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  • 8 - Conclusion

  • Corinna Jentzsch, Universiteit Leiden
  • Book:
    Violent Resistance
    Published online:
    13 January 2022
    Print publication:
    13 January 2022, pp 174-184
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  • Summary

    The concluding chapter reviews the theory and evidence and derives implications for how civilian agency, violent resistance, and the rise of third actors affect the dynamics of civil war. The chapter explores how the arguments can shed light on similar developments in past and contemporary armed conflicts and reflect on Naparama’s legacy for postwar politics in Mozambique. Overall, the chapter shows that, while this book explains when, where, and how militias originate, there is much work to be done to understand how militias evolve and develop their relations with governments, rebels, and civilians. Militias are important third actors in civil wars, but we do not yet completely understand the challenges that come along with their rise.