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  • 14 - Millionaires and Mobility: Inequality and Investment Migration Programs

  • from Part III - Citizenship
  • Edited by Tesseltje de Lange, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Willem Maas, York University, Toronto, Annette Schrauwen, Universiteit van Amsterdam
  • Book:
    Money Matters in Migration
    Published online:
    12 November 2021
    Print publication:
    18 November 2021, pp 247-262

  • Summary

    A substantial industry has pushed forward the market for multiple citizenships. Drawing on extensive empirical research, this chapter investigates investment migration programs in practice by analyzing their constitution and evolution within a global market. This chapter identifies the underlying dynamics of supply and demand, rethinking the literature on citizenship in three areas: inter-country differences in citizenship’s benefits, privileged access for elites, and the decisive influence of third-party actors on citizenship policy. Within this theoretical landscape, the empirical analysis unpacks how these programs emerged within a broader field constituted by immigrant investor visas and discretionary economic citizenship. It reveals how this field conditioned the development and spread of formal programs, and the roles of geopolitical inequalities, industry actors, and extraterritorial rights in this change. The conclusion shows how incorporating jus pecuniae into our understanding of citizenship revises conventional assumptions in two domains: inequality and third-party actors.