, especially for hemodynamic monitoring in perioperative and intensive care.

In the first section of this chapter the physiological and pathophysiological determinants of PI are exposed, along with relevant measuring techniques and potential limitations. Second, the existing data concerning the usefulness of PI in different clinical settings are presented and discussed. Lastly, we review known perspectives and identify new perceptions concerning the use of PI that should be explored regarding its utilization.