Sources of water are either surface or subsurface. Surface water is stored in reservoirs and is conveyed to the farm for irrigation or is derived from rivers either directly or through canals. Subsurface water is extracted from aquifers by wells and then conveyed to the farm. This chapter provides a snapshot of these sources and availability of water therein.

Groundwater is of vital importance for agricultural irrigation. In almost all countries, a significant portion of irrigation water is derived from groundwater using wells. In developing countries where farm holdings are small, one well may suffice but a number of wells are used in large farms. This chapter discusses rudimentary aspects of groundwater and wells from the perspective of irrigation. Although the material covered in the chapter is based on gross simplifications, it has been found to be useful nonetheless for irrigation purposes.

The upr module in the MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox (MRST) can construct unstructured Voronoi grids that conform to polygonal boundaries and geometric constraints in arbitrarydimensions prescribed inside the reservoir volume. The resulting volumetric tessellations are usually realized as locally orthogonal, perpendicular bisector (PEBI) grids, in which cell faces can be aligned to accurately preserve objects of codimension one (curves in 2D and surfaces in 3D) and/or cell centroids can be set to follow curves in 2D or 3D. This enables you to accurately model faults, let grid cells follow horizontal and multilateral well paths, or create lower-dimensional or volumetric representations of fracture networks. The module offers methods for improving grid quality, like configurable policies for treating intersecting geometric object and handling conflicts among constraints, methods for locating and removing conflicting generating points, as well as force-based and energy-minimization approaches for optimizing the grid cells. You can use \mcode{upr} to create a consistent hierarchy of grids that represent the reservoir volume, the constraining geometric objects (surfaces and curves), as well as their intersections. The hierarchy is built such that the cell faces of a given (sub)grid conform to the cells of all bounding subgrids of one dimension lower.

shifts the perspective to the collective initiatives of inhabitants to secure health in their living and working environments. Those who lived in proximity to one another often shared infrastructures and hygienic routines. Court cases featuring neighbourly disputes reveal how inhabitants routinely tried to secure access to fresh water and hygienic domestic facilities such as cesspits, drainage pipes and latrines, and sought to ban stench and other nuisances from living environments. Expressed in a discourse revolving around damage and disturbance, local well-being – a “good neighbourhood” – was guaranteed by combining social harmony and material or infrastructural functionality, and resulted in forms of community formation and civic participation.

This chapter explores water management in ancient Athens, including the local climate and natural resources of water in the city, underground water installations (e.g. wells, cisterns, aqueducts, and drains), and fountain-houses and bathing facilities. The archaeological evidence is supplemented by inscriptions and ancient texts referring to water legislation, illustrating the role of water in cult and in many other aspects of everyday life.

This chapter traces the emergence of a prosthetic modernism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It suggests that the literature of the fin de siècle, from Bellamy and Wells to Gilman and Wilde, registers a shifted relation between the interior and the exterior of being and between the figurations of surface and depth in the artwork, produced by the development of a new period in the history of modernity. This shifted relation is discernible in the late-century realism, but it is in the first stirrings of the modernist form that it comes to a new kind of expression. The chapter reads this new modernist relation between inside and outside, between surface and depth, as it is given expression in the novels of Edith Wharton and Henry James, particularly in The House of Mirth, and in What Maisie Knew. These works depict a duplication of consciousness, a sense that the novel imagination encounters itself always at remove from itself, but they also produce a new formal means of giving this duplicated consciousness a unity, of bringing depths onto the modernist surface of the artwork.

Focusing on H. G. Wells’s scientific romances, “The Technology Age” argues that the volatile modernity of Wells’s fiction pivots on a failure of sympathy between the young and the old. This failure generates the deeply ambivalent conditions by which generational antagonism arises alongside modernity’s technological and social progress. Drawing on the work of Charles Booth and tracts by the Fabian society, I illustrate how socialist arguments for a universal pension depend upon youths imagining the older person they one day will become. Analyzing works such as The Time Machine, War of the Worlds, Food of the Gods, and In the Days of the Comet, this chapter highlights the multitemporality of the banal process of aging. In this regard, science fiction provides insight into the reality of aging in a way that conventional literary realism cannot.

This chapter explains how the mathematical models from Chapter 4 are implemented and integrated to form a full simulator. To this end, we introduce data structures to represent fluid behavior, the reservoir state, boundary conditions, source terms, and wells. We then explain in detail how the two-point flux approximation (TPFA) scheme is implemented in MRST for general unstructured grids. We also outline the basic solver used to compute time-of-flight and tracer partitions. We end the chapter by presenting a few examples that demonstrate how to set up simulations in MRST and set appropriate boundary conditions, source terms, or well models. The examples include the famous quarter-five spot problem, a corner-point grid with four intersecting faults, and a model of a shallow-marine reservoir (SAIGUP).

This chapter surveys a range of extant textual records (wooden tablets, jar labels, and ostraca) from the Great Oasis related to the management of water wells and of crop distribution. It looks first at the longstanding practice of documenting the condition of the wells in the oasis, before focusing on late antique evidence from both the Dakhla and Kargha oases concerned with the disbursement of these goods and on the individuals responsible for generating the records, primarily literate administrators and members of the military.

In the scholarly literature on the oases, we find a variety of assertions about the cities of the Kharga and Dakhla oases: that one was the capital at a particular period, that one did or did not have civic status at some date. On close examination, most of these statements turn out to be based on slender or no evidence, and in many cases we find that we know much less than has been supposed about the administrative organization of the Great Oasis. In what follows, we look more closely at the available evidence for both Kharga and Dakhla, tracing the history of Hibis – often supposed to be the capital of the whole oasis – and then of the two major towns of the Dakhla Oasis, Mothis (modern-day Mut) and Trimithis. We will try as well to see what we can of their interrelationship and of the overall administrative structure.